大学英语四级-语法ppt课件

大学英语四级 语法篇 时态复习 时态 时间状语从句当中的时态 一般过去时所有的过去用一般现在时表示现在和将来现在完成时现在完成和将来完成 非谓语动词 非谓语动词 不定式 1 形式主动形式被动形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone进行式tobedoing完成进行式tohavebeendoing a 完成式 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作 通常与主要谓语表示的动作 状态 同时 或几乎同时 发生 或是在它之后发生 假如不定式所表示的动作 在谓语所表示的动作 状态 之前发生 就要用不定式的完成式 Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother IamgladIhaveseenyourmother 比较 Iamgladtoseeyou Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers Hepretendednottohaveseenme b 进行式 如果主要谓语表示的动作 状态 发生时 不定式表示的动作正在进行 这时要用不定式的进行式 Youarenotsupposedtobeworking Youhaven tquiterecoveredyet Wedidn texpectyoutobewaitingforushere Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively c 完成进行式 在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作 就要用不定式的完成进行式 Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou d 被动式 当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时 不定式一般要用被动形式 Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce Thisisboundtobefoundout Therearealotofthingstobedone Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork 2 功用 不定式可以作主语 a 宾语 b 表语 c 定语 d 或是状语 e a Toscoldherwouldnotbejust b Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere c Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture d Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare e Wehavecometolearnfromyou 3 不带to的不定式 a 在 动词 宾语 不定式 结构中 如果动词是表示感觉意义的see hear watch smell feel notice等 或是表示 致使 意义的have make let等 其后的不定式结构不带to Johnmadehertellhimeverything 这类结构转换为被动语态时 后面的不带to的不定式一般还原为带to的不定式 Shewasmadetotellhimeverything b 在hadbetter hadbest wouldrather wouldsooner wouldjustassoon might just aswell cannotbut等搭配之后 动词不定式也不带to I drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast Theycannotbutaccepthisterm c 在makedo makebelieve letdrop letfall letfly letslip letdrive letgoof lettherebe hearsay heartell leavegoof等固定搭配中 用不带to的动词不定式 Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme 一顿咒骂 I veheardtellofhim 听说 听到 d 在动词help 或help 宾语 之后可用不带to的不定式 也可用带to的不定式 CanIhelp to liftthisheavybox e 在介词except but之后 如果其前有动词do的某种形式 不定式一般不带to 反之带to Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm There snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining f 连词ratherthan soonerthan置于句首时 其后的不定式不带to Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo heforcedhimselftopickitup 出现在句中其他位置时 其后的不定式有时带to 有时不带to Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages g 用作补语的动词不定式 如果主语是由 all 关系分句 thing 关系分句 what分句 或 thing 不定式结构 等构成 并带有do的某种形式 这时 作为主语补语的不定式可以省to 也可以不省 Whathewilldois to spoilthewholething AllyoudonowiscompletetheformTheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue 4 不定式的其他用法a too to结构通常表示否定意义 Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat enough to结构则表示肯定意义 Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat nottoo buttoo alltoo onlytoo等和不定式连用时 不定式一般不表示否定意义 He sonlytoopleasedtohelpher so as to 这种结构也可用不定式作状语 Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree b 如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的 可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语 Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally 在以某些形容词 如kind good nice wise unwise clever silly wrong right foolish stupid careless considerate rude naughty impolite等 作表语时 不定式前可加一个of引起的短语 来说明不定式指的是谁的情况 It skindofyoutothinksomuchofus Itis Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus It sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate It sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal 动名词 具有动作性特征的名词1 是名词seeingisbelieving2 具有动词性特征可以带宾语 一 动名词的形式 一般形式 Idon tlikeyousmoking 完成形式 Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice 被动形式 Thisquestionisfarfrombeingsettled 二 动名词常考的点 1 动名词做主语谓语动词为单数2 在动名词和不定式中 做为介词的宾语是动名词3 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词 通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语 Iwouldappreciate backthisafternoon A youtocallB youcallC youcallingD you recalling Key Cyourcalling也对 Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice 4 有些词后只能接动名词 admit appreciate avoid celebrate consider contemplate defer delay deny detest discontinue dislike dispute enjoy itentails escape excuse explain fancy feellike finish forgive can thelp hinder imagine itinvolves keep itmeans mention mind miss itnecessitates pardon postpone practice prevent recall report resent resist risk suggest understand 另外还有一些接 ing形式的常用说法 it snogood it sno little hardlyany use it snot hardly scarcelyuse it sworthwhile spendmoney time there sno there snopointin there snothingworsethan what stheuse point 5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可 remember forget try stop goon cease mean后面用不定式和 ing形式 意义截然不容 Irememberedtoposttheletters 指未来 过去未来的动作 Irememberedposting havingpostingtheletters 我记得这个动作 forgot与remember的用法类似 Iregrettoinformyouthat 我很遗憾地通知你 Iregrettedhavingleftthefirmaftertwentyyears 为了 二十年前的离开 而遗憾 tryto努力Youreallymusttrytoovercomeyourshyness try ing试验Trypracticingfivehoursaday Imeantogo butmyfatherwouldnotallowmeto 打算 想 我想去 但我父亲不让我去 Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower 意味着 赠加工资意味着增加购买力 prefer的用法 我宁愿在这里等 Iprefertowaithere 所以啊 你不介意的话 我就等下去 Ipreferwaitinghere 我正在这里等 我就喜欢这么做 Ipreferswimmingtocycling 这个句子里面就不能用不定式了 分词 3 分词1 意义 过去分词通常来自及物动词 带有被动意义和完成意义 而现在分词有的来自及物动词 有的来自不及物动词 通常带有主动意义和未完成意义 frozenfoodafreezingwindaboredtravelleraboringjourneyalostcausealosingbattleaconqueredarmyaconqueringarmyafinishedarticlethelastfinishingtouchthespokenwordaspeakingbirdaclosedshoptheclosinghourarecordedtalkarecordingmachine 来自不及物动词的过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语 能作这样用的仅限于下面几个词 仅表示完成意义 不表示被动意义 therisensun fallenleaves faded witheredflowers returnedstudents retiredworkers departedfriends escapedprisoners thevanishedjewels newly arrivedvisitors用作后置修饰语的过去分词一般都带有修饰语或其他成分 在意义上相当于关系分句 Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends 2 句法作用a 作定语 distinguishedguest贵宾 unknownheroes无名英雄 armedforces武装部队 cannedfood罐头食品 boiledwater开水 steamedbread馒头 strickenarea灾区分词还可构成合成词作定语 simply furnishedroom陈设简单的房间 clear cutanswer明确的答复 highly developedindustry高度发展的工业 heartfeltthanks衷心的感谢 hand madegoods手工制品 man madesatellite人造卫星 b 作补足语 可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有 see hear feel find think等表示感觉和心理状态的动词 Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall Wefoundhergreatlychanged make get have keep等表示 致使 意义的动词 Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays Shegotherbadtoothpulledout Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments like want wish order等表示希望 要求 命令等意义的动词 Idon twantanyofyou tobe involvedinthescandal Hewon tlikesuchquestions tobe discussedatthemeeting c 过去分词短语常用作状语 修饰谓语 很多都说明动作发生的背景或情况 Guidedbytheseprinciples theywentonwiththework Delightedwithherwork theymadeherthegeneralmanager 过去分词短语也可作状语表示原因 相当于一个表示原因的状语从句 Influencedbyhisexample theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds 有时也可说明动作发生的时间 相当于一个表示时间的状语从句 Thismethod triedinareasnearShanghai resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction 间或也可表示一个假设的情况 相当于一个条件从句 Givencloseranalysis wecanseethisistotallywrong 偶尔也可用来代替一个 让步 状语从句 Picked20yearsayear itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years 虚拟语气 条件句 三种基本形式 IfIhadabike Iwouldlendittoyou if从句用过去时 主句用should would could might 不定式 Ifhehadbeenhere hewouldhavehelpedyou 从句过去完成时 主句should would could might 不定式完成时 IfIshould weretodotheexperiment Iwoulddoitsomeotherway 从句用should wereto 主句用should would could might 不定式 if的省略 1 Wereyouinmyposition youwoulddothesame 2 Hadhecomeearlier hewouldhaveseenher 3 Shouldtheyattackus wewouldwipethemoutcompletely Ifonly Ifonlyyouwouldlistentoreason IfonlyIweretenyearsyounger IFonlyhedidn tdrivesofast Ifonlyhehadaskedsomeone sadvice IfIcouldonlygototheconcert IfIcouldonly but justexplain Iwish IwishIknewtheanswer IwishIhadknowntheaddress IwishIwereyoung Iwishyouwouldstopaskingsillyquestions IwishedIknewhisaddress 发生在过去 IwassorryIdidn tknowhisaddress IwishedIwereyoung IwassorryIwasnotyoung Wouldrather Iwouldratheryoutoldherthetruth I dratheryoucametomorrow I drather that hepainteditblue Iwould just assoonthatJohnhadnotspokenrudelytome Itis high timethat Itistimewe leave Itistimewe go tobed It shightimethatyouwereinbed It sabouttimeweleft It simportantthat Itisimportantthatwe speak politely Itisimperativethatwe practice criticismandself criticismstrange advisable anxious crucial appropriatecompulsory desirable eager essential fitting imperative 绝对必要的 impossible improper natural necessary obligatory preferable proper urgent vital willing Iinsistthat Iinsistthatwe go therebybus Hesuggestedthatwe leave early Thejudgeorderedthattheprisoner be sentencedto30daysinjail 这些动词和名词后的从句为should V advise advice agree agreement decide decision decree demand determine determination grant indicate indication insist move insistence order request requireprefer preference urge vote ask propose proposal requirement resolve resolution stipulate desire stipulation allow arrange beg concede demonstrate ensure pray intend move pledge command Mysuggestion Mysuggestionisthatweshouldtellhim Ouronlyrequestisthatthisshouldbesettledassoonaspossible requestcommandnecessityimportancemotionproposalresolutionrecommendationunderstanding butfor otherwise without Thestormdelayedus Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime Iusedmycalculator otherwiseI dhavetakenmuchlonger SupposingIacceptedthisoffer whatwouldyousay Withoutyoutimelyhelp mydaughterwouldhavedrowned 情态动词 情态动词 modelverb 用来表示能力 允许 可能 必须 劝告 意愿等概念或态度 主要的情态动词有can could may might shall should will would must oughtto need dare等 情态动词没有人称和数的变化 其后常跟不带to的不定式 1 情态动词的一般用法 1 表示能力 can could beabletoHeisover80butstillcanreadwithoutglasses Shecouldn tcomeyesterday Hecan tcometomorrow can could与beableto用法比较1 beableto除有一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时外 还可有现在完成时 不定式 动词 ing形式等 ThisistheinformationI vebeenabletogetsofar Tobeabletorideabike shepracticedalot Justbeingabletodriveahorse acartisn tmuchhelptous 2 could表示过去总的 经常性的能力 was wereableto表示过去具体情况下具有的能力 并且做了某动作 HecouldspeakFrench sohewasabletoshowtheFrenchladytheway 3 表示将来的能力常用willbeableto Whenwillyoubeabletotakeustotown 2 表示许可 can could may might can t maynot mustn t mustnot 1 征询 许可 或给予 许可 可用can could或may might表示 May用于正式场合 can用于非正式场合 could用于客气的询问 might极少用 Youcangoatfouro clock CouldIborrowyourpen Studentsmaytake3bookseach MightIaskwhetheryouareusingthetypewriter 2 表示 不允许 用can t maynot mustn t mustnot语气重 Youcan tleavethetableunlessyoufinishyourmeal Putthatcigaretteout Youmustnotsmokenearapetrolpump 3 表示过去 许可 不用could might 要用其他表达方式 Wehadbeen weregivenpermissiontospeaktothepatient 但在间接引语中表达过去 许可 可用could might Thenursesaidthatwecould mightspeaktothepatientforjustafewminutes 3 表示可能性 may might can could must can t 1 may might用来推测现在 可能 may比might表示的可能性大些 Whyisn tJohninclass Hemay mightbesick maybe是副词 不是情态动词 Maybeheissick 2 在日常口语中常用can could表示 可能 Youcan couldwalkformilesinthecountrywithoutmeetinganyone Canthenewsbetrue No itcan tbetrue 3 must表示可能性最大 必定 否定形式用can t表示 肯定不 必定不会 Youmustbehungryafteralongwalk Thephoneisringing butthereisnoanswer Shecan tbeathome 4 表示必须和需要 must haveto need 1 must表示说话人认为 必须 否定回答时用needn t 不必 Youmustbehereatnineo clock Mustyougosoon No Ineedn tgoyet 2 haveto表示他人或客观情况要求 必须 Ihavetobebackatschoolbyeight Ihavealotofworktodotonight Wedon thavetowearuniformsinschool l口语中常用havegotto表示 必须 Ihavegottoleavenow Ihaveameetingintenminutes 3 need表示动作者 需要 有必要 用于否定句或疑问句 肯定回答用must 否定回答用needn t Needhegonow Yes hemust Noheneedn t lneed常用作实义动词 Youneedtolearnthevalueoftime Youdidn tneedtotellhimthenews Doessheneedtogo 5 表示责任和劝告 should oughtto must hadbetter 1 用should和oughtto表示责任和劝告 后者的语气重些Youshould oughttodoasyouaretold Suchthingsshouldn t oughtnottobeallowed 2 有时也用must表示责任和劝告 Youmustseethemovie It swonderful 3 口语中也常用hadbetter表示劝告 意为 最好做 不做某事 Youhadbettertakecareofyourself You dbetternotmakeamistakenexttime Hadn tyoubetterseewhoisatthedoor 6 表示建议 shall may mightaswell may mightjustaswell 1 shallI we 表示征求对方对建议的看法 Shallwecarrytheboxesintothehouse Let sgo shallwe 2 may mightaswell may mightjustaswell表示推荐更佳方案 建议另一种做法 意为 倒不如 不也一样吗 Wemayaswellstayheretonight Youmightjustaswelltellthetruth 7 表示许诺 shall shall用于第二 三人称 表示说话人的许诺 Youshallhaveyourmoneybacknextweek Ifhepassestheexam heshallhaveaholiday 8 表示意愿 shall will would 1 you he theyshall表示说话人的强烈意愿 甚至威胁 Youshallpayforthis TheyshalldowhatItellthemtodo l在法律条文 规章制度中 shall表示 必须 Eachcompetitorshallwearanumber 2 will would表示动作者愿意 Iwilllendyouthebookifyouneedit Iwon tdoitagain Ihavebeentryingtoopenthedoor butthekeywon tturn l willyou wouldyou 在下列句中表示客气的建议 询问 Willyoupleasehaveadrink Wouldyoupleasepassmethesalt Wouldyoulikeacupoftea WouldyoumindifIopenedthewindow Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow lwould还表示过去的习惯 等于usedtoOnSundayshewouldgetupearlyandgofishing 9 表示勇敢 dare dare表示 敢于 用于否定句 疑问句或条件句 Hedarenottry Howdareyouopentheletter Ifyoudaresayaword I llstrikeyoudown ldare还常用作实义动词 Hedaretosurfinheavywaters ldaresay或daresay 表示probably Isuppose Idaresayhewillcomehomelate 2 情态动词的特殊用法 1 情态动词 不定式完成时1 can could may might must have 动词的过去分词用于肯定句 表示对过去事件的主观判断 推测过去某动作 可能 也许 一定 已发生 Tomcouldhavetakenthedictionary IsawhimusingitlastSunday Ican tfindmysunglasses Imay mighthaveleftthemattherestaurantyesterday Youscreamedinyoursleeplastnight Youmusthavehadaterribledream 用于否定句 表示推测过去某动作 可能 也许 一定 没有发生 Shecouldn thavefinishedherworksosoon Shemaynothaveseenyou Dadmustn thavewashedthedisheslastnight 2 should oughtto have 动词的过去分词 用于肯定句 评论过去 应该做 而实际并未做的动作 意为 本应该 Ididn taskher It sapity Youshouldhaveaskedher Yououghttohaveaskedeveryone 用于否定句 评论过去 不应该做 而实际做了的动作 意为 本不应该 IonlytoldMike Youshouldn thavetoldanyone Yououghtnottohavetoldanyone 3 needn t have 动词的过去分词对过去已经发生的动作进行评论 认为 无须发生 不必做 Ineedn thaveputonmybestsuittogototheparty mostoftheguestswerewearingjeans Wewenttothemeeting butithadbeencancelled Oh soyouneedn thavegone 2 情态动词 不定式进行时 表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行 Shemaybewashingherclothes Hecan tbeworkingnow Hemustbestudyinginthelibrary Theyshouldn tbewatchingTVnow Theyshouldbedoinghomework 3 情态动词 不定式完成进行时 情态动词 havebeen 动词的现在分词 表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行 Hemayhavebeenbuyingstampsinthepostofficewhenyousawhim Shemusthavebeenworkingthen Sheshouldhavebeenattendingameetingyesterdaymorning Theyshouldn thavebeenchattingwhileworking 一致关系 在Therebe句型中 Thereisnosmokewithoutfire Thereseemstobelittletimeleft There here结构中 如果主语有好几个 谓语动词与最邻近的主语一致 TherewasaTVset aportraitandseveralalbumsontheshelf Hereareafewenvelops apenandsomepaperinthedrawer 在倒装结构中 IneveryprovinceofChinaarefoundrichnaturalresources Herecomethefivenoisychildrenfromnextdoor aswellas nottomention alongwith 名词 句子中 Unemploymentaswellastaxesinfluencesvotes Taxes nottomentionunemployment influencevotes Thismanalongwithhissonsalwayscatchesthelargestfish 主语后若跟有accompaniedby asmuchas besides except but inadditionto including insteadof nolessthan ratherthan togetherwith 名词 不影响其与谓语动词的关系 下列不定代词或限定词作主语或修饰主语时 谓语动词永远是单数 Manyacollegestudentwishestoreturntotheeasydaysofhighschool Neither one issatisfactory Iseitherofthesingersreadingnow Everysilverknife fork andspoonhastobecounted Eachofthestudentshasaschedule 带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致 Allofthefruitlooksripe Hasanyofthisevidencebeenpresented Haveanyofmyfriendscalledme Mostofthebookwasinteresting Someofthebooksareinteresting Noneoftheevidencepointstohisguilt Noneofourstudentswereinvolved 带有量词的主语与谓语动词的一致 Thenumberofstudentsintheclassis40 Anumberofstudentswerelate Morethanonepersonisinvolvedinthiscase Morethanonehundredmenandwomenareworkinginthisworkshop Themajoritywere wasinfavoroftheproposal Themajorityofboyslikefootball and MaryandJanecompetewitheachotherforthefirstprize BothJohnandAnnareready Icecreamandcakeismyfavoritedessert Theeditorandthepublisherofthismagazineareveryablemen Theeditorandpublisherofthismagazineisaveryableman 但是形容词 and 形容词 名词指两类不同的人或物时 谓语动词用复数Socialandpoliticalfreedomarelimitedthere or either or Neither nor notonly butalso 谓语动词取决最接近它的名词或代词的数 Neithercriticismnorpraiseaffectsthem Patoryouweresupposedtocall Neitherthepricesnorthequalityhaschanged Doesn theorIdeserveit Don tyouorhedeserveit Oneof 和theonlyoneof Thatisoneofthoseremarksthatareintendedtostartarguments Janeisoneofthosepersonswhoalwaysthinktheyareright Sheistheonlyoneofthosegirlswhoiswillingtotakeamake upexam 倒装 倒装 全部倒装和部分倒装 1 全部倒装 FullInversion 又称主谓倒装 Subject verbInversion 例如 Herearesomelettersforyou Downpouredtherain Intothecoachscrambledthechildren 2 部分倒装 PartialInversion 又称主语与助动词 晴态动词倒装 Subject operatorInversion 例如 NeverhaveIheardsuchnonsense OnlytodaydidIlearnthedreadfulnews 全部倒装句的具体用法 1 用于由here there now then等副词引导的句子 通常称作把时间状语或地点状语提前的倒装句 其谓语动词通常跟在时间状语或地点状语之后 例如 Thencameanewdevelopmentthathadafar reachingeffects Onceuponatime therelivedamanknownbythenameofJoeBeef Nowcomesyourturn 全部倒装句的具体用法 2 在带有助动词 be 的句子中 动词 ing和 ed形式可移至句首 主语移至 be 后面 形成全部倒装 例如 Runningacrossitisastream Buriedinthesandswasanancientvillage Picturedhereisawoodentubusedforgatheringwaterchestnuts 全部倒装句的具体用法 3 为了使描写的景象更生动 常把拟声词或away in out up等状语放在句首 从而引起主谓全部倒装 例如 Downitfellfromtheappletree Thedooropened Inrushedthecrowd 全部倒装句的具体用法 4 当句子的主语较长而谓语较短时 常将状语放在句首 主谓全部倒装使句子结构平衡 避免头重脚轻 例如 Faintgrowthesoundofthebell Attheendofthekaleidoscopearetwoplates onemadeoftheglassandtheotherofgroundglass 全部倒装句的具体用法 5 用于表示祝愿的句型 例如 Mayyoulivealongandhappylife LonglivethePeople sRepublicofChina 部分倒装句的具体用法 1 句首是否定词或带有否定意义的词语时 常用部分倒装 例如 Notasinglebookhereadthatmonth Undernocircumstancesshallwecanceltheparty 常用于这一结构的词或短语有 atno othertime bynomeans undernocircumstances hardly scarcely seldom innoway invain little never rarely few nosooner than hardly when nowhere notuntil notonly butalso notasingleword notfrequently 部分倒装句的具体用法 2 句首是only引导的状语时 需要部分倒装 例如 Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem 常用短语还有 onlybychance onlythen onlywithdifficulty onlyonarareoccasion等等 部分倒装句的具体用法 3 so that结构中的so置于句首时 需要部分倒装 例如 Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim 句首是manyatime tosuchadegree extent tosuchaextremes tosuchalengths tosuchapoint witheveryjustification withgoodreason等状语时 句子需要部分倒装 例如 Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn tgotosleepthatnight 部分倒装句的具体用法 4 用于以neither nor开始的省略句 表示 也不 用于以so开始的省略句 表示 也如此 例如 Idon tcareforsweet NeitherdoI I mnotveryfondofcarrots NoramI