系统功能语言学 人际纯理功能ppt课件

.,Interacting:theinterpersonalmetafunction,.,“Thespeakerusesspecificlanguagestructuresasthemeansofsocialcommunicationtoinvolvethespeechevent:theexpressionsofhiscomments,hisattitudes,hisevaluations,andalsotherelationshiphesetsupbetweenhimselfandthelistener,whicharedecidedbydifferentcommunicationrolesheadopts,likeinforming,questioning,persuading”.(Halliday,2000:69),Introduction,.,themostimportantsociologicaluseoflanguageistheinterpersonalfunction,bywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Intheframeworkofthefunctiongrammar,thisfunctionisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandtheaddresseesattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout.,.,Rolesofaddressersandaudience,Themostfundamentalpurposesinanyexchangearegiving(andtaking)ordemanding(andbeinggiven)modity:informationgoods-and-services,.,fourbasicspeechroles,givinginformationdemandinginformationgivinggoods-and-servicesdemandinggoods-and-services,.,Theusuallabelsforthesefunctionsare:statement;question;offer;andcommandthreeofthesebasicfunctionsarecloselyassociatedwithparticulargrammaticalstructures:statements-declarativeclausesquestions-interrogativeclausescommands-imperativeclauses,.,Mood,TheMoodcarries1）theinterpersonalfunctionsoftheclause2）consistsofSubject+Finite.,.,TheSubjectisrealisedbyanominalgroupthatthespeakergivesresponsibilitytoforthevalidityoftheclause.TheFiniteisrealisedbythefirstoftheverbalgrouptoexpresstenseandmodality(TherestoftheverbalgroupisthePredicator,whichformspartoftheResidue.)AclausethusconsistsofMood+Residue.,.,IdentifyingSubjectandFinite,itisusuallyrelativelyeasytoidentifytheSubject,butincasesofdoubtwecanestablishexactlywhattheSubjectandFiniteofanyclausearebyaddingatagquestion,.,MeaningsofSubjectandFinite,TheSubjectistheentitythatthespeakerwantstomakeresponsibleforthevalidityofthepropositionbeingadvancedintheclause.Thatis,theclaimthatthespeakerismakingisvalidfortheentity.TheFinitemakesitpossibletoargueaboutthevalidityoftheproposition.ThroughFinite,thespeakersignalsthreebasickindsofclaims(tense,polarityandmodality)aboutthevalidityoftheproposition,.,Moodinnon-declarativeclauses,Inyes/nointerrogativesInWH-interrogatives(withknownSubject),.,WH-interrogativewithWH-elementasSubjectInexclamativeclauses,.,Moodinimperativeclauses(unmarked),.,TheResidue,ThegeneraltermforpartoftheclausethatisnottheMoodistheResidue.IninteroersonaltermtheResidueismerelywhatisleftoveroncetheMoodhasbeenestablished.TherearethreekindsoffunctionalelementsintheResidue:thePredicator,Complements,andAdjuncts,.,PredicatorexpressedbytherestoftheverbalgroupapartfromtheFinite.(theFiniteisnotapartofthePredicator,thePredicatoritselfinnon-finite)expresstheprocess-theaction,happening,state,etc.threeotherfunctions:tospecifysecondarytense;tospecifyvariousotheraspectsoftheprocess;tospeciftthevoice,.,ComplementsthetermincludesbothObjectsandComplementsinthemoretraditionalsense.AComplementisanelementintheResidue,typicallyrealizedbyanominalgroup,whichcouldhavebeenchosenasSubject,butwasnot.AdjunctscircumstantialAdjunctConjunctiveAdjunctModalAdjunct(CommentAdjuncts&MoodAdjuncts),.,Modality,ModalityandpolarityTheFiniteexpressesnotonlytensebutalsopolarityandmodality.Intermsoftheinteractioncarriedoutbytheclause,polarityisabasicpartofthemeaning.AnyFiniteisinherentlypositiveornegativeinpolarity.a.Thenegativeformshaveanidentifiableaddedelement(ntornot)inrelationtothepositiveb.PolaritymayalsobeexpressedthroughMoodAdjuncts.,.,modalityAsimpledefinition:modalityisthespacebetweenyesandno.Typesofmodality(1)commodaity-informationthemodalityrelatestohowvalidtheinformationisbeingpresentedasinthermsofprobabilityorusuality.(2)commodaity-goods-and-servicesthemodalityrelatestohowconfidentthespeakercanappertobeintheeventualsuccessoftheexchange.Incommands,thisconcernsthedegreeofobligationontheotherpersontocarryoutthecommand.Inofferitconcernsthedegreeofwillingnessofthespeakertofulfiltheoffer.,.,typeofmodality,modalization(information),modulation(goods-and-services),probalility,usuality,inclination,obligation,.,Appraisal,introductionTheAppraisalframeworkappearedalittlemorethan15yearsagoanditisaresultoftheworkwhichiscarriedoutbyagroupofresearchersledbyJamesR.Martin,ProfessoroftheUniversityofSydney.Itsprimaryimpetusforthedevelopmentcamefromtheresearchconductedinthe1980sand1990sforthe“WriteItRight”projectoftheDisadvantagedSchoolsProgramoftheNewSouthWalesDepartmentofSchoolsEducation.Underthisproject,researchersinvestigatedtheliteracyrequirementsofthediscoursesofscience,technology,themedia,history,Englishliteraturestudies,geographyandthevisualarts,andsoon.Thecentralissuesoftheprojectareconcernedwiththesemanticsoftheinterpersonalaspects.,.,Appraisalisanevaluativeuseoflanguage,whichisaspecialmethodtoexploring,describingandexplainingthewaylanguageisappliedtoevaluate,toadoptstances,toconstructtextualpersonasandtomanageinterpersonalpositioningandrelationships.Thusitexamineshowspeakersandwritersconveyjudgmentstootherspeakersorwriters,theirutterances,materialobjects,happeningsandstatesofaffairs,andthereforeconstructagoodrelationshipwiththosewhosharethesameviewsandkeepdistancefromthosewhodonot.Itinvestigateshowattitudes,judgmentsandemotiveresponsesareclearlyshowedintextsandhowtheyaremoreindirectlyindicated,presupposedorassumed.Apartfromthis,itexamineshowtheexpressionofsuchattitudesandjudgmentsiscarefullycarriedoutinmanyinstancestoconsidertheever-presentpossibilityofchallengeorcontradictionfromthosewhohasdifferingviews(Martin,2000).,.,TosumupAppraisalframework:isasystemofinterpersonalmeanings.SpeakersorwritersusetheresourcesofAppraisaltoconstructtheirsocialrelationshipsbytellingtheirlistenersorreaderswhattheirattitudesare,inotherwords,howtheyfeelaboutthingsandpeople.,.,AttitudeAffectJudgementAppreciationEngagementmonoglossheteroglossGraduation,.,Attitude,Attitudeisrelatedtoourfeelings,includingemotionalreactions,judgmentsofbehaviorandevaluationofthings(Martin&White,2008).Inotherwords,Attitudedealswithhowwefeelaboutpeopleandthingsaroundus.Attitudeisthecentralpartofappraisalsystemandfocusesongradableresourcesforconstruingevaluation.Itisdividedintothreesubsystems:Affect,Judgment,andAppreciation.,.,Affect:thecharacterisationofphenomenabyreferencetoemotion.Judgement:theevaluationofhumanbehaviourwithrespecttosocialnormsAppreciation:theevluationofobjectsandproducts(ratherthanhumanbehaviour)byreferencetoaestheticprincipleandothersystemsofsocialvalue,.,Engement,Engagementisconcernedwiththewa