语言学教程Chapter 7. Language, Culture, and Societyppt课件VIP

.,Chaptersevenlanguage,culture,andsociety,Discussionsinthischapter1.languageandculture2.languageandsociety3.languageandcross-culturalcommunication,.,7.1.1howdoeslanguagerelatetoculture?,LanguagestudyconductedinthepastEversincethebeginningoftheeighteenthcentury,thelinguisticinquiryoflanguagehasbeeneithercomparativeandhistoricalorstructuralandformalizedinnature.Changestookplaceatthestartofthe20thcentury-tostudylanguageanthropologically.,.,Anthropologicallinguistics,Abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureinacommunity,e.g.itstradition,beliefs,andfamilystructure.语言学的一个分支，研究一个社团的语言和文化之间的关系，如传统、信仰和家庭结构。,.,Forexample,anthropologicallinguistshavestudiedthewaysinwhichrelationshipwithinthefamilyareexpressedindifferentcultures(kinshipterminology),andtheyhavestudiedhowpeoplecommunicatewithoneanotheratcertainsocialandculturalevents,e.g.ceremonies,rituals,andmeetings,andthenrelatedthistotheoverallstructureoftheparticularcommunity.,.,例如，人类语言学家对家庭成员关系在不同文化中的表达方式进行了研究，对于人们在某些社会文化活动，如庆典、仪式及会议中的交际方式，他们也作了研究，并将这些研究和特定社团的整体结构联系起来。,.,Someareasofanthropologicallinguisticsarecloselyrelatedtoareasofsociolinguisticsandtheethnographyofcommunication.人类语言学的某些领域与社会语言学和交际人种学有着紧密的联系。,.,Pioneersin,Europe:(England)Malinowski,Firth.NorthAmerica:(America)Boas,Sapir,andWhorf.,.,WorkinEngland,Themeaningofawordgreatlydependeduponitsoccurrenceinagivencontext,orrather,uponareallanguagesituationinlife.Wood:twointerpretations1.2.canoe,.,Speechacttheory,LanguageisamodeofactionThisviewoflanguageisthebasisforthegenerationofthespeechacttheory.,.,ContributionbyMalinowski,Pavedthewayforacultural,rather,acontextualstudyoflanguageuseinBritain.,.,Hisinfluence,Underhisanthropologicalviewoflanguageandbeingfullyawareoftheimportanceofthecontextinthestudyoflanguageuse,Firth,aleadingfigureinalinguistictraditionlaterknownastheLondonschool,triedtosetupamodelforillustratingthecloserelationshipsbetweenlanguageuseanditsco-occurrentfactors.Hedeveloped,.,Thestrongcultural-orientedimplicationsofthetheorybyFirth,1.thecreativityanddiversityoflinguisticidiosyncrasyinlanguageuse.2.“whospeaks(orwrites)whatlanguage(orwhatlanguagevariety)towhomandwhenandtowhatend”,.,ThefurtheranceofthetheorybyHalliday,Thefounderofsystemic-functionallinguistics,Heviewslanguagefromasociallysemioticorinteractionalperspective,heinterpretsgrammarfunctionallyasaresourceofmeaningpotential,andhislinguisticmodelinthestudyofliterature.,.,ResearchworkinAmerica,Boas,Sapir,WhorfTheanthropologicalapproachtothestudyoflanguageandculturelaidafirmfoundationinthehistoryoflinguisticdevelopment.,.,Ethnographyofcommunication,Thestudyoftheplaceoflanguageincultureandsociety.Languageisnotstudiedinisolationbutwithinasocialand/orculturalsetting.Ethnographyofcommunicationstudies,forexample,howpeopleinaparticulargrouporcommunitycommunicatewitheachotherandhowthesocialrelationshipsbetweenthesepeopleaffectthetypeoflanguagetheyuse.,.,对语言在文化和社会中的位置的研究。语言的研究不是孤立的而是在社会和/或文化环境内进行的。交际人种学研究，例如，特定群体或社团内的人们如何相互交际的，这些人之间的社会关系是如何影响他们所使用的语言的。,.,TheconceptofanethnographyofcommunicationwasadvancedbytheAmericansocialanthropologistandlinguistHymesandthisapproachisimportantinsociolinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.交际人种学是由美国社会人类学家和语言学家海姆斯倡导的，对于社会语言学和应用语言学来说是一个重要部分。,.,ComponentsofSPEAKING,SPEAKING,.,Atheoryabouttherelationoflanguageandculture,ItisinfluentialandextremelycontroversialThehypothesisconcerningthelanguage,thought,andculture.SuggestedbyBenjiaminLeeWhorfTheSapirWhorfHypothesis,.,Suggestionsofthehypothesis,Languagehelpsmouldpeopleswayofthinking;Differentlanguagesmayprobablyexpressspeakersuniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.Inotherwords,itmeans:1.languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns-linguisticdeterminism2.similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative.-linguisticrelativity(firstexpoundedbytheGermanethnologist,WilhelmvonHumboldt),.,Afamousfollowerofthehypothesis,EugeneNida,awell-knownlinguistandtranslationtheorist,InvolvedintheBibletranslationworkacrossdifferentlanguagesFivetypesofsubcultureproposedbyNida1.ecologicalculture2.linguisticculture3.religiousculture4.materialculture5.socialculture,.,7.1.2moreabouttheSapirWhorfhypothesis,ProponentsHopi,anAmericanNativelanguagespokeninArizona,a“timeless”languageOpponentsDugumDani,aPapuanlanguagespokeninthecentralhighlandsofIrianJaya.Wordcolorterms,.,Prediction,Linguisticstudiesinthenewcenturywillbecomemorefruitfulifanevolutionary,cognitive,andinterdisciplinaryperspectiveistakeninitstheoreticpursuit.,.,7.1.3casestudies,1.Theinterplayoflanguageandculturerangesfromtextualstructuretophonologicalvariation.2.Phonologicaldifferencesordialectalaccentsrevealmorethangeographicaloriginsofspeakers.RPGA,.,3.Wordsaresometimes“idiomatically-governed”and“culturally-specific”.,.,7.1.4towhichextentdoweneedcultureinourlinguisticstudy?,AstudyoflinguisticissuesinaculturalsettingcangreatlypromoteourunderstandingofMOTIVATIONandDIRCTIONALITYinlanguagechange.,.,7.1.5cultureinlanguageteachingclassroom,Threeobjectivestoteachcultureinourlanguageclass:1.2.3.Successfulmasteryofagivenlanguagehasmuchtodowithanunderstandingofthatculture.,.,7.2languageandsociety,Thestudyoflanguagecanhelpustoknowmoreaboutmanssocialactivities.,.,7.2.1howdoeslanguagerelatetosociety,WorksbyphilosophersandgrammariansinA.theGraeco-RomantraditionB.theIndiantraditionTwodifferentviewsoflanguagestudy1.monisticorautonomouspursuitChomsky2.dualisticviewoflinguisticinquirySociolinguisticsin1960s,.,7.2.2asituationallyandsociallyvariationistperspective,Languagealwayschangeswithsituations.父亲、爸爸、爹、老爸、老头.Languageisalsodeterminedbysocialnorms.中国人不能直呼父母名字Solanguagedifferencesinformarebothstylistically(situationally)andsociallygoverned.,.,Socialfactorsinfluencinglanguageuse,1.cationThefirsttwoarediscussed.,.,Languagevariationsresultingfromthedifferentclassbackgroundofpeople,1960sWorkbyWilliamLabovStudytherelationshipsbetweenspeakerssocialstatusandtheirphonologicalvariations.WrittenworkbyhimHisstudyshowsthatclassandstylearetwomajorfactorsinfluencingthespeakerschoiceofonephonologicalvariantoveranother.Classisanindispensablesociolinguisticvarible.Evaluationonthebook..,.,Theinfluencingofgenderuponlanguageuse,Theworkwasdone2000yearsagoinGreek.最早从语言学角度研究“性别语言”的应当首推丹麦语言学家叶斯柏森TherealworkwasinitiatedbyRobinLakoffLabovalsodidsomethingThefeaturesofWOMENREGISTER(womenlanguage).5.6.,.,Whytheexistingofthewomenlanguage,WomensplaceinsocietySimplyspeaking,thelinguisticdifferencesbetweenmenandwomenareculturallyandsociallygoverned.Womenregisterisnotonlyusedbywomenbutalsobypowerlessmembersinsociety.“sex”isawordusedtorefertoonesbiologicalproperty,while“gender”isawordemployedtoshowonessocialproperty,.,WhyLINGUISTICSEXISM,Itisnotlanguageitselfbutwomensplaceinsocietythatmakespeoplelinguisticallybehaveinthatway.Thestudyofgenderdifferenceshasbecomeincreasinglyinterestingtopeopleinsociolinguisticseversincethe1970s.,.,7.2.3whatshouldweknowmoreaboutsociolinguistics?,Twoimportantthings:1.structuralthings2.theirusesinasocioculturalcontextConsequently,twobigissuestodealwith:1.howthesetwofactorsarerelatedtoeachother;2.whyitshouldbesoInotherwords,1.westudylanguageuseinsocialcontexttoknowstructuralthings;2.weexaminelinguisticphenomenaofaspeakingcommunitytounderstandthesociologicalthings.,.,Thefeaturesofsociolinguistics,1.pluralism2.diversity3.overlappingwithothertypesofscientificresearch(multidisciplinarynature),.,Researchapproaches,classifysociolinguisticstudies1.bymeansofahierarchicaldivision2.bymeansofanorientationalcategorization.SociolinguisticstudyofsocietySociolinguisticstudyoflanguageThetwoarerelatedbutnotidenticalperspectiveofobservation.,.,MacrolevelofstudyToknowsocietybystudyinglanguage（sociolinguisticsstudyoflanguage)Questions:.MicrolevelofstudyToknowlanguagebystudyingsociety(sociolinguisticstudyofsociety)Questions:.,.,7.2.4whatimplications(启发）canwegetfromsociolinguistics?,Theapplicationsofsociolinguistics（应用社会语言学）in:1.languageclassroom2.lawcourt3.clinicalsetting,.,1.Languageclassrooms,TwodifferentviewsofphilosophyinlanguageteachingTotrainthestudentsasgrammariansTotrainthestudentsasactivelanguageusers.Traditionallanguageteaching.Changesin1970s:HymestheoryofcommunicativecompetenceLinguisticcompetence(Chomsky)PragmaticcompetenceHowtotrainstudentsasactiveandsuccessfullanguageusersinareallanguagecontext.,.,Contributionsofsociolinguisticstolanguageteachinginclassroom,.,.,2.Lawcourt,成果1).2).3).Thechoiceofonediscoursepatternoveranotherisinstitutionallydecidedandsociallymaintained.,.,3.Clinicsettings,How.Moreimplicationscan.,.,7.3cross-culturalcommunication,Theimportanceofcross-culturalcommunicationWordsbyCarlRogers,.,7.3.1whatshouldweknowallboutcross-culturalcommunication?,Intra-culturalcommunicationCross-culturalcommunicationHowtocommunicatecross-culturallyandsuccessfully?Suggestions:A.B.C.Principlesweshouldfollowincross-culturalcommunication1.2.3.,.,7.3.2casestudies,Theimportanceofsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunication1.wheninRomedoastheRomansdoA.pronominalusageB.addressformsC.greetingexpressions,.,A.pronominalusage,InmostEuropeanandAsianlanguagesInEnglish,.,.,B.addressforms,InEnglish,InChinese,.,C.greetingexpressions,Food(material)fortalkInEngland,.why?InChina,.Why?,.,2.Putyourselfinotherssho