动词的时态和语态

时态和语态,一般现在时do/does一般过去时did一般将来时shall/will+do过去将来时would/should+do现在进行时am/is/are+doing过去进行时was/were+doing现在完成时have/has+done过去完成时had+done现在完成进行时havebeendoing将来进行时willbedoing将来完成时willhavedone,一般现在时,主要用于下面几情况：1)描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态Shedoesntoftenwritetoherfamily,onlyonceamonth.她不常给家里写信，仅一月一封而已。Icycletoworkeveryday.我每天骑自行车上班。,2)一些表示方向位移的动词，可用于一般现在时，表示按时刻表安排要发生的动作。这样的动词常见的有：arrive,be,begin,come,close,end,go,leave,open,return,sail,start,stop等。例如：Thetrainleavesat10:05a.m.这列火车上午十点另五分开。TheplanefromHainanarrivesat6p.m.从海南来的飞机下午六点到。,3)时间或条件状语中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。(if,unless,before,assoonas,when,once)例如：Illtellhimthenewswhenhecomesback.他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。,一般将来时,主要用来描述将要发生的动作或存在于未来的情况。,1）shall/will+动词原形(事先没有考虑过，说话时临时想到的）这种表示方法是说，动作在现在或目前还未发生，要在将来的某个时间内发生；它没有主观性，是纯粹的将来动作。例如：Ishall/willnotbefreetomorrow.我明天没空。,2)be(am/is/are)+going+todoA）说话人的意图、打算；B）根据某种迹象即将要发生HeisgoingtospendhisholidaysinLondon.他打算在伦敦度假。Whoisgoingtospeakfirst?谁先发言？Itisgoingtorainsoon.马上要下雨了。,4)beabouttodo表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接时间状语。例如：Iwasabouttoleavewhenanunexpectedvisitorcame.,3)be(am/is/are)+不定式表示方法描述两钟情况：A)按计划没有意外一定要发生的动作，这个动作发生的时间一般不会很远；B)要求或命令他人做某事。Thenewbridgeistoopentotrafficinthreedays.新桥三天后通车。Youarenottobringanymobilecommunicationmeansintotheexam-room.任何移动通讯工具都不得带入考场。,过去将来时,表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。,A）宾语从句或间接引语中；B）表示过去习惯性的动作；例如：A)WhenIthoughtaboutit,Iwonderedwhattheirreactionwouldbe.当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。B)Duringthatperiod,hewoulddomorning-exerciseseveryday.在那段时间，他每天早锻炼。,现在进行时,1）主要用来描述正在发生的动作，或是“现阶段”一直在进行的动作。,Theyarehavingafootballmatch.他们正在赛足球。HeispreparingforCETBandSix.他在为大学英语六级考试作准备。,2）表示说话人的情感，如：赞许、批评；喜欢、厌恶等。这时的动作并不是正在发生或进行，而是表示经常性，相当于一般现在时所描述的情况。例如：Heisalwaysthinkingofothers,notofhimself.（表示赞许）他总是为他人着想，而不为自己。Sheisoftendoingwellatschool.（表示满意）她在学校学习挺不错的,3）表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作,用于这种情况仅限于少量的动词，如：go,come,leave,arrive,see,have,lunch(吃午饭),return,dine(进餐，尤指晚餐),work,sleep,stay,play,do,wear(穿，戴)等。例如：Imdinningoutwithmyfriendsthisevening.今晚我将和朋友在外面吃饭AnAmericanprofessorisgivingalecturethisafternoon.今天下午一位美国教授要来作报告。,1.如果是不表示连续性的动词用于现在完成时的句子，不可以和以for表示的一段时间的状语连用。在这种情况下，应该用Ithasbeensince的句式来表达。如：Hehasjoinedthearmyforfiveyears.（错误）Ithasbeenfiveyearssincehejoinedthearmy.（正确）,现在完成时,2）现在完成时还可以用于下列句子结构：1.Itis/hasbeen+sometime+since-clause2.That/This/Itisthefirsttimethat,e.g:ThisisthefirsttimethatIhaveheardhersing.Ithasbeenfiveyearssincetheygotmarried.,现在完成进行时,表示，发生在过去的某个动作延续到现在刚刚完成，或许还要继续延续；这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性，或者说不间断性。当谓语动词是be时，用现在完成时就可以表示现在完成进行时。例如：Ivebeenwaitingforyouforthewholemorning.整个上午我一直在等你。Ithasbeenrainingforthreedays.雨连续下了三天。,将来完成时,将来完成时表示的是到将来的某点时间为止将已经完成了某个动作。,Wewillhavelearnedthreechaptersbytheendofthisterm.Iwillhavepreparedthemealwhenmymothercomesback.,将来进行时,将来进行时表示的是在将来的某一点时间，将正在做某事。,WewillbetakinganEnglishexamthistimetomorrowafternoon.Iwillbewaitingforyouattheschoolgateatfiveoclocktomorrowmorning.IwillbespeakingatameetingwhenyouarriveatourschoolTomorrow.,现在完成进行时,被动语态,主动形式表示被动意义：1.feel.look.smell,taste,sound等系动词后面接形容词时2.cut,read,sell,wear,write,wash,cook,shut,dry,drink等表示某种性质时且带有状语修饰时e.g:Thebooksellsverywell.Thesecupscleaneasily.Thestoneweighstwotons.Thejacketwasheseasily.3.want,require,need,worth后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义e.g:Theseflowerswant/require/needwatering.Thesebooksareworthreading.4.在“be+adj.+todo”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。e.g:Thisappleisntfittoeat.Heisnteasytogetalongwith.,被动形式表示主动意义：beseated,belost,bedressed,be,determined,belocated,等表示状态e.g:Heisseatedonabeach.(Heseatshimselfonabeach.)Shewasdressedawhiteskirt.,高考题例,1.(2013北京)23ShakespearesplayHamletintoatleasttendifferentfilmsoverthepastyears.A.hadbeenmadeB.wasmadeC.hasbeenmadeD.wouldbemade2.(2013北京)25-DoyouthinkMomandDad_late?-No,SwissAirisusuallyontime.A.wereB.willbeC.wouldbeD.havebeen,B,C,3.(2013北京)28Hurryup!MarkandCarl_us.expectB.areexpectingC.haveexpectedD.willexpect4.(2013北京)32-Sowhatistheprocedure?-Alltheapplicants_beforeafinaldecisionismadebytheauthority.A.interviewB.areinterviewingC.areinterviewedD.arebeinginterviewed,C,B,5.(2013全国大纲)27.We_veryearlysowepackedthenightbefore.A.leaveB.hadleftC.wereleavingD.haveleft6.(2013福建)26.Thegirlhasagreatinterestinsportand_badmintonclassestwiceaweekoverthelastthreeyears.tookB.istakingC.takesD.hasbeentaking,D,C,7.(2013安徽)24.Imcallingabouttheapartmentyou_theotherday.Couldyoutellmemoreaboutit?advertisedB.hadadvertisedC.areadvertisingD.willadvertise8.(2013湖南)22.-“Whatdoyouwanttobe?”askedMrs.Crawford.-“Oh,I_president,”saidtheboy,withasmile.havebeenB.amC.wasD.willbe,D,A,9.(2013湖南)24.Aroundtwooclockeverynight,Suewillstarttalkinginherdream.Itsomewhat_us.A.bothersB.hadbotheredC.wouldbotherD.bothered10.(2013湖南)26.Ifnothing_,theoceanswillturnintofishdeserts.A.doesB.hadbeendoneC.willdoD.isdone,D,A,1.（2014北京卷）22.-Hi,letsgoskating.-Sorry,Imbusyrightnow.I_inanapplicationformforanewjob.A.fillB.havefilledC.amfillingD.willfill2.（2014北京卷）32.Ifoundthelecturehardtofollowbecauseit_whenIarrived.A.startedB.wasstartingC.wouldstartD.hadstarted3.（2014大纲卷）22.Unlessextramoney_,thetheatrewillclose.A.wasfoundB.findsC.isfoundD.willbefound,D,C,C,4.（2014福建卷）23.Haventseenyouforages!Wherehaveyoubeen?IwenttoNingxiaand_thereforoneyear,teachingasavolunteer.A.stayedB.stayC.hadstayedD.amstaying5.（2014江苏卷）23.HowmuchdoyouknowabouttheYouthOlympicGamestobeheldinNanjing?Well,themedia_itinavarietyofforms.A.coverB.willcoverC.havecoveredD.covered6.（2014山东卷）1.Writingoutalltheinvitationsbyhandwasmoretime-consumingthanwe_.A.willexpectB.areexpectingC.expectD.hadexpected,C,A,D,7.（2014四川卷）9.She_someone,soInoddedtoherandwentaway.A.phonedB.hadphonedC.wasphoningD.hasphoned8.（2014天津卷）11.Wewontstarttheworkuntilallthepreparations_.A.arebeingmadeB.willbemadeC.havebeenmadeD.hadbeenmade9.（2014重庆卷）8.Jameshasjustarrived,butIdidntknowhe_untilyesterday.A.willcomeB.wascomingC.hadcomeD.came,C,C,B,同步练习,1.Sinceitsa(n)_dinner,youshouldwearyoursuitwithatieandbringsomegifts.AenergeticBinformalCformalDordinary2(2013铁岭六校联考)_itistotakearestafteralongrun!AWhatafunBHowfunCWhatfunDHowafun,C,C,3The_ofSuzhouandHangzhouinspringisattractive.AviewBsceneryCsceneDsight4Admakerschoosewordsandbrandnamesverycarefullyinordertomakeacreativeimageoftheproducttheyare_.AprocessingBproducingCprovidingDpromoting,D,B,5Theycouldnot_beingdrawnintotheargumentsotheyhadtojoininit.AavoidBadoptCattachDAppeal6Howmuchdidyougetaboutthischapter?Almostnothing.Theteacherexplainedthreetimesbutdidnt_.AgetonBgetthroughCgetacrossDgetoff,C,A,7Thecommunicationsatellite_fromXichangSpaceCenterhasenteredtheorbitsuccessfully.AtobelaunchedBlaunchedClaunchingDhavinglaunched8ThefacesofthefamousAmericanPresidentsonMountRushmorecanbeseenfroma_of60miles.AlengthBdistanceCwayDspace,B,B,9(2011福建福州三中高三期中)Myuncle_inBeijingfor