江西师范大学2014年全日制硕士研究生入学考试试题.docx

I. Vocabulary (20x1points)There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked a, b, c, and d. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The troops _ the city, killing and injuring hundreds. A. adverted B. bombarded C. sprinted D. interlocked2. Senior citizen is a (n) _ for “old person”. A. mythology B. onset C. euphemism D. pal3. Were at a critical _ in terms of his domestic program. A. jig B. martin C. martini D. juncture4. If he wins this race, it will _ for his recent string of defeats. A. ameliorate B. atone C. asperse D. ascertain5. If you _, you suddenly shout something, for example because you are very surprised.A. betoken B. chide C. assay D. ejaculate6. She trimmed the_of the tulips before putting them in a vase.A. sprig B. spruce C. stakes D. stalks7. Using tanks and heavy _ they seized the town.A. artillery B. artifice C. artery D. artisan8. She knew that her efforts to _ cheerfulness werent convincing.A. ferment B. fend C. fester D. feint9. He gave me an _ either Mary have to leave, or me.A. ulcer B. ultimatum C. underdog D. underworld10. My bike has had two_ in the last 3 weeks.A. purees B. punctures C. pumas D. pundits11. He left what little furniture he owned to his landlord in _of rent.A. lilac B. lesion C. lieu D. levity12. He went to strike her face but she _ his hand with her arm.A. adulated B. parried C. harried D. griped13. The ladder_dangerously and I nearly fell off.A. controvertedB. teeteredC. deciphered D. derogated14. Most political prisoners were freed under the terms of the_.A. curator B. dioceseC. amnesty D. inquest15. Industrial waste is_ the environment.A. deflected B. deployedC. detracted D. despoiling16. In the suburbs the spacious houses stand in _ contrast to the slums of the citys poor.A. foolhardy B. furtive C. insidious D. stark17. If the dam breaks it will _ large parts of the town.A. inundate B. bootlegC. circumvent D. gird18. Her later writing so lacked subtlety that it almost read like a _ of her earlier work.A. urn B. satin C. consortium D. parody19. It is a _ of contemporary psychology that an individuals mental health is supported by having good social networks.A. tenor B. tenet C. tensile D. tentacle20. The companys sales _ from $ 11 million to $ 160 million.A. zoomed B. doomedC. bustled D. buttedII. Cloze (20x1 points)From childhood to old age, we all use language as a means of broadening our knowledge of ourselves and the world about us. When humans first 21 , they were like newborn children, unable to use this 22 tool. Yet once language developed, the possibilities for human kinds future 23 and cultural growth increased.Many linguists believe that evolution is 24 for our ability to produce and use language. They 25 that our highly evolved brain provides us 26 an innate language ability not found in lower 27 . Proponents of this innateness theory say that our 28 for language is inborn, but that language itself develops gradually, 29 a function of the growth of the brain during childhood. Therefore there are critical 30 times for language development.Current 31 of innateness theory are mixed, however, evidence supporting the existence of some innate abilities is undeniable. 32 , more and more schools are discovering that foreign languages are best taught in 33 grades. Young children often can learn several languages by being 34 to them, while adults have a much harder time learning another language once the 35 of their first language have become firmly fixed. 36 some aspects of language are undeniably innate, language does not develop automatically in a vacuum. Children who have been 37 from other human beings do not possess language. This demonstrates that 38 with other human beings is necessary for proper language development. Some linguists believe that this is even more basic to human language 39 than any innate capacities. These theorists view language as imitative, learned behavior. 40 , children learn language from their parents by imitating them. Parents gradually shape their childs language skills by positively reinforcing precise imitations and negatively reinforcing imprecise ones.21. A. generated B. evolved C. bom D. originated22. A .valuable B. appropriate C. convenient D. favorite23. A. attainments B. feasibility C. entertainments D. evolution24. A. essential B. available C .reliable D. responsible25. A. confirm B. inform C. claim D. convince26. A. for B. from C. of D. with27. A. organizations B. organisms C. humans D. children28. A. potential B. performance C .preference D .passion29. A.as B. just as C. like D. unlike30. A. ideological B. biological C. social D. psychological31. A. reviews B. reference C. reaction D. recommendation32. A. In a word B.In a sense C. Indeed D. In other words33. A. various B. different C. the higher D. the lower34. A. revealed B. exposed C. engaged D. involved35. A. regulations B. formations C. rules D .constitutions36. A. Although B. Whether C. Since D. When37. A. distinguished B. different C. protected D. isolated38. A. exposition B.comparison C. contrast D. interaction39. A. acquisition B. appreciation C. requirement D. alternative40. A.As a result B. After all C. In other words D. Above allIII. Reading Comprehension (20x2 points)There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions. For each of them there 4 choices marked a, b, c, and d. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage 1If you, like me, distrust school cafeterias, you pack homemade lunches for your children, as I did until my sons finished high school. But in the rush to get youngsters up, dressed, fed and off to school on time, the safety of that packed lunch easily can be overlooked.While there are no statistics on how often schoolchildren are sickened by the lunches they bring from home, its far better to be safe than sorry, said Nancy Donley, the president of STOP FOODBORNE ILLNESS, an advocacy organization. Ms. Donley, who lives in Chicago, knows the risks all too well. In 1993 she lost her only child, 6-year-old Alex, to one of the nastiest food contaminants, innocently consumed in store-bought ground meat. Rather than retreat into a fetal position, she channeled her grief and anger into helping others avoid a similar tragedy.According to the latest data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one in six Americans will be felled by food poisoning this year, with 128,000 hospitalized and 3,000 people dying as a result. Thirty-one organisms are known causes of 9.4 million of these illnesses, but 38.4 million people will be sickened by unknown pathogens. Our extraordinarily complex food supply, with commodities coming in year round from all over the world, has seriously challenged government efforts to keep consumers safe.“Over the years, weve made progress in some areas but gone backward in others, Ms. Donley said in an interview. “With so many deaths and illnesses each year from contaminated foods, theres still a long way to go.”While organizations like hers press for stricter inspection standards from the government and tighter controls from the food industry, Ms. Donley believes that consumers also must protect themselves as best they can.“Its important for the public to understand there are risks in food, and its up to them to try to mitigate those risks,” she said. And since children are among the most vulnerable to severe consequences of food poisoning, it makes sense to start with the lunches they take to school.A standard rule of food safety is to keep cold foods cold and hot foods hot until it is time to eat them. Temperatures between 40 degrees and 140 degrees, not uncommon in packed lunches that sit in warm classrooms for hours, are ideal conditions for bacterial growth. Insulated lunch boxes can help keep food safer. The best box (hard-sided or soft) has an insulated lining and a pocket in which to place a thin freezer pack to help keep the contents cold until they are consumed.What to put in those boxes? Foods like peanut butter and sliced cheese can tolerate room temperatures without spoiling, especially if insulation is lacking. Also consider pantry-safe foods packed in easy-to-open containers, like tuna that can be eaten out of a flip-top can, with or without bread.Boxed milk or juice sold unrefrigerated is also a safe bet. And you can freeze these (as well as a water bottle) ahead of time and use them as cold packs; as they defrost, theyll keep the rest of the lunch chilled. A number of sandwichesfor example, those made with lunch meats, tuna or egg saladcan be made the night before and frozen as well; theyll defrost by lunch time. If your child likes lettuce and tomato, pack them separately to be put on the sandwich before eating. If you include cut-up vegetables, be sure they are washed first and packed in a clean container. Dried fruits and whole fruits like apples, bananas, oranges and grapes can round out the meal and can be kept safely at room temperature. But all fresh fruits, even those that will be peeled, must be washed before they are put in the lunch box.Before preparing food, wash your hands with warm water and soap for 20 seconds. Counter-tops and cutting boards should be washed as well; they can be sanitized. For the sake of convenience, I use a spray-on bleach product to clean my countertops and sink, and I wash everything that comes into contact with raw animal products immediately after use. Of course, any surface, utensil or hand that comes into contact with raw meat, poultry, fish or eggs must always be thoroughly cleaned before being used for other foods, including those same foods after they are cooked.Ideally, children should wash up before lunch, but that may not happen when they have only 15 to 20 minutes to eat. Alternatively, put a pocket-size hand sanitizer or moistened antibacterial towelette in the lunch box and instruct them to use it before they eat.From The New York Times, August 29,201141.According to the author, the safety of homemade lunches _ .A. is obviously ensured B. can be easily ignored C. is no better than food in school cafeterias D. is known to all the people42.Some parties are mentioned in the article in terms of taking responsibility of mitigating the food poisoning EXCEPT _.A. the government B. the food industry C. the press D. consumers43.In order to ensure food safety you should _.A. keep packed lunches between 40 degrees and 140 degreesB. keep cold foods cold and hot foods hot C. put the food in lunch boxes with a soft lining and a pocketD. keep the lunch boxes in warm classrooms44._ can perfect the meal.A. Peanut butter or sliced cheese B. Boxed milk or juiceC. Tuna or egg salad D. Dried fruits and whole fruits45.If there is not enough time to have lunch, children can wash up by using _.A. a spray-on bleach product B. warm waterC. soap D. a pocket-size hand sanitizerPassage TwoBiologically, there is only one quality which distinguishes us from animals: the ability to laugh. In a universe which appears to be utterly devoid of humor, we enjoy this supreme luxury. And it is a luxury, for unlike any other bodily process, laughter does not seem to serve a biologically useful purpose. In a divide world, laughter is a unifying force. Human beings oppose each other on a great many issues. Nations may disagree about systems of government and human relations may be plagued by ideological factions and political camps, but we all share the ability to laugh. And laughter, in turn, depends on that most complex and subtle of all human qualities: a sense of humor. Certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal. This can best be seen from the world-wide popularity of Charlie Chaplins early films. The little man at odds with society never fails to amuse no matter which country we come from. As that great commentator on human affairs, Dr. Samuel Johnson, once remarked, “Men have been wise in very different modes; but they have always laughed in the same way.”A sense of humor may take various forms and laughter may be anything from a refined tingle to an earth quaking roar, but the effect is always the same. Humor helps us to maintain a correct sense of values. It is the one quality which political fanatics appear to lack. If we can see the funny side, we never make the mistake of taking ourselves too seriously. We are always reminded that tragedy is not really far removed from comedy, so we never get a lop sided view of things.This is one of the chief functions of satire and irony. Human pain and suffering are so grim; we hover so often on the brink of war; political realities are usually enough to plunge us into total despair. In such circumstances, cartoons and satirical accounts of somber political events redress the balance. They take the wind out of pompous and arrogant politicians who have lost their sense of proportion. They enable us to see that many of our most profound actions are merely comic or absurd. We laugh when a great satirist like Swift writes about war in Gullivers Travels. The Lilliputians and their neighbors attack each other because they cant agree which end to break an egg. We laugh because we meant to laugh; but we are meant to weep loo. It is too powerful a weapon to be allowed to flourish.The sense of humor must be singled out as mans most important quality because it is associated with laughter. And laughter, in turn, is associated with happiness. Courage, determination, initiative- these are qualities we share with other forms of life. But the sense of humor is uniquely human. If happiness is one of the great goals of life, then it is the sense of humor that provides the key.46.The most important of all human qualities isA A sense of humor.B A sense of satire.C A sense of laughter.D A sense of history.47.The author mentions about Charlie Chaplins early films becauseA They can amuse people.B Human beings are different from animals.C They show that certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal.D They show that people have the same ability to laugh.48.One of the chief functions of irony and satire isA To show absurdity of actions.B To redress balance.C To take the wind out of politicians.D To show too much grimness in the world.49.What do we learn from the sentence “it is too powerful a weapon to be allowed to flourish in totalitarian regimes?”A It can reveal the truth of political events with satire.B It can arouse people to riot.CIt shows tragedy and comedy are related.DIt can make people laugh.50.Who is Swift?AA novelist.BA poet.CA dramatist.DAn essayist.Passage ThreeCan electricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electro-magnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies. The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, from power line sand antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimateor the worst kind of paranoia.Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review, released in draft form late last week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence “suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fieldsthose having very long wave-lengthsand leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer, While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as t4a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.”The report is no reason to panicor even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, tit generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects, For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be h