CHAPTER 12 代词与修饰词.docx

CHAPTER 12 代词与修饰词一、 代词1. 其他代词除it, its, they, their, them, this, that, these, those外1） ThereThere means “in that place”.因此，that经常扮演代词，代指前面提及的一个地方，先行词应该是一个描述地点的介词短语，而不是一个形容词！Wrong：At current prices, Antarctic oil may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug THERE and environmental concerns addressed.Right：At current prices, oil in Antarctic may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug THERE and environmental concerns (can be) addressed.此外，我们可以使用there作为一个虚拟的代词，如，there is a cat in a tree or there are roses on my doorstep，这时，不需要先行词。2） Itself, Themselves, One Another, Each other反身代词itself, themselves能被用作宾语指代该句前面的主语，其他代词做宾语不会被用于指代所在句的主语！Right：After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved IT.分析：It一定指代agreement，因为it不能指代commission。Right：After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved ITSELF.分析：要想使宾语指代所在句的主语，指定要用主语的反身代词！itself, themselves也能被用于强化名词。Right：The commission itself was wrong.One another, each other（彼此）用于描述当事人之间的相互作用！不能与themselves互换使用！Wrong：The guests at the party interacted with themselves.Right： The guests at the party interacted with one another.3） Such and Other/AnotherSuch and Other/Another经常与一个一般性名词结合指代前面的先行词。After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any SUCH contracts to debate in the future.After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any OTHER contracts to debate in the future.分析：第一句，the land-use agreement是合同的一种；other and another指同种合同中其他的，尽管意思未必一样？4） OneOne表示一个不确定的copy或者一个集合中一个单数且不确定的部分。After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat ONE.分析：事先没有提及要吃哪块特定的巧克力，因此用one；相反，it/they/them指代指代一整个物体或集合中的确定的选择。After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat THEM.分析：这句意味着吃掉了全部。After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat ONE. IT was delicious, but HE could eat only half of IT.分析：注意，只有Roger选择了一块巧克力后，我们才能使用确定代词it指代那块特定的巧克力。5） Do So versus Do ItDo So指代整个动作，包括动词、动词的宾语和动词的修饰成分，so可省略。Quinn did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID SO.分析：该句意味着Quinns brother ate dinner quickly。Do So指代这句话的前半部分，其功能类似代词。Quinn did not eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID.Do It中，it必须指代一个实际名词先行词，当然动词不必一定是do。Quinn failed to do the homework, but her brother DID IT.Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ATE IT.2. 占位符it有时，句子的主语、宾语显得笨拙，我们通过把it放到主语、宾语的位置上，将笨拙的主语、宾语移到句子末尾的方法，使句子看起来更好，我们把it的这种用法叫做“占位符it”。在这种情况下，不要寻找it的名词先行词。GMAT中有三种情形可以使用占位符it：（注意：下述awkward句子无语法错误，在考试中也可能是正确答案！）1） 把做主语的不定式放在后面Awkward：To resist temptation is futile.Better： IT is futile to resist temptation.分析：第一句语法正确，但GMAT不喜欢这种句型；第二句，it作为代词，指代不定式短语to resist temptation。在其他情况下，it通常不能指代不定式！2） 把做主语的that从句放在后面Awkward：THAT we scored at all gave us encouragement.Better： IT gave us encouragement THAT we scored at all.在其他情况下，it通常不能指代一句话（包括从句）！3） 把做宾语的不定式或做宾语的that从句放在后面Right：She made IT possible for us to attend the movie. (1)Right：She made possible our attendance at the movie. (2)Right：She made our attendance at the movie possible. (3)分析：我们不能用除（1）以外的其他任何方式说这句话，除非把to attend变成动作名词attendance，只有这样才能省略占位符it。本节总结：上述情况中，占位符it的使用是合理的，甚至应值得提倡。如果在句子中无意发现了占位符it，不要试图找到它的名词先行词，对于it的这种用法，没有对应的名词先行词。3. “回眸一笑”式更好！有时，处理代词问题的最好办法是“消灭”代词，把想要指代的先行词在原代词位置上再说一遍。例如，一个长句子的结尾，代词it or them不可避免地会指代不明。Wrong：After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to hang IT from.分析：尽管仔细分析后，it是趋向于指代the deer，然而the fire离it更近，it指代一个离其更近的“非人名词”the fire也未尝不可，因此该句有歧义。对于上述情况，我们经常采用的方法就是重述先行词！Right：After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to hang THE DEER from.然而，相比重述先行词，GMAT更喜欢使用先行词的通用同义词！这种同义词可替代先行词，具有代词功能，无缺点。一般而言，这种同义词比先行词更宽泛、更普遍，先行词则是其通用同义词的一个example。Right：New “nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength.Right：After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any SUCH CONTRACTS to debate in the future.不必一定要使用these、such一类词，一般而言，冠词the足够了。Right：After roasting the deer, the hunter extinguished the fire and then searched for a tree to hang THE MEET from.4. 代词与先行词间的细微联系先行词是否明确1） 数量上单复一致2） 性别上3） 重复代词的先行词相同一句话中的每一个it、its一定指代相同的单数名词；一句话中的每一个they、them、their一定指代相同的复数名词。下面两个不是绝对的原则！4） 邻近度理论上，代词应该指代离它最近且符合条件（符合语法条件！）的先行词。注意，有这样一个概念“太近”（个人理解为允许代词不可指代离它“太近”的先行词）。In the station house IT is considered taboo. It不能指代station house。通常，先行词在句子的更前面，极少情况下，先行词在代词的后面。After he dried his tears, Jack made a vow.然而，通常应把先行词放到前面。5） 成分一致如果是平行结构（and, but, though等），代词与先行词所作的成分应相同，例如，一个句子中做主语的代词应指代与其对应的另一个句子中主语位置上的名词！一般而言，做主语的名词一旦做了先行词，“能量很大”，代词离其稍微远点也无妨。 通过（1）、（2）选出句中符合条件的词，再根据（3）、（4）、（5）判断是否先行词明确。 总结：GMAT中轻微的先行词不明确可以允许，不要在这个问题上扣得太紧，真正的错误答案会有其他的错误点！二、 修饰词1. 就近原则的特例1）A “mission-critical” modifier falls down（两个修饰时，关键修饰放在中间）； 这种修饰经常是定义名词的of短语。欠重要的修饰指代名词+第一个修饰。Right：He had a way OF dodging opponents that impressed the scouts.分析：of dodging opponents修饰a way，that impressed the scouts修饰 a way of dodging opponents，that决定了that impressed the scouts不能修饰人opponents。颠倒顺序后无意义：Wrong：He had a way that impressed the scouts OF dodging opponents.改述句子，避免多重修饰：Right：His way OF dodging opponents impressed the scouts.另一个例子：Right：An ice sheet covers 80 percent OF that surface of Greenland, an area roughly the size of Alaska.分析：an area roughly the size of Alaska不修饰Greenland，而修饰80 percent OF that surface of Greenland。The “mission-critical” modifier，OF that surface of Greenland，修饰80 percent。2）非常短的修饰放中间，非常长的修饰放后面； Right：A new CEO has been hired who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards.Awkward：A new CEO who will transform the company by decentralizing authority to various division heads while increasing their accountability through the use of public scorecards has been hired.3）短的非核心修饰插在中间+逗号； Right：Our system of Presidential elections favors states, such as Delaware, that by population are over-represented in the Electoral College.4）一串平行的修饰，其中一个紧挨着被修饰名词即可。Right：In heraldry, the term “tincture” refers to a color emblazoned on a coat of arms and labeled with a special French word. 总结：除了上述几个特例，名词修饰词必须紧挨着被修饰名词。当应用“就近原则”时，判断一下，时候是上述特殊情况。2. 所有格1） 描述Y属于X，用Y of X或Xs Y，不能使用Y of Xs；2） 用于猜答案的经验法则：在公布的80%-90%的题中，GMAT的正确答案避免使用复数所有格形式（-s）。Wrong：Certain humans parasites have beenRight： Certain parasites in humans have been分析：第一句话是certain humans还是certain parasites，歧义；parasites in humans比parasites of humans语意更精确。注意：（2）方法不能成为判断正确答案的信条，除非你无从下手或者时间紧促。3. 修饰：描述大群体中的一部分（重要！）描述前面提及的群体的一部分时，能使用一下三种正确的描述：Right：This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of which were only recently discovered.Right：This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them only recently discovered.Right：This model explains all known subatomic particles, some only recently discovered.三个错误写法的样子：Wrong：This model explains all known subatomic particles, of which some were only recently discovered.Wrong：This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them which were only recently discovered.Wrong：This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of which only recently discovered.注意：some可以替换成其他SANAM pronouns（六个特殊的代词）以及many, each, either, neither, half, one以及其他表示子群的数量词或代词。4. 关系代词引导的从句vs.现在分词（翻译出时态）关系从句和现在分词可以相互替代。Right：The man WHO is cleaning the steps is my uncle.Right：The man CLEANING the steps is my uncle.下面两个句子，那个better？（重要知识点误区）(A) The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency ultimately culminating in the survival of just a few languages, according to some.(B) The rate of language extinction is accelerating, a tendency that will ultimately culminate in the survival of just a few languages, according to some.分析：ultimately告诉我们动词culminate的时态应为将来时。（A）现在分词culminating时态看句子中主要动词is accelerating时态现在时态；（B）will的使用意味着culminate动作发生在将来，故选（B）。现在分词的时态看句子中主要动词的时态！I SAW a man cleaning the steps. (cleaning发生在过去)I SEE a man cleaning the steps. (cleaning发生在现在)I WILL SEE a man cleaning the steps. (cleaning发生在将来)如果你想让clean与see发生在不同的时间点，应使用关系从句，不要使用现在分词。Wrong：I SEE a man CLEANING the steps yesterday.Right： I SEE a man WHO CLEANED the steps yesterday.5. 独立主格（很重要！）独立主格是名词+名词修饰语；独立主格不必修饰他们紧挨着的词，在某种程度上，他们修饰主句。Right：His head held high, Owen walked out of the store. 分析：独立主格his head held high由名词his head+名词修饰语held high组成。His head held high描述Owen怎样走，因此这个独立主格扮演了一个动词修饰语的角色。很明显his head held high不是Owen的同位语修饰，两者不等同，不能将his head held high放于Owen紧后方。以此同时，我们能把his head held high放到句子末尾，对于正常的名词修饰语，我们不能这么做（除了，太长了，放后面）。此外，我们还能加上with。Right：Owen walked out of the store, his head held high.Right：Owen walked out of the store, with his head held high.看另一个例子：Right：Scientists have found high levels of iridium in certain geological formations around the world, results that suggest the catacl