大学英语四级写作 类型与结构分析

.,大学英语四级写作,.,一、考核目的考核学生用英语进行书面表达的初步能力二、考核要求1.时间：30分钟2.字数：120词以上，180词一下3.题型：1）对比选择型2）原因解释型3）利弊分析型4）问题解决型5）记叙文6）应用文,.,1作文题满分为15分。阅卷标准共人为五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。2分-条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分-基本切题，表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重错误。8分-基本切题，表达思想比清楚，文字尚连贯，但语言错误较多。11分-切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分-切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯较好，基本上无语言错误。阅卷人员根根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为某一分数文件次（如8分）相似，即定为（8分）；若认为稍优或劣于该档次，则可加一分（9分）或减一分（7分），但不得加减半分。字数不足应酌情扣分：,注：1、如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得记入所写字数。2、只写一段者：04分，只写两段者：09分（指规定三段的作文）3、白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给零分。2.设作文最低分，采用下列成绩计算方法：1）作文分为0分者，总分即使高于60分，一律作不及格处理；2）作文分大于0分小于6分者，按下列方式计算成绩：最后报道分=原计算总分6+作文实得分,三、评分标准：,.,二、全文(议论文)基本结构：,第二部分四级作文的结构,KeytoSuccessInsuchacompetitivesociety,everyonehasastrongdesiretobesuccessfulandinhislife.Buthowtoachievesuccess?Inmyopinion,therearethreemainkeysaclearobjective,strongwillpoweranddiligence.First,itisveryimportanttosetupagoalbeforeyoustart.Noonecanbesuccessfulwithoutagoalinhismind.Besides,youneedastrongwillpowertokeepyougoahead.Therealwaysaretoughstonesineveryroadtosuccess.Whetheryoucangothroughitdependsonwhetheryouarepersistentenough.Lastbutnotleast,everyonewhowantstosucceedshouldbediligent.Thereisandoldsaying,“Nopains,nogains.”Mostsuccessfulpeopleowetheirsuccesstohardworking,suchasEinstein.Inconclusion,ifwewanttobesuccessful,wehavetomasterthethreemainkeysmentionedabove.Thereisnoshortcuttosuccess.Thethreekeyswillassureyoutorealizeyourbeautifuldream.,.,1.主题句主题句表明全段是关于什么及讨论什么的段落中心句，即：明确地表示全段要展开的中心点,四级短文写作中最好是把主题句放在段首。2.扩展句扩展句是用来说明，解释，引申，或论证主题句所表达的中心思想的句子。3.结尾句结尾句是用一句话对段落的主题进行重述,评论,或总结,借以强化主题,加深读者的印象.Itisnotdifficulttomakearightchoicebetweenbuyingahouseinthelow-riseareaandbuyingoneinthehigh-risearea(主题句).Ifwewanttoeconomizeandgetmorepersonalarea,wecanchoosethelow-rise;butifwewanttolivemorecomfortably,wewillchoosethehigh-rise(扩展句).Inaword,thekeyliesinthealternativeofeconomyandcomfort(结尾句).,一、四级作文的段落基本结构：,.,第三部分常见的错误和问题注意方面：1切题2结构（三段式）3落题快（主题句在每段句首，不要绕圈）4长度（120150字，卷面第二页中间或到三分之二处，不要过多）,语言方面须注意的问题：1题目的大写AnEye-WitnessAccountofaTrafficAccidentItPaystoBeHonestHowtoSucceedinaJobInterview2句子错误1）语态时态不正确Ireadthepassagecarefullyandseveralmistakeswerefound.(语态不一致)Ireadthepassagecarefullyandfoundseveralmistakes.Iamverygratefulifyoucouldhelpmewiththisproblem.(时态不一致)Iwillbeverygratefulifyoucouldhelpmewiththisproblem.2）主谓不一致Helikeplayingfootballverymuch.Helikesplayingfootballverymuch.3）中式英语MyEnglishhasmadegreatprogress.IhavemadegreatprogressinEnglish.Workmakesmefeelsatisfied.Workisasourceofsatisfactiontome.4)结构不完整AlthoughhadmanydifficultiesinstudyingEnglish,Ifinallypassedtheexam.AlthoughIhadmanydifficultiesinstudyingEnglish,Ifinallypassedtheexam.,.,Supposeyouhavetwooptionsupongraduation,2016年12月CET4作文题,对比观点/原因解释题型/利弊分析,Oneistotakeajobinacompanyandtheothertogotoagraduateschool.,Oneistoworkinastate-ownedbusinessandtheotherinjointventure.,Oneistofindajobsomewhereandtheothertostartabusinessofyourown.,Youaretomakeadecision.Writeanessaytoexplainthereasonsforyourdecision.,.,对比开头,Takeajobinacompanyv.sgotoagraduateschool,Upongraduation,someofmyclassmateswillfurthertheireducationatagraduateschool,butIwillchoosetotakeupajobimmediately.Agraduateeducationdoeshaveitsadvantages.Armedwithmoreknowledge,youmaysurvivebetterinthecontextofaknowledge-driveneconomy.Nevertheless,.,对比开头,workinastate-ownedbusinessv.sworkinajointventure,Aftergraduation,Iprefertoworkatastate-ownedenterprise(SOE)insteadofasino-foreignjointventureorawhollyforeign-ownedcompany.Itistruethatajointventureonceofferedmanyadvantages.Intheirearlystages,theydidenjoypreferentialpoliciessuchastaxcutsoreventaxexemptions,thusallowingtheiremployeestoearnsalarieshigherthanthoseatSOEs.Butnowforeigncompaniesareentitledtoonly“nationaltreatment”thesameasourdomesticcompaniesare.Ontheotherhand,.,对比开头,findajobsomewherev.sstartabusinessofyourown,Whilemoststudentswilltrytolandajobinacompany,inagovernmentagency,orataschool,Iwouldprefertostartabusinessofmyown.Itistruethatastablejoboffersyousomebenefits.Forexample,youdonthavetoshouldertheheavyresponsibilityofmakingoverallarrangementsforthecompany,andyouhaveastableincome,modestasitmaybe.However,.,开门见山，点明观点。小分句铺陈要讨论的问题。退一步，阐述二选一中另一项的优势。话锋一转，绕回主题，陈述个人的原因。,开头前两段,.,Weallknowthat/asweallknowThereismuchdiscussionabout/attentiontoTherearemanyarguments/opinions/viewsaboutNowadays/atpresentManypeoplebelievethatItisgenerallybelievedthat依我看来，我认为AsfarasIamconcernedasforme/asIseeitfrommyperspectiveformypart/personallyspeaking,开头句式,.,Selectoneheadingamongthethreeofferedbeforeandusetheexpressionsinthelastppttowriteyourownheading(onlythe1stparagraph)onthistopic.,改写练习,.,一、开头常用语式(主题段的引入)AproverbsaysAstheproverbsaysSomepeoplesaythatManypeoplebelievethatItisgenerallybelievedthatWeallknowthatAsweallknowItisquiteclearthatVariousviewsexistasto,butTherearemanyarguments/opinions/viewsabout,Thereismuchdiscussionabout/attentiontoItiswellknownthatItissaidthatIthasbeenfoundthatItiseasytoseethatThepiegraphshowsArecentsurveyprovidesThechart/graph/tableshowsNoonecandenythatNowadays,.Atpresent,.,原因解释型,2015年12月真题,Youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonthesaying,Nevergoouttoseewhathappens;goouttomakethingshappen.,Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission.,Listeningismoreimportantthantalking.,.,BeParticipantsRatherthanOnlookersAsasayinggoes,“neverjustgoouttheretoseewhathappens;goouttheretomakethingsreallyhappen.”clearly,itencouragesustoactinsteadofstandingbywithfoldedarms.Istronglysupportthispointofview,andinreallifewecanfindnumerousexamplestoillustratethispoint.,Observethebeginningsofmodelessays,.,ThesignificanceofLifelongLearningWhenhearingthesaying“Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission”wecaneasilyperceiveitsconnotation.Apparently,thissayingcanbenaturallyassociatedwiththesignificanceoflifelonglearning.Inourdailylife,itisacommonphenomenonforustolearnsomethingforavarietyofpurposes.Meanwhile,ahostofintelligentpeoplearelesslikelytosucceediftheyhaventkeptthehabitoflifelonglearning.Takingalookaround,wecannoticeagreatmanyexampleslikethis:,.,ThesignificanceofLifelongLearningAnotherversion:Learningisadailyexperienceandalifetimemission.Thisisaproverbfulloflogic.Inotherwords,learningissignificantinourwholelife.Indeed,wecanlearnmanythingsfromit.Ifyouunderstanditandapplyittoyourstudyorwork,youllnecessarilybenefitalotfromit.Therearemanyreasonswhichcanexplainthisphenomenonandthefollowingarethetypicalones.,.,复述引言，简要解析引言主题选取角度（基本都是拥护），围绕主题阐释例子。,.,步骤：1.阐释现象/解释题意（举例）2.分析原因a,b,c3.指出利害（举例）/得出结论（解释、提出论点/某种现象）Thereasonarelistedasfollows:First,_(原因1).Additionally,_(原因2).Third,_(原因3)./Foronething,_(原因1).Foranother,_.(原因2)/Forinstance,_.(事例1)Anotherinstance/Acaseinthepointisthat_(事例2)Therefore,/Fromtheaboveexamples,/Inconclusion,/Inshort,/Inaword(结论或建议),Writingmodel:,.,对比利弊型,Forfreshmen,thefirstlessontheyattendinuniversitiesismilitarytraining.Writeanessayentitled“Ismilitarytrainingnecessary?”Somepeoplethinkmilitarytrainingisverysignificant.Othersthinkmilitarytrainingisnotnecessary.Yourownviews.,.,IsMilitaryTrainingNecessary?Inmostcollegeanduniversities,thefirstlessonforthefreshmenismilitarytraining.Asforthisissue,differentpeoplehavedifferentviews/peoplesattitudesarevarious.Theadvocatesholdtheviewthat,withthebasicmilitarytraining,studentswilllearndiscipline,teamworkandpatriotism.Theirexperienceofcooperatingwitheachothertosolveaproblemwillinformthemofthesignificanceofcooperation,whichisvitaltotheircollegestudy,eventheirfuturecareer.,Openingsentence,Thesisstatement,Topicsentence1,.,Theprotestors,however,arguesthatthisisagreatwasteoftheyoungpeoplestime.IntodaysChina,thesoldiersinthearmycandefendourcountry.Therefore,itisnotnecessarytoforceindividualstoparticipateinmilitarytraining,nottomentionfreshmenwhosemajortaskincollegeisstudyandwhoarehardlyanyuseinrealbattle.Iagreethatthiskindoftrainingwillneverproduceanyqualifiedsoldierinthewar.Nevertheless,throughhardandarduoustraining,thefreshmenaretransformedfromnaiveteenagersintoyoungadults.Thespiritsofunity,toughnessandbraverywillinfluencetheirlifeforever.,conclusion,Topicsentence2,.,二、中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）通常按重要程度排列，我们习惯于先说最重要的，西方人则相反，但都得符合逻辑顺序。1表示“首先”first,firstly,firstofall,tobegin，但不可用atfirst。2表示“第二”、“此外”“其次”、“况且”second,secondly,and,besides,moreover,additionally,furthermore,whatsmore,inaddition,besides+名词短语，inadditionto+名词短语，another+名词短语3表示“最后”finally,last,lastly,lastbutnotleast最后但并非最不重要的是。但不可用atlast或intheend。4表示“最重要的是”aboveall,mostimportantofall5.表示“更严重的是”、“更糟糕的是”moreserious,evenworse,tomakematterworse6.表示“最为严重的是”、“最糟糕的是”mostseriousofall,worstofall,.,二、中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）例如：1）Firstofall,论据1.Moreimportantly,论据2.Mostimportantofall,论据3.Insummary,总结观点.2)Theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows：First,好处1.Besides,好处2.Mostimportantofall,好处3.Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,坏处1.Tomakematterworse,坏处2.Worstofall,坏处3.Fromtheaboveanalysis,Ibelieve观点.3）Foronething,论据1.Foranother,论据2.Lastbutnottheleast,论据3.Toconclude,总结观点或Fromabove,wecanpredictthat预测.4）Firstofall,论据1。Furthermore,论据2。Amongallofthesupportingevidences,oneisthestrongest.Thatis,论据3。Anaturalconclusionfromtheabovediscussionisthat总结观点。或Fromabove,wecanpredictthat预测.,.,二、中间常用句式（扩展段的连接）其他词语或句式：1）用于强调：afterall,anyway,infact,indeed,apparently,clearly,obviously,especially,2）用于对比：however,ononehand,ontheotherhand,incontrast,bycontrast,onthecontrary,while,whereas,instead,but,differentfrom,3）用于比较：similarly,likewise,like,inthesameway,4）用于列举：forexample,forinstance,suchas,takeforgranted,except(for)5）表示时间：later,then,next,finally,atlast,eventually,meanwhile,afterthat,fromnowon,atthesametime,forthetimebeing,aftersometime,intheend,immediately,inthemeantime,recently,soon,nowandthen,during,nowadays,presently,since,assoonas,afterwards,sometimelater,temporally,inthemeanwhile,afterawhile,6）用于解释：inotherwords,asamatteroffact,thatis,7)用于让步：although,inspiteof,despite,eventhough,evenif,though,nomatterhow8)用于结果：consequently,thus,asaresult,asaconsequence,hence,so,therefore,accordingly9)其他：notonlybutalso,asfarasIamconcerned,whenitcomesto,inpractice,inprinciple,anotherkeyaspectofis,itistruethat,whatismoreseriousis,thereisnodoubtthat,butitisapitythat,butthetrouble/problem/pointis,.,Nowadays,_(讨论主题)playsanimportantpartinpeopleslife.Likeeverythingelse,_(讨论主题)hasbothfavourableandunfavourableaspects.Generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.First,_(好处1).Besides,_(好处2).Mostimportantofall,_(好处3).Buteverycoinhastwosides.Thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.Tobeginwith,_(坏处1).Tomakematterworse,_(坏处2).Worstofall,_(坏处3).Fromtheaboveanalysis,Ibelievethattheadvantagesoutweighthedisadvantages.Therefore,(结论)./Ibelievethemanagementof_(主题)dependon(个人建议),Writingmodel:,.,问题解决型,HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation1.大学的费用（tuitionandfees）可以通过各种途径解决；2.哪种途径适合我/我可以采取哪些方法解决我的大学费用问题。,.,Nowadays,tuitionandfeesforcollegearemuchhigherthaneverbefore.Howtofinancetheircollegeeducationhasbecomeamatterofconcernformanystudents,especiallythosewhofromremoteareas.Infact,therearemanywaystosolvethisproblem.Generallyspeaking,wecangetmostourtuitionfeesfromourparents.Ifourfamilyisshortageofmoney,wecanapplyforaloanespeciallysetupforcollegestudentsfromsomebanksorfromgovernments.Moreover,bytakingaparttimejobinoursparetimeandsummerorwintervacations,wecanearnthemoneyweneedfordinners,textbooksandtransportationfees.Lastbutnotleast,ifwekeepawonderfulacademicrecords,wecanevenwinscholarshipsfromuniversities,whichcanlargelyameliorateourlivingconditionandrelievetheburdenoftuitionandfees.,.,AsfarasIamconcerned,Iprefertoobtainmostofmytuitionfrommyparentsbutstilltakepart-timejobstoimprovemyfinancialcondition.Ontheonehand,Idontwanttodependentirelyonmyparents,whichmayputthemundergreatpressure.Ontheotherhand,toobusyworkingpart-timemayreducemystudyingtimeandaffectmyacademicperformance.Therefore,acombinationofthesetwomethodscanenrichmycollegelife,encouragemetomaintainmyindependencebutstillhelpmebalancemylifeandstudy.,.,解决问题要讲究方法，可按时间先后，也可按轻重缓急等排列。基本模式为：（目前的现象及存在的问题）.Manywayscancontributeto_（要解决的问题）,butthefollowingonesmaybemosteffective.Firstofall_(方法1).Besides,_(方法2).Finally,_(方法3).Thesearenottheonlythreepointsyoushouldpayattentionto.Butitshouldbenotedthat_(使用这些方法时要注意的事项)/(展望)/(总结上述三种方法).,.,三、结尾常用句式（终结段的连接）1表示“总之”、“总而言之”、“简言之”inconclusion,insummary,toconclude,tosummarize,tosumup,inshort,inbrief,inaword,onthewhole2“综上所述”fromtheforegoing,fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,fromwhathasbeenmentionedabove,fromtheaboveanalysisObviously（此为过渡短语）,wecandrawtheconclusionthatThus,itcanbeconcludedthat,Therefore,wecanfindthatObviously,itishightimethatwetooksomemeasurestosolvetheproblem.Accordingly,Irecommendthatsomemeasuresbetaken.Consequently,tosolvetheproblem,somemeasuresshouldbetaken.,.,三、结尾常用句式（终结段的连接）例1Vacation,LongorShortOnethewhole,eitherlongorshortvacationhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Whatmattersishowtomakeuseofit.例2GoodHealth1身体健康的重要性。2保持健康的途径。3我自己的实践。Asforme,Ilikeplayingtennisinthemorning.Ialsoattachmuchimportancetoenoughsleepandrelaxation.Ibelievethiswillensuremygoodhealthfortherestofmylife.例3HopeProject希望工程Inmyopinion,thisprojectisofgreatimportancetoourcountryatthepresenttime.Anditalsowillhaveaprofoundeffectonthefutureachievementsofourcountry.Isuggestthatmoreworkbedonesothateverychildinthecountrysidecanreceiveelementaryeducation.练习：IsFailureaBadThingInmyopinion,failureisnotabadthing,thereallybadthingistakingafailureasfailureorevenloseourheartafterfailure.,.,社会热点问题常用开头,.,.,.,.,.,一、图表作文常见出题形式图表作文一般在题目中给出作文的标题和一个或几个统计表格、圆形图、曲线图或条形图，有时还用英文或中文提纲的形式给出提示，要求我们：1)用文字描述图表，客观解释图表中所传递的信息，并找出某种规律或趋势;2)就图表中所反映的某种趋势或问题分析其原因或后果。图表作文着重说明事实，常常是通过对图表中所反映的具体数据的说明、分析、比较，对某种事物或现象的事实或变化情况等加以说明，并提出结论或看法。因此，图表作文常常采用议论文体的写作方法。写好图表作文，关键在于能否读懂图表中所提供的信息，把握各信息间的联系，用准确流畅的语言把这一信息表达出来，并就这一信息发表自己的看法。,图表作文,.,写图表作文时，要注意遵循以下步骤：1)认真分析图表的含义，弄清图表中所含的信息及不同信息间的关系;2)确定文章的主题思想，构思出文章的基本框架，筛选出能说明图表主题思想的典型数据;3)编列文章的提纲;4)根据文章的提纲，将各段的提纲内容扩展成段落，然后将各个段落组成文章，注意段与段之间的衔接与过渡;5)检查与修改。,二、图表作文的写作步骤,.,图表作文,Directions:Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)analyzethegraph,and2)giveyourcommentsonthetrend.,.,图表作文,.,Inrecentyearstherehasbeenadramaticriseinthecellphones,whicharenowessentialtomillionsofpeopleasaconvenientformofcommunication.In2004thenumberreached315,000,000,withanaverageannualincreaseat57,500,000.Somepeoplecannownolongerimaginelifewithouttheircellphones.Thefactthattheyaresopopularprovesthattheyareusefulandconvenient.Mobilephonesnecessarilyalsoharbordisadvantages.,Example1,.,Asisshowninthechart,cellphonesarebecomingmoreandmorepopularwithinChina.In2000,thenumberofcellphonesinusewas85,260,000;in2001,thenumberwas180,000,000;in2002206,600,000;in2003269,000,000.In2004,thenumberis315,000,000.Fromthesestatistics,wecanseetheincreasinguseofcellphones.Whyhavecellphonesgainedsomuchdominanceinourlives?Therearemanyfactorscontributingtothisdevelopment.Firstly,Thewideuseofcellphoneshasmadethemmoreandmoreindispensableinpeoplesdailylife.Themanyfunctionsofthecellphonehavemadecertainpeoplereluctanttoseparatethemselvesfromtheircellphone.