代词、数词、形容词、副词.doc

第三节 代词代词是为了避免重复而用来代替名词的词。英语代词共有9种：人称、物主、反身、相互、指示、疑问、关系、连接和不定代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。人称代词 人称代词有人称、性、数、格之分。人称代词在句中的排列顺序一般是：you 在最前，I, we 在最后，如: you, he and I。人称代词的主格在句中作主语：They are playing football on the playground. 人称代词的宾格在句中作动词或介词的宾语：Our English teacher taught us an English song. His parents are looking for him. 要注意人称代词 it 的特殊用法：Look at that poor little child. It has just fallen down. It is necessary to buy that dictionary. I consider it important to ask him for advice. It is five oclock. It is fine today. It was a bicycle that I received yesterday. 物主代词 表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词可分为形容词性（一般作定语）和名词性（作主语、表语、宾语）物主代词两大类。物主代词的各种形式如下表： 人称 名词性单数 复数 形容词性单数 复数 第一人称mine oursmy our 第二人称yours yoursyour your 阳性 第三人称 阴性 his theirshers theirshis theirher their形容词性物主代词除作定语外，还可放在动名词短语之前，作短语的逻辑主语。如：Do you mind my opening the door? His coming made us very happy. We cant believe her breaking the law. 反身代词 表示“我自己”、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我们自己”、“你们自己”、“他们自己”的代词叫反身代词。英语反身代词的形式如下表所示：单数复数第一人称myself ourselves第二人称yourselfyourselves 第三人称himself; herself; itself themselves反身代词一般用作宾语，含有“自己”的意思： He can look after himself. They enjoyed themselves at Disneyland. 反身代词可以在句中作同位语，起强调作用，置于名词、代词的后面或句末：I myself took Mary to the airport. (= I took Mary to the airport myself.) I will tell John himself what you want. She opened the door herself. 反身代词还可以构成某些惯用语：常见介词 + 反身代词的短语有beside oneself（发狂，情不自禁）; by oneself （单独地，独自地）; of oneself （自动地） ; between oneself （私下地，保密地）; for oneself（独立地，亲自地）。有些动词要求带反身代词：avail oneself of 利用; devote oneself to 致力于，献身于; enjoy oneself 过得快活，玩得痛快; help oneself to 自己吃。指示代词 表示“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”、“如此的”、“同样的”（事物）等指示概念的代词叫指示代词。指示代词有：this, that, these, those, such, the same 等。指示代词可以在句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语：That is a good idea. What I want is this. He didnt like that. These pictures are very beautiful. 注意当 such 作定语时，如果所修饰的名词前有不定冠词，则将不定冠词放在 such 之后：We have never seen such a tall building. 疑问代词 疑问代词 what, which, who, whom, whose 是用来构成特殊疑问句，在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。Who is standing there? What are you doing? Whose chair is this? This is what he said. 应注意分清 who, whom, whose 的用法：who 一般提问主语，whom 用作宾语，whose 用作定语: Who borrowed my book? Whom did you go with? Whose bike is that? 不定代词 不明确指代某个特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。英语中常见的不定代词有：some, any, somebody, anybody, someone, anyone, something, anything, no, all, everybody, nobody, everyone, no one, everything, nothing, either, neither, one, none, both, each, another, other, others, few, a few, many, much, little, a little 等。不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语及状语等。He has some Chinese paintings. Do you have any questions to ask me? This is not the one I want. Both of us are not teachers. Neither of us is a teacher. I told him all about it. None of the students are here. None of the money is mine. There is not much water here. There are a few English magazines in the reading-room. Nothing can stop me doing that. Every student in our class has a Chinese dictionary. There are trees on either side of the road. I got two books: one is a textbook, the other is a novel. Please give me another 10 minutes. 不定代词的一些惯用法：1) somebody 表“大人物，要人”，nobody 表“庸才，小人物”：In the small town he is somebody, but in this big city he is nobody. 2) something like 有点像: He is something like his father. 3) something of 有几分，在某种意思或程度上: He is something of a musician.他有点音乐知识。He is something of a sportsman. 他有几分运动员的才能。4) nothing but 只不过，只有（形式上否定，实际上肯定）：He is nothing but a policeman. 他只不过是个警察。I can do nothing but go. 我只好去。5) anything but 并不，根本不（形式上肯定，实际上否定）：She is anything but pretty. 她根本不漂亮。He is anything but a writer. 他根本不是作家。相互代词 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词。相互代词有each other, one another。相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，主要用作宾语：We must help each other. 一般来说，each other 指两者间的相互，而 one another 一般指三个或更多的人或物间的相互: John and Mary like each other. The three men distrusted one another. Learn from each other, help each other; 关系代词 ; that, which 1. 关系代词 who, whom, whose, which, that, as 等可用来引导定语从句，关系代词在从句中担任成分。The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. Mrs. Smith whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country. The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring (which) he had lost on the taxi. She is the only one among us that knows French. As we all know, the 29th Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008. He is not the same man as he was. 注意：that 作为关系代词可取代指人的 who, whom 和指物的 which，分别在从句中作主语和宾语，如：People that (who) have no experience cannot do this kind of job. Id like the car that (which) you bought last year. 但在下列情况下，只能用 that，不用 which, who 等。1) 在 all, much, only 和 anything, everything, nothing, something 等词后：He is the only man that can do it. Everything (that) he said is right. 2) 先行词部分含有序数词或形容词最高级：He was the first man that danced at the party. The story is the most interesting one that we ever heard. 3) 在强调句型中，只能使用 it is . that .（不能用 which, where, when 等）： It is in this room that we will have our meeting. 但在非限制性定语从句中和介词后，不用 that 引导从句, 如：There are 50 students in our class, most of whom are women. The story about which we talked yesterday is very interesting. The food, which you put on the desk three days ago, has gone bad. The place _ he lived many years ago is not far away from here. A. that B. in that C. in which D. which Tom didnt go to school yesterday _ he was ill. A. in which B. in that C. because of D. for that He goes to the park every day. He does go to the park every day. He did go to the park yesterday. It isthatIt is he that goes to the park every day. It is every day that he goes to the park. He didnt go to bed until 11 last night. It was not until 11 last night that he went to bed. Not until 11 last night did he go to bed. 需要注意的是：in that 为固定搭配，是连词短语，意思是“因为”: I like his idea better in that it is reasonable. 我更喜欢他的想法是因为他的想法合理。语法练习 31. They were all very tired, but _ of them would stop to have a rest. A. any B. some C. none D. neither 2. Tom felt that he knew everybodys business better than they knew it _. A. themselves B. oneself C. itself D. himself 3. -Is your camera like Bills and Toms?-No, but its almost the same as _. A. her B. yours C. them D. their; be similar to; ; be different from; be indifferent to; ; be dependent on; be independent of ; 4. _ of them knows the reason why the sports meet is put off. A. Every one B. Everyones C. Someone D. All5. He is a man of _ words. A. little B. less C. few D. fewer 6. The street is beautiful, for there are trees and flowers on _. A. neither side B. either side C. both side D. all sides 7. China will always do what _ has promised to do. A. that B. we C. she D. they 8. What I want to tell you is _: the meeting will be put off till Saturday. A. it B. this C. that D. its 9. He has broken his leg. _ is why he was absent from work. A. This B. It C. That D. There 10. Johns mother kept telling him that he should work harder, but _ didnt help. A. he B. which C. she D. it 11. Kate is _ of a musician. A. anybody B. anyone C. something D. somebody ; something of; nothing of12. To some life is pleasant, but to _ it is meaningless. A. ones B. others C. the other D. those 13. If you want to change for a double room youll have to pay _ $ 15. A. another B. other C. more D. each Five more minutes; 14. _ is known to all, the Great Wall of China is one of the wonders in the world. A. It B. As C. That D. What As, As we all know, It is well known that 15. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _ I will always treasure. A. that B. which C. it D. what 16. After she got married, Lily went to see her mother _ other week. A. each B. every C. either D. neither 17. As I know, there is _ car in this neighborhood. A. no a B. no such C. not such D. no such a ; such a/an; such a person, 18. _ was because of her cruelty that we all hated her. A. It B. What C. That D. Such ; cruel; 19. Id rather ride a bike as bike riding has _ of the trouble of taking buses. A. much B. all C. either D. none 20. Jane is not quite _ these days, so I advise you to let her alone. A. her B. hers C. herself D. himself ; be not oneself; Would you please buy me _ stamps when you go to the post office?A. any B. some C. few D. little Do you have some money on you? 参考答案 1-5: CABAC; 6-10: BCBCD; 11-15: CBABB; 16-20: BDADC第四节 数词Plus, and; minus; times; divided by; is; is equal to; 表示数目多少或顺序次第的词叫数词。数词包括基数词和序数词。表示数目或数量多少的词叫基数词，基数词词形的表示及特点主要有：1）1-12 的基数词是独立的单词；2）13-19 的基数词均以后缀 teen 结尾；3) 20-90 的整十位数词均以 ty 结尾；4）几十几的基数词是由十位数词和个位数词合成，中间加连字符“-”，如：twenty-one; forty-five; 5）三位数的数词须在百位与十位（若无十位则和个位）之间加 and，如：148: one hundred and forty-eight; 206: two hundred and six; 919: nine hundred and nineteen; 6）1，000以上的数字，从后往前数，每三位加一个逗号，第一个逗号前为 thousand，第二个逗号前为 million，第三个逗号前为 billion，如：2, 510: two thousand five hundred and ten; 84, 296: eighty-four thousand two hundred and ninety-six; 274, 385: two hundred and seventy-four thousand three hundred and fifty-eight; 19, 326, 748: nineteen million three hundred and twenty-six thousand seven hundred and forty-eight; 6, 364, 280, 751: six billion three hundred and sixty-four million two hundred and eighty thousand seven hundred and fifty-one. 表示数目顺序的词叫做序数词，序数词词形的表示及特点主要有：1）第1到第19，除第1 （the first）、第2 (the second)、第3 (the third) 外，其余均在基数词后加 th 构成；2）第20至第90将基数词的词尾 y 变成 ie，再加 th 构成；3）hundred, thousand, million 的序数词均在其后加 th 构成；4）几十几及以上的序数词，其中十位数或百位数、千位数等用基数词，只有个位才用序数词，如：132: one hundred and thirty-second; 5）序数词指出人或事物的次序，所以前面常带有定冠词 the。基数词和序数词的句法功能基本上相当于名词和形容词，它们在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语和同位语等：The second is bigger than the first. He was the first to arrive here. Give me four. I like the fourth. We have six subjects this term. The sixth blind man went forward to feel the elephant. We two have been to the Great Wall. I want the big one, the first on the right. Lesson 1; = the first lesson; Room 411; ； be in ones sixties;He is in his thirties. 3/7 ; three sevenths of; two thirds of the students; ; percent of; September the fifth; the fifth of September; ; point; dot; ; hundred, thousand, million; billion; dozen, decade; score, : 10 decade years ago, five score years ago, three dozen eggs; ; hundreds of; decades of years ago, scores of years ago, 在使用数词时，需要注意以下几点：1）当 hundred, thousand, million 前有具体数字或 several 修饰时，后面不加-s。例如：The newspaper has three million readers. There are several hundred people in the auditorium. 如果这些词以复数形式出现时，则表示“数以百计”，“成千上万”等大概的数量，如：Thousands of people watched the 1996 Olympic Games. 2）分数的表达法：先用基数词读分子，再用序数词读分母。当分子大于一时，分母要用复数形式的序数词，如 1/3 读作 one third, 5/6 读作 five sixths。“一半”可用 one half 或 a half 来表示，半英里写作 half a mile 或 a half mile。一个半小时写作 one hour and a half 或 one and a half hours。3）年代，日期的表达法和读法：年代是用整十的阿拉伯数字加 -s 或 s 来表示，如十九世纪四十年代写作 1840s / 1840s，读作 the eighteen forties，也可读作 the forties of the 19th century；表达日期时，既可先写“月”，再写“日”；也可先写“日”， 再写“月”，例如，9月10日写作 September 10，读作 September the tenth, or the tenth of September。; in the 1940s; = in the 1940s; 语法练习 41. He is a student of _. A. Class Second B. the Class Two C. Class Two D. Second Class 2. He wrote a _ composition. A. two-thousand-words B. two-thousand-word C. two-thousands-word D. two-thousands-words 3. About _ of the workers in that steel works are young people. A. third-fifths B. three-fifths C. three-fives D. three-fifth4. He began to write poems in his _. A. thirtieth B. thirty C. thirtys D. thirties 5. -When is your birthday?-Its on _. A. third Match B. the third of March C. three March D. the three of March6. He served in the army in _ when he was in _. A. 1940s; his twenties B. 1940s; the twenties C. the 1940s; his twenties D. the 1940s; the twenties 7. _ of the students in our class are from the south. A. Two-nineth B. Two-ninth C. Two-ninths D. Two-nineths 8. Ive told him _. A. a hundred time B. hundred times C. hundred of times D. hundreds of times 9. They have been in the reading-room since _. A. a long time B. it had been open C. eight oclock D. two hours 10. Do you know when _ broke out?A. Second World War B. the Second World War C. World War Second D. the World War Two 11. The price was reduced _. A. by 20 percents B. by twenty percent C. by percent of 20 D. on 20 percent 12. The map is _ small as that one. A. half as B. as half C. two-ninth as D. two as This room is three times as big as the next one. 13. There will be more than three _ students taking part in the sports meet. A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds of D. hundred of 14. 6 _ 3 is two. A. divides by B. divided by C. is divided by D. divided into 15. The professors arrived in _ just now. A. threes and twos B. three and two C. twos and threes D. two and three His room is at sixes and sevens. 16. With the help of the Japanese experts, the factory produced _ cars in 1998 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many as twice C. as twice as many D. twice as many 17. My little brother is a _ lovely boy. A. six-year-old B. six-years-old C. six-year D. six year old ; what day18. “What date will tomorrow be?” “It will be _.”A. a fine day B. April the sixth C. Saturday D. April six19. There are six engineers in our team. _ are from Japan. A. The six of them B. Six of them C. Six they D. All six20. _ do you meet each other?A. How many days B. How often C. How long D. How much time参考答案 1-5: CBBDB; 6-10: CCDCB; 11-15: BAABC; 16-20: DABAB第五节 形容词和副词 The classroom is _ quiet. A. dead B. deadly C. death D. died ; deadly : deadly weapons; ; dead: ; pretty good; pretty well; ; early, early; fastHe is a student of industry. = industrial; industrious; ; hard, hardly; ; late, lately = recently; most, mostly; ; deep, deeply; high, highly; ; talk _ about形容词用来修饰名词（或不定代词），表示人或事物的性质、特征、状态或属性。在句中，英语形容词可充当定语：The young man likes sports very much. We are building China into a powerful socialist country. She pretty. She is pretty. ; go bad; go crazy; go wrong; fall ill; become; turn red; look; sound; smell; taste, feel; Her voice sounds very sweet. Stay; keep; ; stay young; The bird fell to the ground, _. A. dead B. deadly C. death D. die They stood there, still. The sun rises in the east, red. 表语：The film was very interesting. A good student must be diligent. 宾语补足语： His death made his parents very sad. We must keep the classroom clean. 状语： At last he got home, tired and hungry. Ripe, these oranges are very sweet 等。注意“the + 形容词”可转化为名词，表示一类人或事物，如： We should respect the old and take care of the young. The new is sure to replace the old。副词是修饰动词、形容词、副词的词，有时也可以修饰数词、介词、连词、名词或全句。副词是表示行为或状态特征的词，在句中主要作状语，也可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语或介词宾语等，如：He often gets up at six. Nearly two hundred people were present at the meeting. He finished his homework just before his mother came back. Obviously he knew nothing about it. Those buildings around have been set up recently. The meeting today is very important. He will be back tomorrow. His uncle has been away from home for nearly ten years. We saw them off at the airport yesterday. He has just come back from abroad. 形容词的位置 ; good, old days; old, good days ; track and field events; iron and steel; primary and secondary schools; 形容词作定语时，大多置于被修饰的名词之前，但需注意以下几种情况：1）多个形容词同时修饰一个名词时，这些形容词的词序不能随意排列，需遵循一定的规则：冠词（包括物主代词、序数词、基数词）+ 描绘性形容词 + 表示形状（大小、长短、高矮）的形容词 + 表示年龄或新旧的形容词 + 表示颜色的形容词 + 表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词 + 表示材料、物质的形容词 + 表示用途或类别的形容词 + 被修饰名词：the first two paragraphs; my nice small brown leather bag; those large round black wooden tables; concerned; The people concerned; As far as .be concerned; So far as I am concerned, ; be concerned about; be concerned with; ; such (what), so (how); such an interesting story; so interesting a story; ; enough; Have bamboos in my heart; ; I am fully ready. 2) 当被修饰的词是以 ing, -one, -body 等结尾的合成不定代词时，形容词需置于被修饰的词之后：Do you have anything new to tell us? Have you ever met anyone famous? 3）当形容词后有不定式短语或介词短语时，形容词需置于被修饰的名词之后：He is a student worthy of praise. They are the students easy to teach. 表语形容词 形容词除作定语外，还可作表语。常要求带形容词作表语的系动词有：be, become, turn, fall, run, go（变得), keep, remain（保持), look, appear, seem（看起来), prove, turn out（证明是） 以及感觉动词: feel, smell, sound, taste 等，如：Keep quiet! The textbook proves very useful. When the chairman entered the room, everybody fell silent. His face suddenly went red. Silk feels soft and smooth. The beer tastes a little bitter. 有些形容词只作表语，而通常不作前置定语。常见的表语形容词有：afraid, alone, awake, asleep, alive, ashamed, afloat, well, sorry, unable, worth, sure 等，如：They boy is still asleep. The old man was alone in the house. 副词的分类 副词可分为时间副词 now, then, today, tomorrow, ago, lately, recently, soon, immediately, often, usually, early; 地点副词 outside, upstairs, anywhere, up, forward, here, there, away, in, back, off; 方式副词 simply, quickly, happily, loudly, suddenly, l