系统功能语法ppt课件

HallidayandSystemic-FunctionalGrammar,II.TheLondonSchool:HallidayandSystemic-FunctionalGrammar,Halliday:1925年出生于英格兰约克郡里兹，青年时期在英国伦敦大学主修中国语言文学，获得学士学位。1947年至1949年到中国北京大学深造，导师为罗常培先生。1949年至1950为攻读现代汉语转入岭南大学，跟随王力先生学习。回国后，跟随剑桥大学弗思（Firth）教授继续攻读博士学位。,1955年完成了对用中国14世纪北方官话译述的元朝秘史一文的语言学分析，获得剑桥大学哲学博士学位。毕业后，韩礼德先后在剑桥大学、爱丁堡大学、伦敦大学、美国印第安纳大学、耶鲁大学、布朗大学和肯尼亚内罗毕大学任教。1976年移居澳大利亚筹建悉尼大学语言学系并担任系主任。1987年12月退休。,HallidaygothisBAinChineselanguageandliteratureatLondonUniversityin1947.From1947to1949hestudiesunderthesupervisionofLuoChangpeiatPekingUniversity.From1949to1950hestudiedatLingnanUniversityinGuangzhou,tutoredbyWangli.ThenheworkedforhisPh.DdegreeunderthesupervisionofFirth.In1955,hefinishedhisdoctoraldissertation“theLanguageoftheChineseSecretHistoryoftheMongols”元朝秘史的语言From1955onwards,hetaughtlinguisticsatanumberofuniversitiesinBritainandAmerica.In1975,hemovedtoAustraliaandfoundedtheDepartmentofLinguisticsattheUniversityofSydney,workingtheretillhisretirementin1988.,HallidayhasdevelopedtheideasstemmingfromFirthstheoriesintheLondonSchool.HisSystemic-FunctionalGrammarisasociologicallyorientedfunctionallinguisticapproachandoneofthemostinfluentiallinguistictheoriesinthetwentiethcentury,havinggreateffectonvariousdisciplinesrelatedtolanguage,suchaslanguageteaching,sociolinguistics,discourseanalysis,stylisticsandmachinetranslation.,韩礼德的系统功能语法由系统语法和功能语法两部分组成。前者旨在说明，语言系统表现为选择关系；选择是第一性的，结构是各种选择的结果；语义是一定语境下的选择。后者旨在阐明语言的三大纯理功能：概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能。因此，系统功能语言学研究的任务在于揭示人们是如何根据社会文化语境在语言系统中通过意义潜势的选择来实现各种功能的。,Systemic-FunctionalGrammarhastwocomponents:SYSTEMICGRAMMARandFUNCTIONALGRAMMAR.Theyaretwoinseparablepartsforanintegralframeworkoflinguistictheory.Systemicgrammaraimstoexplaintheinternalrelationsinlanguageasasystemnetwork系统网络,ormeaningpotential意义潜势.Andthisnetworkconsistsofsubsystems子系统fromwhichlanguageusersmakechoices.,Functionalgrammaraimstorevealthatlanguageisameansofsocialinteraction,basedonthepositionthatlanguagesystemandtheformsthatmakeitupareinescapablydeterminedbytheusesorfunctionswhichtheyserve.,Systemic-Functionalgrammarisbasedontwofacts:1)languageusersareactuallymakingchoicesinasystemofsystemsandtryingtorealizedifferentsemanticfunctionsinsocialinteraction.2)languageisinseparablefromsocialactivitiesofman.,Thus,ittakesactualusesoflanguageastheobjectofstudy,inoppositiontoChomskysTGGrammarthattakestheidealspeakerslinguisticcompetenceastheobjectofstudy.,SystemicGrammar:,Asystemisasetofmutuallyexclusiveoptionsthatcomeintoplayatsomepointinalinguisticstructure.语言结构中某个地方作出的一组相互排他的选择。,Itisprimarilyconcernedwiththenatureandimportofthevariouschoiceswhichonemakes(consciouslyorunconsciously)indecidingtoutteroneparticularsentenceoutoftheinfinitelynumeroussentencesthatoneslanguagemakesavailable.首先关注各种选择的本质和入列条件，一个通过从各种系统中作出有意或无意的选择，从而能从某种语言里蕴藏的无数个句子中说出某一个特定的句子。,Thecentralcomponentofasystemicgrammarisachartofthefullsetofchoicesavailableinconstructingasentence,withaspecificationoftherelationshipsbetweenchoices系统语法的核心部分是构建句子的一整套有效选择的图表，并且配有对不同选择之间的关系的详细说明.HallidaysuggestthatonesystemofchoicesoperatinginEnglishmainclauses,TRANSITIVITY,providesachoicebetween“intensive内涵”and“extensive外延”.Iftheintensiveoptionischosen,achoicecomesintoplaybetween“descriptive”and“effective”;if“effective”ischosen,thereisafurtheroppositionbetween“operative”and“receptive”.,intensive内涵descriptive描写effective影响operative操作receptive接受Transitivityextensive外延,Hallidayssystemicgrammarisdifferentfromotherlinguistictheoriesinthefollowingaspects.Firstly,itattachesgreatimportancetothesociologicalaspectsoflanguage.Secondly,itviewslanguageasaformofdoingratherthanaformofknowing.,Thirdly,itgivesarelativelyhighprioritytodescriptionofthecharacteristicsofparticularlanguagesandparticularvarietiesoflanguages.Fourthly,itexplainsanumberofaspectsoflanguageintermsofclines“连续体”（ungrammatical-moreunusual-lessunusual-lessusual-grammatical).Lastly,ithasthecategoriesofthesystemasitscenter.,AxisofChoice选择轴AxisofChain链状轴Thedimensionalongwhichtheutterancesequenceoccursistheaxisofchain;伴随着话语次序出现的维度是链状轴；thebasicpatternsalongtheverticallineformthebasisofchoice沿着纵线出现的基本模型则构成选择轴.,TheaxisofchainsyntagmaticrelationstheaxisofchoiceparadigmaticrelationsAssociatedwiththeaxisofchoiceistheconceptofcontrast.Theaxisofchaindealswiththesurfaceaspectsofgrammarsuchassentencestructures,linguisticunits,andtheirranks(sentence,clause,group,word,morpheme).Theaxisofchoicedealswiththemeaningaspectsofgrammar,suchassystem系统anddelicacy精密度.,Thesystemisalistofchoicesthatareavailableinthegrammarofalanguage.Forexample,thenumbersysteminEnglishcontainstwochoices:singularandplural.Thepersonsystemoffersthreechoices:thefirstperson,secondperson,andthirdperson.Therearealsosystemsofgender,tense,andmoodetc.,Asystemisalistofthingsbetweenwhichitispossibletochoose.Sotheyaremeanings,whichthegrammarcandistinguish.Theitem项目inasystemarecalledoptions选项.Theitemsofaparticularsystemhavesomethingincommon,belongingtothesameareaofmeaning.Forinstance,singularandpluralaredistinct,buttheybothhavetodowithnumber.,Allsystemshavethreeessentialcharacteristics.Firstly,thetermsinasystemaremutuallyexclusive.Theselectionofoneofthetermsmeanstherefusaloftheothers系统中的项目都有排他性.Secondly,asystemisfinite系统是限定的.Itispossibletosaythatitconsistsofacertaincountablenumberofterms.Thirdly,themeaningofeachterminasystemdependsonthemeaningoftheothertermsinthesystem系统中每一个选项的意义取决于系统中其他选项的意义.Ifthemeaningofonetermischanged,themeaningofothertermswillalsochange.,InEnglish,wemakechoicesbetweendifferenttypesofprocess过程,participants参与者,andcircumstances环境成分.Theyareknowncollectivelyasthetransitivity及物性choices.Wemaydividethechoicesintosixkinds.,Transitivity:materialprocess(物质过程):Johnkickedtheball.Behavioralprocess(行为过程):Johnlaughed.Mentalprocess(心理过程):JohnlikesMary.Verbalprocess(言语过程):Johnsaiditiscoldintheroom.Relationalprocess(关系过程):Johnisonthesofa.Existentialprocess(存在过程):Thereisacatonthesofa.,Wedistinguishtwotypesofmaterialprocesses:actionprocess动作过程andeventprocess事件过程.Theactionprocesscanbefurtherdistinguishedintointentionprocess目的过程andsuperventionprocess意外过程.,Anotherkindofrelationshippossiblebetweensystems,thatofsimultaneity同时性.Asystemissimultaneouswithanothersystem并存关系ifitisindependentoftheothersystem不依赖于另一系统buthasthesameentryconditions有相同的入列条件astheothersystem.Whentwosystemsaresimultaneous,theirtermscancombinefreely,atermfromonesystemcancombinewithanytermfromtheothersystem.,Delicacyreferstothedimensionwhichrecognisesincreasingdepthofdetail精密度用来辨别越来越细致的细节的程度.Wecanarrangesystemsonascaleaccordingtothefinenessofthedistinction.ThisscaleiscalledScaleofDelicacy我们可以把系统放在一个精细程度不同的阶上，这种阶叫精密度阶.,Languageasamulti-levelcodesystem,inwhichonesub-syetemisembeddedinanother.语言是由可供人们选择的若干子系统组成的系统网络，即意义潜势,(2)FunctionalGrammar:HallidaysSystemicGrammarcontainsafunctionalcomponent,thatis“theinterpretationofthegrammaticalpatternsintermsofconfigurationsoffunctions用功能的配置来解释语法结构.”.,Hebelievesthatlanguageiswhatitisbecauseithastoservecertainfunctions.语言之所以是语言，是因为它要发挥一定的功能Inotherwords,socialdemandonlanguagehashelpedtoshapeitsstructure对语言的社会需求帮助形成了语言的结构.Heinterpretslanguagedevelopmentfromafunctionalpointofviewandformulatesafunctionaltheoryoflanguage.,Heviewslanguagedevelopmentinchildrenas“themasteryoflinguisticfunctions”掌握语言功能的过程,and“learningalanguageislearninghowtomean”.Heproposessevenfunctionsinchildrensmodeloflanguage:theinstrumentalfunction工具功能;theregulatoryfunction控制功能;theinteractionalfunction交互功能;thepersonalfunction自指性功能;theheuristicfunction探索功能;theimaginativefunction想象功能;theinformativefunction信息功能.,AccordingtoHalliday:theadultslanguagebecomesmuchmorecomplexandithastoservemanymorefunctions,andtheoriginalfunctionalrangeofthechildslanguageisgraduallyreducedtoasetofhighlycodedandabstractfunctions减少为一套高度字符化和抽象化的功能,whicharemetafunctions元功能:theideational概念,theinterpersonal人际,andthetextualfunctions语篇.,Thesemeta-functionsappearatanewlevelinthelinguisticsystem,takingtheformof“grammar”.Thegrammaticalsystemhasafunctionalinputandastructuraloutput;itprovidesthemechanismofdifferentfunctionstobecombinedinoneutteranceinthewaytheadultrequires.这些元功能以“语法”的形式出现在语言系统中新的层面上。语法系统有一个功能输入和结构输出；它提供了一个机制，可以按成人的需要使不同的功能组合在一句话里。,TheIdeationalFunctionTheideationalfunction(experientalandlogical)istoconveynewinformation,tocommunicateacontentthatisunknowntothehearer概念功能包括经验和逻辑就是向听话人传递新信息.,Presentinalllanguageuses,theideationalfunctionisameaningpotential意义潜势,becausewhateverspecificuseoneismakingoflanguagehehastorefertocategoriesofhisexperienceoftheworld因为不论一个人如何使用语言，都必须参照自己有关世界的经验的范畴,Ideationalfunctionmainlyconsistsof“transitivity”及物性and“voice”语态.Thewholeofthetransitivitysystemispartoftheideationalcomponent.Forexample,Johnbuiltanewhousecanbeanalysedasaconfigurationofthefunctions不同语言功能的配置:Actor动作者:JohnProcess过程:Material物质过程:creation创造:builtGoal目标:affected受影响者:anewhouse,HeretheActor,Process,Goal,andtheirsubcategories子范畴reflectourunderstandingofphenomenathatcomewithinourexperience反映了我们对自己经验中现象的理解.Hencethisfunctionoflanguageisthatofencodingourexperienceintheformofanideationalcontent语言的这一功能就是用概念内容的形式把我们的经验编码.,Theclause小句isastructuralunit,anditistheonebywhichweexpressaparticularrangeofideationalmeanings,ourexperienceofprocess,theprocessoftheexternalworld,bothconcreteandabstract,andtheprocessesofourownconsciousness,seeing,liking,thinking,talkingandsoon.,Transitivityissimplythegrammaroftheclauseinitsideationalaspect及物性就是表现概念功能的一个语义系统.Itconsistsofsixdifferentprocesses:MaterialProcess,behavioralProcess,MentalProcess心理过程,VerbalProcess言语过程,RelationalProcess关系过程andExistentialProcess存在过程.,Materialprocessesarethoseinwhichsomethingisdone表示做某件事的过程.Theseprocessareexpressedbyanactionverb动态动词(break,beat,kick),anActor动作者(logicalsubject)andtheGoaloftheaction动作的目标(logicaldirectobject,usuallyanounorapronoun).,Mentalprocessesexpresssuchmentalphenomenaas“perception”感知（look,see),“reaction”反映(like,please)and“cognition认知”(know,believe,convince)表示心理活动的过程.Amentalprocessinvolvestwoparticipants,senser感觉者andphenomenon被感知的现象.,Relationalprocessescanbeclassifiedintotwotypes:Attributive归属andIdentifying识别.Theformerexpresseswhatattributesacertainobjecthas前者指某个实体具有何种属性,orwhattypeitbelongsto.Thelatterexpressestheidenticalpropertiesoftwoentities后者指一个实体与另一个实体是统一的,Saraiswise.,Tomistheleader;theleaderisTom.ThesetworelationscanbefurtherclassifiedintoIntensive内包式,circumstantial环境式,andPossessive所有式.,Verbalprocessesarethoseofexchanginginformation言语过程是交流信息的过程.Commonlyusedverbsaresay,tell,talk,praise,boast,describeetc.IntheseprocessesthemainparticipantsareSayer讲话者,Receiver受话者,andVerbiage讲话内容.,Behavioralprocessedrefertophysiologicalandpsychologicalbehaviorsuchasbreathing,coughing,smiling,laughing,crying,staring,anddreaming指诸如呼吸、咳嗽、笑、哭瞪眼、做梦等生理和心理行为过程.,Generallyonlyoneparticipant,Behavior,oftenahumanisinvolvedinthiskindofprocesses,muchliketheMentalProcess.BehavioralProcessmaysometimesbehardlydistinguishedfromaMaterialProcessthathasonlyoneparticipant.Thisdependsonwhethertheactivityconcernedisphysiologicalorpsychological.WhenBehavioralProcesshastwoparticipants,itisMaterialProcess.MarykissedJohn.,Existentialprocessedrepresentthatsomethingexistsorhappens有某物存在或发生的过程.IneveryExistentialProcess,thereisanExistent存在物.Thereisanewofficebuildingattheendoftheroad.DoeslifeexistonMars?Alongthestreettherecomesthebus.,TheinterpersonalFunction人际功能,Itembodiesallusesoflanguagetoexpresssocialandpersonalrelations包括了表达社会和个人关系的所有语言使用。Thisincludesthevariouswaysthespeakerentersaspeechsituationandperformsaspeechact包括讲话者进入话语情景并作出言语行为的所有方式.,Becausetheclauseisnotconfinedtotheexpressionoftransitivity,therearenon-ideationalelementsintheadultlanguagesystem还有成人语言系统中的非概念成分.InterpersonalfunctionisrealisedbyMood语气andModality情态.,Moodshowswhatrolethespeakerselectsinthespeechsituationandwhatroleheassignstotheaddressee语气表示在某个情景语境中讲话者选择了何种交际角色以及它给听话人设定的角色.Ifthespeakerselectstheimperativemood命令,heassumestheroleofonegivingcommandsandputstheaddresseeintheroleofoneexpectedtoobeyorders.Modalityspecifiesifthespeakerisexpressinghisjudgmentormakingaprediction.,Mood=Subject主语(noun,nounphrase,clause)+Finite限定成分(auxiliaryverbsandmodalverbs:must,iswill)Residue=predicator谓语+complement补足语+Adjunct附加语AccordingtoHalliday,amongthevariousspeechroles,twoarethemostbasic两种最基本的言语角色:giving给予andtaking求取.wehavefourprincipalspeechroles言语功能:offer提供,command命令,statement陈述,andquestion提问.,TheTextualFunction:语篇功能Thetextualfunctionreferstothefactthatlanguagehasmechanismstomakeanystretchofspokenorwrittendiscourseintoacoherentandunifiedtextandmakealivingpassagedifferentfromarandomlistofsentences语篇功能是指语言中有一种机制可以将任何一段口头或书面的话语组织成连贯统一的篇章,使一个生动的言语信息片段区别于一堆随机排列的句子。Althoughtwosentencesmayhaveexactlythesameideationalandinterpersonalfunctions,theymaybedifferentintermsoftextualcoherence.,Thetextualfunctionfulfilstherequirementt