国际海事组织与海洋防污染.docx

一 打造高分作文1. 深谙阅卷老师的期待心理。2.精心构造全文的引言段。 3.多多制造语言的闪光点。如，在表达“我认为”，“我想”时，大家第一反应就是I think。 但还有其他的如I believe, I argue, I maintain, I assert, I insist, I claim, I emphasize, I suggest, I agree, I hold, I assume, I consider, I reckon, in my opinion, as I see it, as far as Im concerned 等等。 再如，“越来越多的人”我们可以表达为people in growing/increasing/expanding/mounting number. “目的是，为了”可以说in an attempt to, in a bid to, with a view to, aim to, aim at, for the purpose of等。 4.尽量避免中国式英语。 5.尽量使用过渡词. 英语文章讲究起承转合。启：开启观点，亮出话题。Nowadays, at present, recently, in recent years, now, in modern times, lately, currently,When it comes toIt is generally believed/ argued/ accepted/ acknowledged/ held/ recognized/ agreed that It goes without saying that It is no doubt that It is self-evident that It is a truism that It is clear/ apparent that Little/ No/ Small wonder that Faced with / Confronted with , some people maintain / argue/ insist/ claim/ hold/ deem/ assert that , while others think/ consider/ assume/ believe Nowadays there is a hearted discussion/ debate as to/ concerning Recently, the issue of has been in the limelight/ brought into focus.With the amazing development/ advance/ progress/ boom/ prosperity of economy/ science and technology, According to a recent survey/ investigation/ poll/ questionnaire, It is reported that 承：承接话题，进一步展开分析论证Whats more, moreover, in addition, besides, apart from that, aside from that, at the same time, meanwhile, in the mean time, also, furthermore, next, for example, for instance, a case in point, as an illustration, in the first place, first, firstly, first of all, above all, to begin with, to start with, on the one hand . on the other hand, for one thing . for another, more importantly, what is more important is that , what is even worse is that , worse still, to make matters/things worse, in fact, as a matter of fact, indeed, actually, virtually, surely, certainly, of course, no doubt, in specifics, to be exact, in particular, in other words, so to speak, that is to say, similarly, likewise, obviously, apparently.转：语义转折，讲对立面However, nonetheless, nevertheless, notwithstanding, instead, conversely, oppositely, reversely, in spite of, despite, for all, on the other hand, by/in contrast, on the contrary, after all, unluckily, unfortunately, still, yet, although, though, but, while, whereas.合：总结归纳，得出结论In short, in brief, in a word, in a nutshell, in the final analysis, in conclusion, to sum up, to summerize, to conclude, to get it boiled down as follows, on the whole, as a whole, in general, by and large, generally speaking, therefore, thus, so, hence, consequently, as a result, finally, lastly, eventually, ultimately, in the end, as what I have discussed/analyzed above, from what has been mentioned above.除此之外，其他常用的过渡词还有:表示时间关系：Meanwhile, in the meantime, meantime, after a while, afterwards, and then, shortly after, soon after, at that time, finally, eventually, at last, at length, earlier, recently, lately, currently, presently, at present, now, nowadays, up to now, till now, so far, at that very moment, since, before, after, when, soon, thereafter, then, next, until, till, subsequently, formally, previously, prior to ones departure, in/ during the past several decades/years表示举例关系For example, for instance, as an illustration, a case in point, take for example, take as an example, such as, like, including, to illustrate this point, lets consider/ look at/ imagine/ assume/ suppose , a typical/ convincing/ compelling/ example is, just consider/imagine 表示同位关系That is, that is to say, namely, alternatively, for example, for instance, in other words, or, rather, or rather, to be exact, to put it mildly, to put it bluntly, i.e., so to speak表示因果关系Because, as, for, since, because of, due to, owing to, on account of, by virtue of, on the grounds of, thanks to, due to the fact, for the reason that, in that, so, thus, hence, therefore, consequently, accordingly, as a result, as a consequence, so that, now that表示强调关系Indeed, in fact, as a matter of fact, virtually, of course, certainly, above all, it is true that 表示比较关系Likewise, similarly, equally, correspondently, in the same manner, in the same fashion, by the same token, in comparison (with), in contrast to/with, in/by contrast, while表示次序关系First, second, firstly, secondly, to begin with, to start with, first of all, for a start, above all, first and foremost, in the first place, in the second place, moreover, furthermore, besides, in addition, whats more, next, finally, lastly, eventually, in the end, last but not least, for one thing (and) for another (thing), on the one hand on the other hand表示过渡关系As to, as for, with/in regard to, with reference to, regarding, concerning, considering, in the case of, by the way, incidentally, as regards, to resume, when it comes to 二选词原则1选词准确性如“假”一次的表达在不同语境和搭配中不一样：假花，假肢，假钞，假画，分别应该是：artificial flower, artificial limbs, counterfeit money, fake pictures,还有如假牙false teeth,假象false appearance, 假警察fake policeman, 假医生phony/quack doctor, 假唱lip-synch, 假酒adulterated wine, 假新闻pseudo-event, 假发wig, 假话lie, 假山rockery, 假装pretend, 假扮disguise, 假冒forge, 假意hypocrisy2. 选词多样性。如an increasing number of, a growing number of, an expanding number of3. 选词的亮点。Eg:1) Saudi Arabia announced plans to increase production, at least temporarily, to ease the worldwide fuel crunch.2) The average number of children born to a woman in Kenya is now eight: that is combined with a declining infant mortality rate, the countrys population could balloon from 20 million to 83 million in 2025.3) As the summer heat waves dissipate and tropical storms start rolling in, the nation turns its eager eyes to the weather forecasters.4) Attendance is rocketing at all outdoor stadia/stadiums this year.5) His best jokes fell flat.6) The town boasts a beautiful lake and an ancient pagoda.三选词的注意事项很多学生在写作时不注意选词，往往同一个词或词组反复使用，尤其喜欢滥用make, let和be动词。1. 如何避免滥用make和let1）在句中原有make, let后的形容词上添加合适的前后缀，是形容词转化为相应的使役动词。如： More often than not, only when the pollution makes peoples lives dangerous do they realize the importance to protect the environment. - More often than not, only when the pollution endangers peoples lives do they realize the importance to protect the environment. The local authorities made buying guns for personal use illegal and this policy quickly took effect after it was issued.2） 原句中make, let后是由过去分词转化而来的形容词，可直接将具有使动意义的过去分词移至make后的宾语前，这一简单操作就可把make,let去掉，使表达更此道。如： The mothers criticism of her daughter in public made her daughter very annoyed.- The mothers criticism of her daughter in public annoyed her daughter The result of his final physics exam made him very disappointed and it also made his classmates rather surprised. 3）在make+名词/代词+形容词。的结构中，如果make后那个做宾语补足语的形容词具有贬义色彩，就可将make替换为render，如果make后那个做宾补的形容词（或过去分词转化而来的形容词）是个中性词，可将make替换为keep。如： The new policy makes thousands of workers in this city who are over 50 unemployed and helpless.- The new policy renders unemployed and helpless thousands of workers in this city who are over 50. Internet makes us better informed about the current events at home and abroad.4）使用同义或近义结构表达。这一方法通常在上述三种方法行不通时采用。它需要一定的发散性联想。如： This book makes me think of my sweet childhood in that small village.- This book reminds me of my sweet childhood in that small village. Foreign interference has made this country involved in a civil war. The new constitution made woman unable to participate in the state affairs.5）将make或let引导的结构转化为allow sb. to do sth., enable sb. to do sth., compel/ impel/ propel sb. to do sth., cause sb. to do sth., stimulate sb. to do sth., set sb. doing.等结构。如： The newly-adopted method makes the workers work much harder than before.- The newly-adopted method stimulates the workers to work much harder than before. Watching TV programs made the young generation become more knowledgeable and let them follow the latest developments in science and technology.6）在表示“使。不能”等否定意义的结构中，可以将make或let引导的结构转换为prevent/keep/stop/inhibit sb. from (doing) sth. 之类结构。如： His criminal record made him unable to be admitted to this famous university.- His criminal record stopped him from being admitted to this famous university. The fathers poor health makes himself unable to work outside to support the big family.7）在make/let+sb.+动词+名词结构中，可使用earn sb. sth.或win sb. sth.的结构予以替换表达。如： The professors excellent teaching performance made him win the title as “the most popular teacher” in the university.- The professors excellent teaching performance won him the title as “the most popular teacher” in the university. His latest science fiction has made hime famous as a brilliant creative writer of a new generation.练习一：写出适当的形容词（至少3-5个） a _ hint; _ remarks; cooperation; knowledge; smile; scenery; measure; manner; judgement; weather; voice; look; effort; argument; analysis; attitude; criticism; discussion; joke; opportunity; smell; belief; difficulties; 二：请给出下列词组或短语尽可能多的表达方式我认为； 重要的； 越来越； 因为，由于； 因此，所以； 为了，目的是； 如果，假如； 例如，比如； 尽管，虽然； 不但，而且； 大多数，大部分； 许多，大量； 引起，导致； 尽力，努力； 赞成/反对； 与。成交； 对。太苛求三：用英语表达下列句子的表达，避免滥用make和let 1. 中国体育代表团在广州亚运会上的骄人成绩使全体中国人都感到无比自豪。The peak performance of the Chinese delegation in Guangzhou Asian Olympic Games filled all Chinese with honor and excitement.或者: The peak performance of the Chinese delegation in Guangzhou Asian Olympic Games was a source of honor and excitement to all Chinese.2. 奥运会的召开使北京成为国内各大媒体关注的焦点之一。The host for the Olympic Games brought Beijing in the limelight/spotlight.3. 儿子的粗鲁行为使年迈的母亲十分恼怒。The sons rude behavior angered/annoyed/irritated the elderly mother.4. 各种各样沉重的家务活使他不能一心一意投身于自己的工作当中。Heavy chores prevented him from applying himself to his work.或者Heavy chores came as a hindrance to his work.5. 湖南卫视举办的“超级女声”节目使来自普通家庭的平民女孩有机会站在T型舞台上展示自己的非凡歌唱才华，也使平民偶像的梦想成为灿烂的现实。The TV program “Super Girl” hosted by Hunan Cable TV Station provides a rare opportunity for ordinary girls from common families to show their talents in pop songs and it also transforms the dream of grass-root idols into a brilliant reality.6. 长期超负荷劳动，加上营养不良，使他最终住进了医院。Constant exposure to heavy workload saddled with malnutrition ended him in hospital.7. 希望工程的大力实施使数以千计的贫困失学儿童重返校园，接受教育。The vigorous implementation of the Project Hope brought back to school and received education thousands of children who had dropped out of school for poverty.8. 中国加入世贸组织后，国内外市场的激烈竞争使不少国有企业濒临倒闭。After Chinas accession to the World Trade Organization, quite a few state-owned enterprises are crawling on the verge of bankruptcy admist keen competition on domestic and international markets.第二讲 如何避免滥用be动词Be动词主要是指“be”的各种形式，“there be”结构的各种形式， 被动语态be done结构中的各种形式及定语从句的各种表达形式。Be动词在英语中属于静态动词，往往给人送她疲软，缺乏生气的感觉。一下是有效避免be动词的15种方法。1. 用联系动词appear，seem，fall，look，become，turn替换表达。如： He was very tired after sitting up writing his term paper last night. -He looked very tired after sitting up writing his term paper last night. During the dragon boat festival, which is on the 5th day of the fifth rural month, the Chinese people customarily eat Zongzi, a glutinous(粘性的) rice pudding, shaped like a pyramid or a pillow wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves.- During the dragon boat festival, which falls on the 5th day of the fifth rural month, the Chinese people customarily eat Zongzi, a glutinous(粘性的) rice pudding, shaped like a pyramid or a pillow wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves.2) 用prove to, turn out to be替换表达。如： It was sunny when we went out for a picnic that day.-It turned out to be sunny when we went out for a picnic that day.3) 用感官动词smell, sound, feel, look, taste替换表达。如： The black pop singers songs are very soft and sweet.-The black pop singers songs sound very soft and sweet. This Chinese dish was so hot and spicy that few guests dared to try it.-This Chinese dish tasted so hot and spicy that few guests dared to try it.4) 用词组come as, stand as, emerge as, serve as, function as, act as, project as, impress sb. as, strike sb. as替换表达。 如： It was something of a surprise when Diana, Princess of Wales, made a trip to Angola in 1997, to support the Red Crosss campaign fro a total ban on all anti-personnel landmines.- It came as something of a surprise when Diana, Princess of Wales, made a trip to Angola in 1997, to support the Red Crosss campaign fro a total ban on all anti-personnel landmines. Such plans were perhaps a surprise to some, given that environmentally destructive coal remains a key source of energy in China, and each year dozens of miners perish in their efforts to dig up coal.- Such plans perhaps emerged/stood as a surprise to some, given that environmentally destructive coal remains a key source of energy in China, and each year dozens of miners perish in their efforts to dig up coal. This newly released compensation law was a mixed blessing to most American workers.- This newly released compensation law struck/impressed a mixed blessing to most American workers.5) 用词组arise from, result from, originate from, stem from, derive from等替换表达。如： His failure in the CET6 was a result of the lack of good preparation before the exam and his bad performance during the exam.- His failure in the CET6 resulted/arose from the lack of good preparation before the exam and his bad performance during the exam. Her book is on the basis of a short story.- Her book originates from a short story.6) 用表示“充满，大量”的词组，如abound (in/with), teem with, bristle with等替换表达。如： There are a lot of secret police agents in that country.-Secret police agents abound in that country. There is plenty of rain in that region all the year round.- That region abounded with rain all the year round. The approaching world of the 2010s is full of challenges whose resolution, for better or worse, will depend largely on the quality of research and education.- The approaching world of the 2010s bristles with challenges whose resolution, for better or worse, will depend largely on the quality of research and education.7) 用feature, characterize, typify, define, underline, highlight等替换表达。如： The Chinese nation is hard-working and brave.-Industry and bravery characterizes the Chinese nation. The rice crisis was an embarrassing problem that the government faces.- The rice crisis underlined/highlighted an embarrassing problem that the government faces.8）用lie, stand, come, run, flow, wind, zigzag等替换表达。如： There is a temple at the top of the mountain.- There stands a temple at the top of the mountain. There is a river before my house. It is an east-to-west river and connects with the Yangtze River. It is not very long but deep.-A river, not very long but deep, runs/flows before my house and connects with the Yangtze River. There is a path leading to the peak of the big mountain.-A path zigzags up to the peak of the big mountain.9) 用find, enjoy, suffer, present, pose, boast, receive, help, stay等替换表达。如：Washington Irvings short novels was very popular when it saw the light of the day.-Washington Irvings short novels enjoyed much popularity when it saw the light of the day. The West Lake is most charming in spring when tress by the river are all green.- The West Lake boasts its most charming scenery in spring when tress by the river are all green. There is a heavy loss in the crop harvest this year.-The crop harvest suffers a heavy loss this year.10) 用post, register, manage, see, witness, experience, undergo等替换表达。如： It is quoted as saying that there was a big increase in the share prices yesterday afternoon.- It is quoted as saying that the share prices registered/posted/managed/witnessed/say/experienced a big increase yesterday afternoon.11) 用go, has等替换表达。 如： There is a famous proverb, “More haste, less speed.”-There goes a famous proverb, “More haste, less speed.” There was a rumor that the newly elected president once had a compromising chat with his intern in the White House.- Rumor has is that the newly elected president once had a compromising chat with his intern in the White House.12) 用tend to, in all likelihood 等替换表达。 如： There is tendency that graduates in growing number are swarming into foreign companies in big cities, such as Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou.- Graduates in growing number tend to swarm into foreign companies in big cities, such as Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou. There is much possibility that a company without a sound management will go bankrupt.-A company without a sound management will in all likelihood go bankrupt.13) 用主动形式表示被动含义。如： This South African leader, who was released from the jail last month, was warmly received by thousands of people who gathered voluntarily for his presence.- This South African leader, who won his release from the jail last month, received a warm greeting by thousands of people who gathered voluntarily for his presence. This 65-year-old American economist was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2004.- The Nobel Prize for Economics in 2004 went to this 65-year-old American economist.14) 用动态动词来替换表达。如： Mutual trust and mutual benefit are the bases of bilateral co-operation.- Mutual trust and mutual benefit sustain/underline bilateral co-operation. Enough sleep is a good guarantee for efficient work or study.- Enough sleep guarantees/ensures efficient work or study.15) 改变或调整句子结构，简化表达。如： Because I was considered as an excellent worker in the company where I worked, I was luckily selected as a member for an in-service training in Boston this summer.-Considered as an excellent worker in the company where I worked, I was luckily selected as