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动词和动词短语教学目的:掌握英语动词和动词短语的分类、构成及用法教学重点:动词的具体分类及用法,动词短语的基本结构及使用教学难点:动词的具体分类及用法,动词短语的基本结构及使用教学时数:讲授内容:动词 1) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:We are having a meeting. 我们正在开会。 (having是实义动词。)He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。(has是助动词。)3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)4) 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如:She sings very well.她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)She wants to learn English well.她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)例如:The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)The young ought to take care of the old.年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。 一、实义动词实义动词(行为动词)是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整,可以单独作谓语。例如:I live in Beijing with my mother.(我和我妈妈住在北京。)live,住It has a round face.(它有一张圆脸。)has,有实义动词(即行为动词)按其是否需要宾语,可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。1、及物动词后面必须跟宾语,意思才完整,例如:Give me some ink, please.(请给我一些墨水。)If you have any questions, you can raise your hands.(如果你们有问题,你们可以举手,。)2、不及物动词后面不能跟宾语,意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词,构成短语动词,相当于一个及物动词。例如:He works hard.(他工作努力。)Jack runs faster than Mike.(杰克跑步比迈克要快些。)Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.(请看黑板,听我说。)He got and “A” this time because he went over his lessons carefully.(这次他得了个“A”,因为他仔细地复习了功课。)几点说明:1、许多动词可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词,他阅读中必须仔细体会和区别,例如:Who is going to speak at the meeting?(谁打算在会上发言?)speak, 不及物动词Few people outside China speak Chinese.(在中国外很少人讲汉语。)speak,及物动词2、要特别注意有些动词英汉之间的差异。某些词在英语中是不及物的,而在汉语中却是及物的。有时则相反。例如:He is waiting for you.(他在等你。)英语wait为不及物动词,汉语“等”为及物动词。Serve the people.(为人民服务。)英语serve为及物动词,汉语“服务”为不及物动词。二、系动词 系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)He fell off the ladder.他从梯子上摔下来。(fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。)1)状态系动词用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:He is a teacher.他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)2)持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。3)表像系动词用来表示看起来像这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:He looks tired. 他看起来很累。He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。4)感官系动词感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.这种布手感很软。This flower smells very sweet.这朵花闻起来很香。5)变化系动词这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如:He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, trun out, 表达证实,变成之意,例如:The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果) 关于半系动词的几点说明:系动词是英语动词中比较活跃的一种动词类型。系动词可分为纯系动词和半系动词两种。纯系动词为各种形式的be动词。半系动词是兼有实义动词和纯系动词特征的动词。下面我们对系动词的用法作一个较全面的总结,以便大家掌握。 纯系动词:纯系动词几乎可以和除动词原形之外的所有词类连用。Be动词的一般式有is am are;过去式有was were;过去分词是been;现在分词是being。动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。半系动词:半系动词通常可以和形容词连用,有些半系动词可以和介词短语或as if等连词连用。半系动词就是相当于be的动词,可以替换纯系动词。 半系动词:用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态、性质特征或身份等。常见的半系动词分类: 1、“感官动词”类:look feel smell taste sound等 2、“状态变化”类:get turn go come become grow fall make等 3、“保持不变”类:stay lie stand keep remain continue等 4、“好象似乎”类:look seem appear等 注意:系动词后不用副词,用形容词,系动词不用被动语态。She sings beautifully. Her song sounds beautiful.三、助动词 定义:协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用,例如: He doesnt like English.他不喜欢英语。1. 助动词(auxiliary)主要有两类:基本助动词(primary auxiliary)和情态助动词(modal auxiliary)。基本助动词有三个:do, have和be;情态助动词有十三个:may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to. 上述两类助动词的共同特征是,在协助主动词构成限定动词词组时,具有作用词的功能: 1) 构成否定式: He didnt go and neither did she. The meeting might not start until 5 oclock. 2) 构成疑问式或附加疑问式: Must you leave right now? You have been learning French for 5 years, havent you? 3) 构成修辞倒装: Nowhere can he obtain any information about his sister. Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 4) 代替限定动词词组: A: Who can solve this crossword puzzle? B: Tom can. A: Shall I write to him? B: Yes, do. 2. 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来: a. 表示时态,例如:He is singing.他在唱歌。He has got married.他已结婚。 b. 表示语态,例如:He was sent to England.他被派往英国。 c. 构成疑问句,例如:Do you like college life?你喜欢大学生活吗?Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗? d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句,例如:I dont like him. 我不喜欢他。 e. 加强语气,例如:Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。3. 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would关于助动词be ,have, do, shallwill, wouldshould 的几点说明:关于助动词be的用法 1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态。例如:They are having a meeting.他们正在开会。English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。2)be + 过去分词,构成被动语态。例如:The window was broken by Tom.窗户是汤姆打碎的。English is taught throughout the world.世界各地都教英语。3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容: a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如: He is to go to New York next week.他下周要去纽约。 We are to teach the freshmen.我们要教新生。 说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。 b. 表示命令。例如: You are to explain this.对此你要做出解释。 He is to come to the office this afternoon.要他今天下午来办公室。 c.征求意见。例如: How am I to answer him?我该怎样答复他? Who is to go there?谁该去那儿呢? d. 表示相约、商定。例如: We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。助动词have的用法 1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态。例如: He has left for London.他已去了伦敦。 By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work. 上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时。例如: I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。3)have +been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态。例如: English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。 助动词do 的用法 1)构成一般疑问句。例如: Do you want to pass the CET?你想通过大学英语测试吗? Did you study German?你们学过德语吗?2)do + not 构成否定句。例如: I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。 He doesnt like to study. 他不想学习。 In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。3) 构成否定祈使句。例如: Dont go there.不要去那里。 Dont be so absent-minded.不要这么心不在焉。说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气。例如: Do come to my birthday party.一定来参加我的生日宴会。 I did go there.我确实去那儿了。 I do miss you.我确实想你。5)用于倒装句。例如: Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。 Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后,我们才认识到英语的重要性。说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。6)用作代动词。例如: - Do you like Beijing?-你喜欢北京吗? - Yes, I do.-是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.) He knows how to drive a car, doesnt he? 他知道如何开车,对吧? 助动词shall,will的用法 shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如:I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。说明:在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较: He shall come.他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。) He will come.他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)助动词should, would的用法 1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称。例如: I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。 比较:What shall I do next week? I asked. 我下周干什么?我问道。 可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称。例如: He said he would come. 他说他要来。比较:I will go, he said. 他说:我要去那儿。变成间接引语,就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。 四、情态动词定义: 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。分类: 情态动词有四类:只做情态动词:must,can(could),may(might),ought to可做情态动词又可做实义动词:need,dare可做情态动词又可做助动词:shall(should),will(would)具有情态动词特征:have(had) to,used to 情态动词在句中放在谓语动词之前, 谓语动词前若有助动词,则在助动词之前,疑问句中, 情态动词则在主语之前。 I can see you. Come here. 我能看见你,过来吧。 He must have been away. 他一定走了。 What can I do for you? 你要什么? How dare you treat us like that! 你怎能那样对待我们! 特点: 情态动词无人称和数的变化, 情态动词后面跟的动词需用原形,否定式构成是在情态动词后面加 not。 个别情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式, 过去式用来表达更加客气, 委婉的语气, 时态性不强, 可用于过去,现在或将来。情态动词属非及物动词,故没有被动语态。He could be here soon. 他很快就来。 We cant carry the heavy box. 我们搬不动那箱子。 Im sorry I cant help you. 对不起,我帮不上你。 注:助动词与情态助动词最主要的区别之一是,基本助动词本身没有词义,而情态助动词则有自己的词义,能表示说话人对有关动作或状态的看法,或表示主观设想: What have you been doing since? (构成完成进行体,本身无词义) I am afraid I must be going. (一定要) You may have read some account of the matter. (或许已经) 除此之外,情态助动词还有如下词法和句法特征: 1) 除ought和used以外,其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。如果我们把ought to和used to看做是固定词组的话,那么,所有情态动词无一例外地只能接不带to的不定式: We used to grow beautiful roses. I asked if he would come and repair my television set. 2) 情态助动词在限定动词词组总是位居第一: They need not have been punished so severely. 3) 情态助动词用于第三人称单数现在时的时候,没有词形变化,即其词尾无-s形式: She dare not say what she thinks. 4) 情态动词没有非限定形式,即没有不定式和分词形式,也没有相应的动名词: Still, she neednt have run away. 5) 情态助动词的“时”的形式并不是时间区别的主要标志。在不少场合,情态助动词的现在时和过去时形式都可以表示现在、过去或将来时间: Would you mind very much if I ask you to do something? She told him he ought not to have done it. 6) 情态助动词之间是相互排斥的,即在一个限定动词词组中只能出现一个情态助动词,但有时却可以与have和be基本助动词连用: You should have washed the wound. Well, you shouldnt be reading a novel. 关于情态动词用法的几点说明 :1. 首先它是动词,而且不同于行为动词,行为动词表示的是可以通过行为来表达的动作(如写,读,跑),而情态动词只是表达的一种想法(如能,也许,敢)。用法是:情态动词+行为动词原形 例句:I can read this sentence in English. 我能用英语读这句话。 2. 情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语, 只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。 We can be there on time tomorrow.我们明天能按时去那儿。 May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字吗? Shall we begin now?我们现在就开始吗? You must obey the school rules.你必须遵守校规。3. 情态动词数量不多,但用途广泛,主要有下列: can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would),have (to) ,had better. 具体用法如下:can和could的用法 1. 表示能力或客观可能性,还可以表示请求和允许。如: Can you finish this work tonight? Man cannot live without air. Can I go now? Yes, you can. 注意:could也可表示请求,预期委婉,主要用于疑问句,不可用于肯定句,答语应用can(即could不能用于现在时态的简略答语中)。如: Could I come to see you tomorrow? Yes, you can. (否定答语可用No, Im afraid not.) can表示能力时,还可用be able to代替。如: Ill not be able to come this afternoon. 2. 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。(主要用在否定句、疑问句或惊叹句中) Can this be true? How can you be so careless! This cannot be done by him. 3. “can(could) + have + 过去分词”的疑问或否定形式表示对过去发生的行为怀疑或不肯定。如: He cannot have been to that town. Can he have got the book? 4. 用在疑问句及否定句中,表示惊讶,不相信等.5. cannottooenough表示无论怎样也不过分,越越好may和might的用法 1. 表示许可。 表示请求、允许时,might比many的语气更委婉一些,否定回答时要用mustnt表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意。如: You may drive the car. Might I use your pen? No, you mustnt. 用May I . 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式,在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中,用Can I . 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。 2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如: May you succeed! 3. 表示推测、可能(疑问句不能用于此意)。 He may be very busy now. 4. “may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。如: He may not have finished the work. must和have to的用法 1. 表示必须、必要。(must表示主观多一些而have to则表示客观多一些)如: You must come in time. 回答must引出的问句时,如果是否定的回答,不能用mustnt,而要用neednt或dont have to。 Must we hand in our exercise books today? Yes, you must. (No, you dont have to.) 2. “must be + 表语”的结构表示推测,它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 This must be your pen. 3. “must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中,表示对过去发生的行为的推测。它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。 He must have been to Shanghai. 4. have to的含义与must相似,两者往往可以互换使用,但have to有各种形式,随have的变化而定。must与have to有下列几点不同: must表示的是说话人的主观看法,而have to则往往强调客观需要。如: The play is not interesting. I really must go now. I had to work when I was your age. must一般只表现在,have则有更多的时态形式。 二者的否定意义不大相同。如: You mustnt go. 你可不要去。 You dont have to go. 你不必去。 询问对方的意愿时应用must。如: Must I clean all the room? dare和need的用法 1. need表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中,在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。如: You neednt come so early. Need I finish the work today? Yes, you must. 注意:neednt + 不定式的完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。如: You neednt have waited for me. 2. Dare作情态动词时,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,一般不用在肯定句中。如: How dare you say Im unfair. He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he? 3. Dare和need常用作实义动词,有时态、人称和数的变化,所不同的是,作实义动词时,在肯定句中,dare后面通常接带to的不定式,在否定和疑问句中,dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。如: I dare to swim across this river. He does not dare (to) answer. Dont you dare (to) touch it! I wondered he dare (to) say that. He needs to finish it this evening. shall和should的用法 1. Shall用于第一人称,表示征求对方的意愿。如: What shall we do this evening? 2. Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。如: Shall we begin our lesson? When shall he be able to leave the hospital? 3. Shall用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。如: You shall fail if you dont work harder. (警告) He shall have the book when I finish reading. (允诺) He shall be punished. (威胁) 4. Should表示劝告、建议、命令,其同义词是ought to;在疑问句中,通常用should代替ought to。如: You should go to class right away. Should I open the window? Should的含义较多,用法较活,现介绍三种其特殊用法。请看下面的句子: I should think it would be better to try it again. 我倒是认为最好再试一试。 You are mistaken, I should say. 依我看,你是搞错了。 I should advise you not to do that. 我倒是劝你别这样做。 This is something I should have liked to ask you. 这是我本来想问你的。 从以上例句可以看出:情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。 Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句,表示一件事听起来可能性很小,但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成,主句谓语却不一定用虚拟语气。如: Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. 你万一见到她,请让她给我打个电话。 If you should change your mind, please let us know. 万一你改变主意,请通知我们。 Should I (If I should) be free tomorrow I will come. 万一我明天有时间,我就来。 此外,Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解,感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。如: Why should you be so late today? 你几天怎么来得这么晚? Where is Betty living? 贝蒂住在哪里? How should I know? 我怎么会知道呢? I dont know why you should think that I did it. 我真不知道你凭什么认为这件事是我干的。 5. “should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务,表示应该做到而实际上没有做到,并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。如: She should have finished it. I should have helped her, but I never could. You should have started earlier. will和would的用法 1. 表示请求、建议等,would比will委婉客气。如: Would you pass me the book? 2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。如: I will never do that again. They asked if we would do that again. 3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测,主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测,后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。如: This will be the book you want. He will have arrived by now. The guests would have arrived by that time. I thought you would have finished this by now. 4. Would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某中倾向。Would表过去习惯时比used to正式,并没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。如: The wound would not heal. During the vacation he would visit me every week. 5. 表料想或猜想。如: It would be about ten when he left home. What would she be doing there? I thought he would have told you all about it. ought to的用法 1. Ought to表示应该。如: You ought to take care of him. 2. 表示推测。注意与must表示推测时的区别: He must be at home by now. (断定他已到家) He ought to be home by now. (不十分肯定) This is where the oil must be. (比较直率) This is where the oil ought to be. (比较含蓄) 3. “ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。如: You ought to have asked him (but you didnt). 这时,ought to和should可以互相换用。 注意:在美国英语中,ought to用于否定句和疑问句时,to可以省略。如: Ought you smoke so much? You oughtnt smoke so much. used to,had better,would rather的用法 1. Used to表示过去的习惯动作或状态,现在已不存在,在间接引语中,其形式可不变。如: He told us he used to play football when he was young. 在疑问句、否定句、否定疑问句或强调句中,可有两种形式: 疑问句 Did you use to go to the same school as your brother? Used you to go to the same school as your brother? 否定句 I usednt to go there. I didnt use to go there. Usednt 亦可拼作usent,但发音皆为ju:znt。 否定疑问句 Usent you to be interested in the theatre? Didnt you use to be interested in the theatre? 强调句 I certainly used to smoke, but it was a long time ago. I certainly did use to smoke, but it was a long time ago. 其反意疑问句或简略回答中,也有两种形式: She used to be very fat, didnt she? (正式)/ use(d)nt she? (口语) Did you use to play chess? Yes, I did. Used you to get up early in the morning? Yes, I did. (Yes, I used to.) 2. Had better意为“最好”,后接不带to的不定式。如: We had better go now. Yes, we had (wed better / we had better). Hadnt we better stop now? (Had we better not stop now?) I think Id better be going. (用于进行时态,表“最好立即”) You had better have done that. (用于完成时态,表未完成动作) 注:had best与had better同意,但较少用。You had better 用于同辈或小辈,对长辈不可用。 3. Would rather意为“宁愿”,表选择,后接不带to的不定式。如: Id rather not say anything. Would you rather work on a farm? Wouldnt you rather stay here? No, I would not. Id rather go there. 由于would rather表选择,因而后可接than。如: I would rather work on a farm than in a factory. I would rather watch TV than go to see the film. I would rather lose a dozen cherry trees than that you should tell me one lie. Id rather you didnt talk about this to anyone. (句中的d rather不是情态动词,would在此是表愿望的实义动词) can (could), may (might), 用法: can (could) 表示说话人能,可以,同意,准许,以及客观条件许可,could 为 can 的过去式。 Can you pass me the books? 你能给我递一下书吗 ? Could you help me, please? 请问,你能帮助我吗? What can you do? 你能干点什么呢? Can you be sure? 你有把握吗? can 和could 只能用于现在式和过去式两种时态,将来时态用 be able to 来表示。 He could help us at all. 他完全可以帮助我们。 With the teachers help,I shall be able to speak English correctly. 由于老师的帮助,我将能准确地讲英语。 may (might) 可以, 表示说话人同意,许可或请求对方许可。 You may take the book home. 你可以把书带回家去. May I come in? 我可以进来吗? May I use your dictionary? 我可以用你的词典吗? You may put on more

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