British Literature -Part 6(ppt课件

.,BritishLiteratureintheVictorianAge(1832-1901),.,IntroductiontotheVictorianAge,I.TheVictorianAge1.DefinitionoftheVictorianAgeChronologicallytheVictorianAgeroughlycoincideswiththereignofQueenVictoriawhoruledoverEnglandfrom1836to1901.TheperiodhasbeengenerallyregardedasoneofthemostgloriousintheEnglishhistory.,.,2.SocialBackgroundoftheVictorianAge1)TheearlyyearsoftheVictorianEnglandwasatimeofrapideconomicdevelopmentaswellasserioussocialproblems.(TheIndustrialRevolution)2)Towardsthemid-century,Englandhadreacheditshighestpointofdevelopmentasaworldpower.Andyetbeneaththegreatprosperityyetontheotherhand,indulginginthecompanionofbothbeautyandwine,hecannottatallygetridofhisnoblebirthanditsoldwayoflife.This,inmyopionion,isoneofthemajorcausesofhistragedy.),.,b).RosamondVincyVain,beautiful,shallow,andextremelynarcissistic,RosamondhasahighopinionofherowncharmsandalowopinionofMiddlemarchsociety.ShemarriesTertiusLydgatebecauseshebelievesthathewillraisehersocialstandingandkeephercomfortableandcarefree.Whenherhusbandencountersfinancialdifficulties,shethwartshiseffortstoeconomize,unabletobeartheideaoflosingstatusinMiddlemarchsociety.AfterLydgatesdeath,shemarriesandelderlyandwealthyphysician,stilllivingagoodlife.,.,c).FredVincyRosamondsbrother.HehaslovedMaryGarthsincetheywerechildren.Hisfamilyishopingthathewillfindasecurelifeandadvancehisclassstandingbybecomingaclergyman,butheknowsthatMarywillnotmarryhimifhedoesbecomeone.BroughtupwithexpectationsfromhisuncleMr.Featherstone,hehasatendencytobespendthrift(败家子)andirresponsible,butlaterlongstofindaprofessionatwhichhecanbesuccessful,andwhichMarywillrespect.,.,d).MaryGarthThepractical,plain,andkinddaughterofCalebandSusanGarth,sheworksasMr.Featherstonesnurse.SheandFredVincywerechildhoodsweethearts,butsherefusestoallowhimtowooheruntilheshowshimselfwillingandabletoliveseriously,practically,andsincerely.,.,e)Mr.PeterFeatherstoneOldlandlordofStoneCourtwhomarriedCalebGarthssisterandlatertookMrs.Vincyssisterashissecondwifewhenhisfirstwifedied.f)Mr.WalterVincyandthepeoplewhoarehappiestaretheoneswhohavefewexpectations,oraremostflexible.,.,GenderrolesandexpectationsEspeciallyrelevanttoDorothea.Middlemarchsocietyhasverydefinedideasofwhatpeopleshoulddowithinthesociety,andpeople,especiallywomen,whodeviatefromthisnorm,arelookeddownupon.Dorotheaistoleratedbecausesheisofgoodfamilyanddoesnotdisruptthesocietysheisin.However,shefacesagreatdealofpressuretochangeherself,conformtoothersideas,andsubmitherselftomaleleadershipatalltimes.,.,MoneyMoneyistherootofmanyevils,butmuchgood,inthenovel.Lydgategetsdesperateforwantofit,Freddespairswhenhehaslittle,Dorotheabecomesgenerouswhenshehastoomuch,andtheGarthssavecarefullysincetheirmoneyislimited.Moneyhasaprofoundeffectoncharacterwithinthenovel,andthoughmanypeoplearejudgedbyhowmuchmoneytheyhave,manyofthebestpeopleinthenovel,likeWillLadislawandMr.Farebrother,haveverylittle.,.,LoveLovekeepspeopletogether,orthelackoritletsthemdriftapart.Thosewhoaretrulyinlove,likeWillandDorothea,MaryandFred,areboundtogetherbyit,andareveryalikeintemperamentandoutlook.Thosewholackit,likeLydgateandRosamond,CasaubonandDorothea,areill-suitedtoeachotherinmarriage,andareverydisappointedbytheirunions.,.,ResponsibilityThisisamajorthemeofFredsstory,andhemustbecomesresponsibleforhisfinancesandhischoices.Willdoestoo,toacertainextent.Bothmenmustlearnhowtorelyonthemselves,notinfringeuponothers,andhowtobecomeindependentinmanyways.,.,Self-discoveryTherearecertaintruthswhicheverycharacterlearnsabouthimselfinthecourseoftrials;LydgateandRosamondfindoutmoreabouttheircharactersthroughtheirmoneytroubles,thoughtheydonotalwaysadjustaccordingly.Dorotheamakesthemostdramaticjourneyofself-discovery,andchangesagreatdealwithinthecourseofthenovel.,.,StubbornnessAbigissueofcharacter.Rosamondisextremelystubborn,meaningthatifthingsarentdoneherway,shewillgobehindotherpeoplesbackstodothingsthewayshethinkstheyshouldbedone.SocietalstubbornnessisresponsibleforLydgatesfailurewithhismedicalpractice;peoplewantwhattheywant,forwhateverreasons,whichmeansthattheyareblindtothingsthatmightbebestforthem.,.,PrejudiceAthemethatLydgateandWillLadislawcannotseemtobeat.PeopleinMiddlemarchdislikeanyonewhoisnotfromMiddlemarch,oranyonewhosereputationseemsquestionable.WillandLydgatearebothgoodpeople,butitisinitialprejudice,sometimesbasedoninvalidorcircumstantialreasons,thatmeansthattheyareneverlikedoracceptedinMiddlemarch.,.,StrengthofrumorRumorcandoagreatdealofdamageinMiddlemarch,havingevenmoreweightthanfactinsomecases.BothBulstrodeandLydgateareblackenedbyrumorspassedaroundsociety,andWillisblackenedaswell,thoughheisfalselyaccused.,.,4)Detailedanalysisofsomethemesa.ClassThecharactersinthebookbelongtodistinctsocialclassesbasedonbirthandmoney.ThegenteelclassarerepresentedbySirJamesChettam,Mr.Casaubon,oldMr.Featherstone,andtheBrookefamily(Dorothea,Celia,andtheiruncle).ThemerchantandprofessionalclassisrepresentedbytheVincyfamily(particularlyFredandRosamond)AndthelaboringclassisrepresentedbytheGarthfamily.,.,Classclimbingandclasssinkingalsofeatureinthebook.Mr.Vincy,whohasbecomereasonablywealthy,ishopingthathischildrenwillmakeitintotheupperclass.HebelievesFredwillinheritasubstantialamountofmoneyfromoldMr.Featherstone,sohedoesnotpushFredtoworkhardatuniversityorpasshisexams.HeraisesRosamondtospendfoolishlybecausehehopesthat,withherbeautyandcharm,shewillbeabletomarryup.YetneitheroftheVincychildrensucceed.,.,FredalienatesMr.Featherstoneanddoesnotinheritthefortunehehopedfor,anditisnotuntilheembracesworkandfulfilshisdestinyasamemberoftheworkingclassthatheearnsMaryGarthsrespect.RosamondmarriesDr.LydgatebelievingthatshesmarryingintoanupperclassfamilywheninrealityLydgateisshortofmoneyandsinkingintodebt.,.,Lydgate,unlikehiswife,isnottryingtomoveupinclassbuttomovedown.Hewasbornintoawealthyfamily,butalienatedhisrelativesbydecidingtobecomeadoctor.Asaprofessional,hevoluntarilysteppedintoalowerclass.Yetheisstillaccustomedtothematerialluxuriesheenjoyedinhisyouth,sohespendsmorethanheshould.Hepersistsinidealistic,upper-classactivities.So,bybelongingtoneitherclass,Lydgateeffectivelyshutshimselfoutfromboth.,.,b.EducationThebookexaminestheroleofeducationinthelivesofthecharactersandhowsucheducationandstudyhasaffectedthecharacters.Despiteextremelearnedness,Mr.Casaubonisafraidtopublishbecausehebelievesthathemustwriteaworkthatisutterlyabovecriticism.(迂腐),.,Incontrast,Lydgateattimesarrogantlyflauntshisknowledge,makingenemieswithhisfellowphysicians.HeregardstheresidentsofMiddlemarchwithacertainamountofcontemptstemmingfromhisbeliefthatthetownspeoplearebackwardsanduninteresting.However,hiseducationhasnotincludedtactandpoliticking,skillsnecessaryinasmalltownbutwhichareseenbyLydgateasbelowhim,thebrilliantdoctor.（清高不善交际）,.,RosamondVincysfinishingschooleducationisafoiltoDorotheaBrookesreligiously-motivatedquestforknowledge.RosamondinitiallyadmiresLydgateforhisexoticeducation,andhisintellect.AsimilardynamicispresentinDorotheaandCasaubonsrelationship,withDorotheareveringhernewhusbandsintellectandeloquence.Inbothcases,however,theyoungwivesexpectationsoftheirhusbandsintellectsarenotreflectedinreality.（对知识的崇拜）,.,V.ThomasHardy1.Hisliteraryposition1).ThomasHardyisoneoftherepresentativesofEnglishcriticalrealismattheturnofthe19thcentury.2).Hewasbothanovelistandapoet.,.,2.HisLife&LiteraryCareer1).HewasborninDorset,whichhecalledWessexinmanyofhisnovels.2).Hewasthesonofabuilder,sohestudiedandpracticedarchitectureuntil1867.3).Laterhegaveuparchitectureandmadeliteraturehisprofession.4).In1871,hisfirstnovelDesperateRemedieswaspublished&wellreceived.5).However,therealsuccesscamewithUndertheGreenwoodTree(1872).6).In1874,hepublishedFarfromtheMaddingCrowd.,.,7).Inthefollowingtwenty-threeyearsheproducedovertenlocalcolorednovelsuntil1896whenhewastiredofallthosehostilecriticismsagainsthislasttwonovels,TessoftheDUrbervilles(1891)&JudetheObscure(1896).Fromthenon,hebegantowritepoetry8).OftheeightvolumesbyHardy-918poemsinall-themostfamousisTheDynasts,alongepic-dramaabouttheNapoleonicWars.9).HediedonJanuary11.1928&wasburiedinthePoe