Unit4-Astronomy-学案(解析版)(人教版必修3)

精品文档应该掌握的重点单词 1astronomy n天文学astronomer n天文学家2system n系统；体系；制度3theory n学说；理论theoretical adj.理论上的4globe n球体；地球仪；地球global adj.全球性的；全世界的5violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的violence n暴力violently adv.猛烈地6atmosphere n大气层；气氛7unlike prep.不同；不像dislike vt.不喜欢8presence n出席；到场；存在present adj. & n. & v在场的；目前，现在；出席；颁发，授予9harmful adj.有害的；伤害的harm n危害，害处harmless adj.无害的10exist vi.存在，生存existence n存在，生存11puzzle n谜；难题vt. & vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难puzzled adj.迷惑的puzzling adj.令人迷惑的12gravity n万有引力；重力13satellite n卫星；人造卫星14climate n气候15spaceship n宇宙飞船16pull n. & vt.拉(力)；拖；牵引力17float vi. & vt.(使)浮动；(使)漂浮 n漂浮物18mass n质量；团；块；大量；(复)群众应该掌握的重点短语1in time及时；终于2lay eggs 下蛋3give birth to 产生；分娩4in ones turn 轮到某人；接着5prevent.from 阻止；制止6block out 挡住(光线)7cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋8now that 既然9break out 突发；爆发10watch out 密切注视；当心；提防11cool down 冷却12as well as 也；还有13depend on 依靠；依赖，取决于14get close to 靠近应该掌握的重点句型1This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.这就形成一个连锁反应，使生命发展成为可能。2But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步时，我发觉我被送出很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。3.walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed.既然重力改变了，行走的确需要一些练习。【2014高考在线】1.（2014北京卷）30. The best moment for the football star was _ he scored the winning goal.A. where B. whenC. how D. why2.（2014北京卷）33.Some people believe _ has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future. A. whateverB. whenever.C. whereever D. however【考点】考察名词性从句【答案】A3.（2014大纲卷）24. Exactly _ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565. A. whether B. why C. when D. how 4.（2014福建卷）34. Pick yourself up. Courage is doing youre afraid to do.A. that B. what C. how D. whether5.（2014湖南卷）24. As John Lennon once said，life is_ happens to you while you are busy making other plans.A. whichB. that C. whatD. where6.（2014江苏卷）26.What a mess! You are always so lazy!Im not to blame, mum. I am_you have made me.A. howB. whatC. thatD. who7.（2014山东卷）7. It is difficult for us to imagine_ life was like for slaves in the ancient world. A. where B. what C. which D. why 8.（2014四川卷）2. Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, Thats _ I was born.A. when B. how C. why D. where9.（2014天津卷）14. I think _ impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.A. what B. that C. which D. who10.（2014浙江卷 ）8. “Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.” This is _ my mother used to tell me.A. what B. how C. that D. whether11.（2014重庆卷 ）12.Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?Yeah, but I have no idea _he did it; thats one of his favorite universities.A. when B. Why C. thatD. how【高频考点突破】.词汇短语过关1harmful adj. 有害的；伤害的harm n&vt. 损伤；伤害harmless adj. 无害的harmlessness n. 无害be harmful to 对有害do sb. harm/do harm to sb. 对某人有害do more harm than good 弊大于利There is (no) harm in (sb.s) doing sth.(某人)做某事有(无)害处。It does (no) harm (for sb.) to do sth. (对于某人来说)做某事有(无)害处。mean no harm 没有恶意2exist vi. 存在；生存；维持生活existent adj. 存在的，现存的existence n. 存在，生存There exists/existed.某地有，存在exist in 存在于之中exist on 靠为生exist by 靠生存come into existence 开始存在；成立bring into existence 使发生，产生3puzzle vt. 使困惑；使糊涂n. 难题；谜puzzling adj. 令人困惑的puzzled adj. 感到困惑的puzzle about/over sth. 苦苦思索；仔细琢磨puzzle sth. out 琢磨出的答案；开动脑筋be in a puzzle about sth. 对某事迷惑不解set a puzzle for sb.(set sb. a puzzle) 出个谜语叫某人猜be puzzled by 被迷惑4in ones turn轮到某人；接着in turn依次；轮流；转而；反过来by turns轮流；交替take ones turn轮到某人做了take turns依次；轮班，轮流on the turn正在转变，正在变化out of turn不合时宜地，鲁莽地5prevent.from 阻止；制止stop sb. (from) doing sth. 阻止某人做某事keep sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事protect sb. from.保护某人不受侵袭，挡住，防御keep sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事6cheer up 感到高兴；感到振奋cheer sb. up 使某人高兴；使某人振奋cheer on 为加油cheer sb. 为某人喝彩with good cheer 欣然地Cheers! 干杯！祝你健康！(用于祝酒)7break out (战争、灾难、瘟疫等)突发；爆发(无被动语态)The Second World War broke out in September 1939.“二战”是1939年9月爆发的。A fire broke out in the neighborhood last night.昨晚居民区里发生了火灾。拓展：break away from 脱离(政党等)；打破(陈套等)break down 出故障，抛锚；(计划等)失败；(身体、精神等)垮掉；打倒，砸破；(化合物等)分解break in 破门而入；闯入；打断(话语等)break into 破门而入，突然起来break off 折断；突然中止，断绝，结束break through 突破break up 打碎，拆散；散开，解散；(学校)期末放假，(集会)结束break into pieces 成为碎片8watch out 注意；当心watch out(for) look out (for)密切注意；留神take care 留神，注意be careful 仔细，留神watch it 当心，小心watch over 照看；看守keep a close watch/eye on 密切注视.重点句型详解1This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.这就形成一个连锁反应，使生命发展成为可能。本句中 it做形式宾语，真正的宾语为不定式短语 for life to develop。it做形式宾语还可以代替动名词或从句。He thinks it his duty to help others.他认为帮助别人是他的职责。He made it a rule to get up at six every morning.他把每天早晨6点起床作为一项规定。We consider it no use going to the seaside.我们认为去海边没用处。We all consider it a pity that you didnt come to the party.我们都认为你没有来参加聚会很遗憾。I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.我不喜欢人们说话时嘴里有满满的东西。You may depend on it that were honest.你可以相信我们是诚实的。拓展：it还可以做形式主语，代替真正的主语不定式(或不定式复合结构)、动名词(或动名词复合结构)或从句。(1)Itsadj.for sb. to do sth. 对某人来说做某事是的。(2)Itsadj.of sb. to do sth. 某人做某事(3)Its/was/.who/that.是某人/某物做(4)It is/was the序数词timethat.主语have/had done.这是某人第次做(5)It is (high) time that.主语did/should do.是该做的时候了。(6)Its said/reported/believed/announced that.据说/据报道/据猜测/据称(7)Its a pity/a shame/a wonder.that.可惜/遗憾/奇怪的是(8)It happens/appears/seems that. 恰巧/看来/好像(9)It looks/seems as if. 看起来好像(10)Its up to sb. to do. 该某人做了例1、(1)He didnt make _ clear when and where the meeting would be held.AthisBthatCit Dthese解析：it做形式宾语，真正宾语为 when and where从句。答案：C(2)Id appreciate _ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer.Athat BitCthis Dyou解析：it做形式宾语，代替 if从句。 答案：B2But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步时，我发觉我被送出很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。倍数的表达方式有：(1)“A倍数形容词或副词的比较级thanB”，表示“A比B大(长、高、宽等)多少倍”。(2)“A倍数as形容词或副词的原级asB”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。(3)“A倍数the size/height/length/width, etc.ofB”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。(4)“A倍数what从句”，表示“A是的多少倍”。Asia is four times as large as Europe.The size of Asia is four times that of Europe.Asia is four times the size of Europe.Asia is three times larger than Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大(比欧洲大三倍)。VOur total income of 1994 was double that of 1992.我们1994年的总收入是1992年的两倍。The production now is three times what it was ten years ago.现在的产量是十年前的三倍。例2、(1)Though its a challenging job, he did it _ it took me.Aonethird a time Bonethird timeCthe onethird time Donethird the time解析：考查倍数比较的句型，即“倍数then.”结构。答案：D(2)What a table! Ive never seen such a thing before. It is _ it is long.Ahalf not as wide as Bwide not as half asCnot half as wide as Das wide as not half解析：考查倍数比较 halfas.as。答案：C3.walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed. 既然重力改变了，行走的确需要一些练习(1)句中 does need是一种强调句式。在一般句型中，do (does, did)常用来强调谓语动词的语气，在句中要重读，译为“真的”“的确”“确实”等。You do look nice today. 你今天看起来真的很漂亮。Jack said he would come and he did come.杰克说他要来，他果真来了。在祈使句中，do表示强烈的请求，而不是命令，有时它可以使邀请对方的心意显得更加客气、热情、友好，而且亲切，此时的 do可译为“千万，务必”等。Please do sit down. 务必请坐下。Do be careful next time. 下次千万要小心。(2)now that 在句中引导原因状语从句，相当于 since，意为“既然，由于”，that 可省略。Now that you have finished your work, youd better have a rest. 既然工作已经做完了，你最好休息一下。辨析：now that/because/since/as/fornow that 说明已经成为事实的原因，常译为“既然”。because 语气最强，回答的是用 why提问的问句，表示直接的或为人所不知的原因。since与 as语气较 because 弱，表示显而易见或已为人所知的原因。since 侧重主句，as主从并重，语气比 since 弱。for是连词，用来补充说明理由或提供一种解释，不一定是真正的原因，不能放在主句前面。Why did you do this? 你为什么这么做？Because it is good for you. 因为这对你有好处。Since you have known it, I wont repeat it.既然你已经知道了，我就不重复了。Wear strong shoes as we shall do a lot of walking.穿上结实的鞋子，因为我们要走不少路。It rained last night, for the ground is wet.昨晚下雨了，因为地面是湿的。例3、(1)In my opinion, what Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng _ good to our countrys international positions.Adid do does Bdid does doCdoes did do Ddo do did解析：第一个 did是 what主语从句中的谓语动词；第二个 does强调谓语 do good to，故选B。答案：B【词语辨析】1. unlike/dislike/alike/likely(1)unlike prep.不同；不像(2)dislike vt. 不喜欢(3)alike adj. 相似的，同样的(4)likely adj. 很可能发生的，有希望的2. pull/drag/draw(1)pull是普通用语，指一时或突然用力拉，与push相对。有时可用于把某人某物拖、拉到某目的地的或固定的方向。(2)drag是指“拖”“拉”着笨重的物体擦着地面，缓慢而费力地拖、拉动作。(3)draw是指“拖”“拉”的物体向自己所在的方向移动，而且拖、拉的动作是从容的、不太费劲的。3. in time/at a time/at one time/on time/in no time/at times/at no timein time及时；总有一天；终于on time按时at one time曾经，一度at a time一次，同时at times有时at no time决不，在任何时候都不in no time立刻，马上【随堂训练】.完成句子1既然我们已经完成了设计，就该由公司来进行建设了。(now that；in ones turn)_ _we have finished the design，the company，_ _ _ will do the construction.2由于强大的引力，飞船被拖得离卫星很近。(gravity；pull)The spaceship was _ _ _the satellite_ _ _ _.3老师幽默的谈话让我们很振奋，班里的气氛也轻松了。(cheer up)The atmosphere in the classroom relaxed after the teachers humorous talk_ _ _.4别打扰她。她昨晚刚生了一个男孩，现在还在睡觉。(give birth to)Dont disturb her.She _ _ _ _ _last night and now she is asleep.5大部分证据都被毁了。因此，不可能证明这种药物是有害的。(thus)Most of the evidence has been destroyed._ _ _ _ _that the drug is harmful.语法和词汇知识1 They were in the middle of an argument but _ when someone came into the room.Abroke upBbroke down Cbroke off Dbroke in2_ a certain doubt among the workers as to the necessity of the work.AIt existed BThere existed CThere had DIt had3Broadly speaking, I would agree with Shirley, though not _.Awidely Bentirely Cextremely Deventually4Today, when I think of my friend, I remember the way her face _ when she saw the picture of a dramatic landscape.Acheered up Bshone up Cstood up Dlit up5Stay away from Lynch.Hes a liar.Youll be cheated if you dont _.Abreak out Bwatch out Ctake off Dset off6Using many symbols makes _ to put much information on a single map.Apossible Bit possible Cthat possible Dit is possible7If you meet _ problems, please turn _ me.Awith；to Bdown；up Cwith；up Dacross；to8The socks are so _ that they cant be mended any more.Aused up Bworn out Ctired out Dbroken out 9After he _ the table, he sat down on the sofa for a rest, waiting for his guests.Alay Blaid Cput Dmade10The taxi driver had to _ because the traffic light had turned red.Aset up Bshut up Ccatch up Dpull up11_ the danger from the enemy action, people had to deal with a severe shortage of food, clothing, fuel and almost everything.AAs soon as BAs long as CAs far as DAs well as12Dont talk about such a thing in the _ of young children.Aappearance Bsurface Cexistence Dpresence13Darling，I didnt get promoted._！There will be loads of other opportunities.AWell done BWhat a pity CCheer up DAll right14_ you want to remember its usage, youd better make a sentence with the new word.AUnless BWhile CNow that DEven if15The harm the modern farming methods have done _ the countryside is considerable.AonBto CatDfor.完形填空Education from My FatherMy memories of my father are slim because he was so sick in the last years of his life.But there are _1_that I am often reminded of and which may have had some bearing on my love of _2_When I was small I was somewhat _3_ of lightning and thunder.My father explained it.The explanation was in _4_that a child could understand but was basically correct.I gained a better _5_ later，but I didnt have to unlearn anything.What he said was that there was electricity in the clouds _6_ it travelled to the ground like a spark.When it travelled _7_ the air it made the air so hot that it _8_.Then there was nothing where the air had been and the air all around rushed in to _9_the space.He clapped his hands together very loud，_10_ to be the air rushing in，and said that makes the thunder.When I hear thunder，I can still hear that _11_.He explained why if it was cloudy in the winter the night was warmer than if it was _12_.It was one of those nights when the sky was full of stars：no moon，no town lights.But there were more stars than you could _13_ and they had color too.He said that if there were no clouds，we had no blankets and were _14_ to the universe.Our warmth was going to _15_the whole universe.When there were clouds，they were like blankets and we were not exposed to the universe.I _16_ feel on the edge of space on a very clear night.I am sure there were many other lessons that I _17_ but no longer remember.What I did _18_，in general，was that there were explanations and that the more I understood them，the more comfortable the world was to live in.I was not taught that there were _19_ but that there was understanding if you looked for it.This may be why I have always been _20_ in science.1A.others Bfew Csome Dall2A.science Bnature Cweather Duniverse3A.sureBfond CtiredDafraid4A.depth Bwords Cgestures Ddata5A.understanding Bknowledge Ccommand Dconfidence6A.but Band Cfor Dor7A.above Bto Calong Dthrough8A.shone Bburned Cexpanded Dbroke9A.fill Bmake Cavoid Dbreak10A.trying Bproving Choping Dpretending11A.clap Bremark Cvoice Dcrash12A.cold Bbright Cclear Dfoggy13A.explore Bforesee Cimagine Didentify14A.committed Bexposed Crelated Dled15A.heat Bprotect Cextend Dlight16A.ever Balso Ceven Dstill17A.selected Barranged Cabsorbed Ddelivered18A.consider Bpromise Cexplain Dlearn19A.memories Bblankets Cmysteries Dthunders20A.engaged Binterested Csuccessful Dskillful.七选五 阅读理解The English have the reputation of being very different from all other nationalities._ _1_ Whatever the reasons，it may be fairly stated that the Englishman has developed some attitudes and habits distinguishing him from other nationalities._2_.Before strangers he often seems embarrassed.You have only to witness a railway compartment(车厢)any morning or evening to see the truth.Seriouslooking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or sleeping lightly in a corner，and no one speaks.An Englishman once suggested to overseas visitors，“On entering a railway compartment，shake hands with all the passengers.”_3_.It is well known that the English seldom show openly extremes of enthusiasm，emotion etc.Of course，an Englishman feels no less than any other nationality._4_.A man of more emotional temperament ( 富有激情的性格 ) might describe her as “a wonderful jewel”，while the Englishman will flatly state “Um，shes all right.”An Englishman may recommend a highly successful and enjoyable film to friends by commenting，“Its not bad.”_5_.They must realize that “all right”，“not bad” are very often used with the sense of “first class”，“excellent”This special use of language is particularly common in English.ANeedless to say，he was not being serious.BTo be honest， the Englishman is easygoing and friendly.CImagine a man commenting on the great beauty of a young girl.DGenerally speaking，the Englishman is quiet，shy and reserved (缄默的)EPeople who visit England are sure that he or she is not interested in the film.FThe overseas visitors must not be disappointed by this obvious lack of interest.GIt is said that living on an island separated from the rest of Europe has much to do with it.短文改错Dear Alice，I have just got some good news to tell to you.I win a national prize for painting last week.My father was so pleasing that he suggested I go to England for a holiday.Id like to staying there for half a month, visiting place of interest or practicing my English as well.Weve been writing to each for nearly a year now.I have often dreamed of talk face to face with you.I imagine youll be at vacation yourself at that time.Perhaps we could go out to do some sightsee together.Best wishes for you!Lily12D句意：不要当着小孩子的面谈论这样的问题。appearance “出现”；surface “表面”；existence “存在”；in the presence of sb. “当着某人的面”。13C答语句意：振作起来！还会有很多其他的机会的。cheer up “振作起来”；well done “做得很好”；what a pity “真遗憾”；all right “行，好吧。16D现在作者在晴天的夜晚仍然有这种感觉。由此可知，空白处应该使用“still”。故答案选D项。17C作者相信有很多别的课，自己曾经理解过。“absorbed”表示“汲取，理解，使全神贯注”，符合语境。故答案选C项。【当堂巩固】.单项填空1Robert is interested in _ astronomy and he wishes he could make a trip into _ space one day.Athe; the Ban; theCan; / D/; /2After we finish the designing，the company，_ its turn，should do the constructing work.Ain BonCat Dfor3All people，_they are old or young，rich or poor，have been trying their best to help those in need since the disaster.Aeven if BwhetherCno matter Dhowever4If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city _ by their enthusiastic supporters.Abeing cheered Bbe cheeredCto be cheered Dwere cheered5 China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from _ in the South China Sea.Aattacking Bhaving attackedCbeing attacked Dhaving