沈阳农业大学毕业实习报告.doc

management systems and measures established by, and a number of pragmatic, combined part-time workforce education information, the protection of the digital campus construction and sustainable development. Six Bureau attaches great importance to information technology security, information technology security, entrust XX City Center for educational information and equipment dedicated to the work. Network security leading group was set up, chaired by the Education Bureau Chief, head, for XX education Metro-network and information security emergency response leadership. Deputy group leader for XX educational metropolitan area network and information security emergency response coordination, command. The team assist leader and deputy leader, responsible for network XX network security and information . Team. Information security work Conference held each semester, and deployment of information security of documents issued on a regular basis. Information security assessment is included in the annual index. Strictly implement the information security budget to ensure information security of investment. By XX, education information and equipment Centre XX network network security and information security. According to the information technology security requirements, issued a document requires schools (units) implement, defined the information security guidelines, specific work practices, procedures, and requirements. Clear industry information security incidents (accidents) to detect, report and disposal processes. According to self-examination, the school (units) basic established has network security management system; the school (units) according to this units actual, established has units personnel management, information system room management, and equipment management, and media management, and network security construction management, and shipped dimension management, and service outsourcing, management system; developed has computer and the network of network security responsibility held system, signed has network security responsibility; website of information management personnel is responsible for confidential management, password management, on computer enjoys independent right, User name and password of the computer for its proprietary, and release of provisions is prohibited, such as leaks, investigated for responsibility. According to who is in charge of whos in charge, who is running and who is responsible for, who uses principles of who is in charge of management schools (units) defined the roles and responsibilities of information security, assurance responsibilities to schools. XX city schools (units) total site 20, 19 of which were not classified security protection assessment, of which 1 (XX education and resource network) for classified security protection levels, without third-level information systems. Total education information systems 1 (XX education cloud platform), contains features with e-Government, resource library, test database, mail services, such as e-books, all intranet services. No for grade protection grading record and evaluation of school (units), requirements the school (units) according to information security grade protection about policy and standard, organization carried out information security grade protection security management system construction, and technology measures construction and grade evaluation, implementation grade protection system of the requirements, makes information system security management level obviouslyfacility up to 160 million Yuan, according to the standard, high quality planning XX educational metropolitan area network realizes Wan Zhaokuan to schools, hundreds of megabytes of broadband to the table, wire (ie: Web, video, audio) to the target, electronic whiteboards, multimedia classrooms, remote interactive video teaching system of modern educational equipment in the classroom. . With Intel company on XX Education City domain network of topic case design, relies on Cisco company thought Shu aid chuan project staff free provides has three years technology support, from 2009 began, according to high standards, and high of work thought, and manpower planning, and points step implementation, using school earthquake Hou reconstruction of opportunities, again planning elementary and middle schools campus network and education city domain network, and local broadcasting network company cooperation, using broadcast TV network, will physical fiber laying to each school, to minimum of cost achieved has physical fiber school school pass; Each school construction standards of campus network and network access to all rooms; XX education metropolitan area network center machine room equipment in the Ministry of education standardization management platform, the Central Library of audio-visual education resources, set up a Chinese teacher education cloud platform, implemented links the two platforms. At present, the citys primary and middle school students to computer 3198, vitality than 10:1; 809 equipment classes through the classroom (primary and secondary); 36 of the campus network. The establishment of an advanced, practical Gigabit educational metropolitan area network, the citys schools have access to educational metropolitan area network, schools have computer networks, closed-circuit television network, broadcast networks into the classrooms, realize the triple play. Schools share Internet bandwidth, can meet the needs of teaching of the school office and at any time. According to Ministry of education on full started implementation teaching points digital education resources full cover project of notification (taught technical letter (2012) 74th,) and XX Province Department of education on issued XX province teaching points digital education resources full cover project implementation views of notification (chuan taught letter (2013) 18th,) requirements, I city 6 a teaching points implementation teaching points digital education resources full cover project, combined I city specific situation, developed issued has XX City Bureau on teaching points digital resources full cover project of implementation programme, Established XX, full coverage of digital resources in modern distance education teaching project leading group, XX, chaired the Secretary for education. Established, digital resources in modern distance education teaching, XX full coverage project group, XX, Director of the Center for educational information and equipment chaired Zhu Guiyan, responsible for distance education digital resources covering project work. Projects in XX city school digital resources in modern distance education teaching full-coverage project leading group, digital resources in modern distance education teaching, and XX full coverage project group leadership and organization, in accordance with the unified arrangement of the whole province, responsible for university education digital resources covering project management and implementation. According to provinces arrangements, I Center has arrangements Gong编号（学号）：生产实习报告（ 2013 届本科） 学 院： 工程学院 专 业： 农业机械化及其自动化 姓 名： 王泽明 完成日期： 2013 年 5 月 10 日农业机械化生产实习报告一、实习目的、任务本次实习是我们毕业前的一次毕业实习，通过实习使我们了解和掌握本专业的实际生产知识，了解各种大型农业机械的工作原理、性能及机械化作业的全过程，培养我们的动手能力及在生产实际中调查研究，观察问题，分析问题和解决实际生产问题的能力和方法，为后继的毕业设计乃至以后的工作奠定良好的基础。二、实习说明实习时间：2011年4月27至6月4日实习地点：抚顺市农机技术推广中心三、实习内容1、学习了耕整地机械、播种机械及插秧机械的基本构造及工作原理；2、去田间观看了农业机械的作业过程。（1）耕整地机械的种类、构造及工作过程。耕地的主要目的是翻转土层、破碎土块、疏松土壤，恢复土壤的团粒结构，积蓄水分和养分；将地表面上肥料、杂草、残根埋入下层，防治病虫害，改善土壤的物理化学性质，提高土壤肥力，为农作物生长发育创造良好条件。耕地机械是用于耕地作业的机械，包括各种铧式犁、圆盘犁和旋耕机等。 我国目前使用的耕地机械主要是铧式犁。铧式犁按与拖拉机的挂结方式，可分为牵引犁、悬挂犁、半悬挂犁和手扶拖拉机犁四种。铧式犁的工作部件有主犁体，小前犁和圆犁刀，它们直接用来对土壤进行耕作，在各种不同类型的犁上，工作部件的构造大致相同。圆盘犁是利用球圆盘进行翻土碎土的耕地机具。其作用原理：是以滑切和撕裂的形式，扭曲和拉伸共同作用而加工土壤的。耕作时圆盘旋转，同圆盘耙耙片一样，圆盘与前进方向成一偏角，另外圆盘犁体的回转平面还与铅垂而成一倾角，使圆盘犁容易入上，改善了翻地性能。旋耕机是一种由动力驱动旋耕刀辊完成耕、耙作业的耕耘机械。它能较好地切断植被并将其混合于整个耕作层内，也能有效地将化肥、农药等混施于土内，在稻田内带水耕作能完成“起浆”作业。旋耕机的主要工作部件是刀滚。刀滚内刀片、刀轴和刀座等零件构成。按旋耕刀轴位置可分为横式(卧式)、立轴式(立式)和斜轴式。按与拖拉机的连接方式可分为与中型拖拉机配套的悬挂式和手扶拖拉机配套的直接连接式。按刀轴传动方式可分为中间传动式和侧边传动式。在侧边传动式中又按传动结构形式的不同分为侧边齿轮传动式和侧边链传动式。 （2）播种机械的类型、构造和工作过程。播种机按播种方式可分为撒播机、条播机、点播(穴播)机和精密播种机。按播种作物可分为谷物条播机、中耕作物播种机、棉花播种机、蔬菜播种机和牧草播种机等。按联合作业可分为施肥播种机、旋耕播种机、铺膜播种机、播种中耕通用机。按牵引动力分为畜力播种机和机引播种机。机引播种机按挂接形式，可分为牵引式、悬挂式和半悬挂式播种机。按排种原理可分为强制式、气力式和离心式播种机。 作物的播种过程主要由开沟、排种、复土三个基本工序组成，因此作为一般播种机来讲般由排种器、开沟器、输种管、覆土器利镇压轮等工作部件，以及机架、种子箱、传动装置、调节机构、起落(升降)机构行走轮和划行器等辅助部件组成。播种机工作时，种子由种子箱进入排种器中，排种器按一定播种量将种子排出，经输种管落到开沟器所开出的沟底，当开沟器走过之后，沟两侧的土壤塌下复盖在种子上，最后覆土器使地表平整 。（3）插秧机的类型及工作原理。水稻插秧机按适应秧苗的状态分拔洗苗型、带土苗型和两用型。按动力分为人力插秧机和机动插秧机两类。人力插秧机采用间歇插秧方式，插秧动作在机器停歇状态下进行，插秧动作结束后，手拉机器移动一个株距，再次进行插秧动作。机动插秧机采用连续插秧方式，在机器行进过程中完成分秧、插秧动作。机动插秧机又分手扶自走式、乘坐自走式和拖拉机悬挂式等类型。按分秧和插秧机构的运动特征可分为纵分滚动直插式、纵分摆动直插式和横分摆动直插式。滚动直插和摆动直插是指取秧器定位杆件分别由作圆周运动和作往复运动的机构驱动，并在轨迹控制机构的控制下完成分秧、插秧动作，取秧器在插秧段的运动轨迹接近与地面垂直，使形成的插孔较小，秧苗直立性和稳定性好。滚动直插只用于机动插秧机。插秧机的工作过程，因结构不同而各有差异，但基本流程大致相同。其“群体逐次分格取秧直接栽插”原理为：秧苗以群体状态整齐放入秧箱，随秧箱作横向移动，使取秧器逐次分格取走一定数量的秧苗，在插秧轨迹控制机构作用下，按农艺要求将秧苗插入泥土中，取秧器再按一定轨迹回至秧箱取秧。各种插秧机栽插部分的组成基本相同：人力插秧机由秧箱、分插秧机构、机架和浮体(船板)等组成，自走式机动插秧机还设有动力驱动、行走装置、送秧机构等部分。我的家乡开原单块田的面积较小，所以不适合使用大型的机械来耕作，加上大型设备有价格高、能耗大、维护费用大、搬动困难、对操作者的技术要求高等条件制约，所以一些小型农用机械得到了推广使用，而且其具有分拆方便、价格便宜、适应于任何土质的水田、操作简单、维修方便、工作效率高等优点，是一种真正可以进入每一个农民家庭的小型农机产品。四、实习报告（1）对实习单位的了解首先在实习单位抚顺市农机技术推广中心的会议室进行了实习动员会，在会中学习了辽宁省农业机械化的发展现状及主要方向，现在辽宁省的农业机械化主要在耕整地方面实现了普及，在收获上还是差很多，未来的一段时间内要加强收获机械的推广；参观并了解了实习单位现有的一些农业机械，其中包括对动力机械的了解（如:约翰迪尔等大型农机企业生产的拖拉机）、对耕整地机械的了解，对收获机械的了解。通过这些学习，我对书本上的知识更加理解，同时也学到了课堂上学习不到东西，对拖拉机的型号，动力，功率等有了一定的了解，了解了耕整地机械的效率及计算方法及一些铭牌的意义。（2）参观温室大棚日光温室是节能日光温室的简称，又称暖棚，是我国北方地区独有的一种温室类型。是一种在室内不加热的温室，即使在最寒冷的季节，也只依靠太阳光来维持室内一定的温度水平，以满足蔬菜作物生长的需要。其主要特点是日光温室一定要具有良好的采光屋面，能最大限度地透过阳光；保温和蓄热能力强，能最大限度地减少温室散热，温室效应强；温室的长、宽、脊高和后墙高、前坡屋面和后坡屋面等规格尺寸及温室规模要适当。一般上部覆盖一定厚度的草苫，来在寒冬保暖。一般日光温室的结构：日光温室的结构抗风压、雪载能力强；温室结构要求充分合理地利用土地，尽量节省非生产部分占地面积；建造时应因地制宜，就地取材，注重实效，降低成本。在北方的一些农村大部分是土质推成的，草苫主要靠人工。而在经济较发达的地方，主要是用钢管和塑料膜建立起来的，机械化普遍。同时还参观了有机蔬菜生产基地，知道了什么是真正的有机农业，品尝了真正的有机蔬菜，理解到了农业机械化的重要性，有机蔬菜在整个的生产过程中都必须按照有机农业的生产方式进行，也就是在整个生产过程中必须严格遵循有机食品的生产技术标准，即生产过程中完全不使用农药、化肥、生长调节剂等化学物质，不使用转基因工程技术，同时还必须经过独立的有机食品认证机构全过程的质量控制和审查。所以有机蔬菜的生产必须按照有机食品的生产环境质量要求和生产技术规范来生产，以保证它的无污染、富营养和高质量的特点。生产基地：基地必须保证其完整性即：基地的土地应是完整的地块，其间不能夹有进行常规生产的地块，但允许存在有机转换地块；有机蔬菜生产基地与常规地块交界处必须有明显标记，如河流、山丘、人为设置的隔离带等。生产基地的转换原则：在常规农业生产向有机农业生产转换过程中，不存在任何普遍的概念和固定的模式，关键是要遵守有机农业的基本原则有机农业的转换不仅仅是放弃使用化肥、合成农药和停止从外界购买饲料，重要的是要把整个生态系统调理成一个尽可能封闭的、系统内各个部分平衡发展的、稳定的循环运动系统。（3）参观旋耕机的工作过程旋耕机是与拖拉机配套完成耕、耙作业的耕耘机械。因其具有碎土能力强、耕后地表平坦等特点，而得到了广泛的应用。正确使用和调整旋耕机，对保持其良好技术状态，确保耕作质量是很重要的。旋耕机的使用方法及注意事项：作业开始，应将旋耕机处于提升状态，先结合动力输出轴，使刀轴转速增至额定转速，然后下降旋耕机，使刀片逐渐入土至所需深度。严禁刀片入土后再结合动力输出轴或急剧下降旋耕机，以免造成刀片弯曲或折断和加重拖拉机的负荷。在作业中，应尽量低速慢行，这样既可保证作业质量，使土块细碎，又可减轻机件的磨损。要注意倾听旋耕机是否有杂音或金属敲击音，并观察碎土、耕深情况。如有异常应立即停机进行检查，排除后方可继续作业。在地头转弯时，禁止作业，应将旋耕机升起，使刀片离开地面，并减小拖拉机油门，以免损坏刀片。提升旋耕机时，万向节运转的倾斜角应小于30度，过大时会产生冲击噪声，使其过早磨损或损坏。在倒车、过田埂和转移地块时，应将旋耕机提升到最高位置，并切断动力，以免损坏机件。如向远处转移，要用锁定装置将旋耕机固定好。每个班次作业后，应对旋耕机进行保养。清除刀片上的泥土和杂草，检查各连接件紧固情况，向各润滑油点加注润滑油，并向万向节处加注黄油，以防加重磨损。旋耕机的调整：左右水平调整。将带有旋耕机的拖拉初停在平坦地面上，降低旋耕机，使刀片距离地面5厘米，观察左右刀尖离地高度是否一致，以保证作业中刀轴水平一致，耕深均匀。前后水平调整。将旋耕机降到需要的耕深时，观察万向节夹角与旋耕机一轴是否接近水平位置。若万向节夹角过大，可调整上拉杆，使旋耕机处于水平位置。提升高度调整。旋耕作业中，万向节夹角不允许大于10度，地头转弯时也不准大于30度。因此，旋耕机的提升，对于使用位调节的可用螺钉在手柄适当位置拧限位；使用高度调节的，提升时要特别注意，如需要再升高旋耕机，应切除万向节的动力。（4）对气吸式播种机的工作程的学习及其作业效率的计算 气吸式播种机是一种靠负压吸取种子而实现精量播种的播种机。它与机械式播种机相比，其技术性能具有较强的优势。精播可实现单粒播种，精播可减少种子用量，降低种子成本，一般可节省种子8%10%。提高播种精密度，经田间实际检测，播种株距合格率可达到87%94%，明显高于机械精密播种只能达到58%-76%。漏播率、重播率明显降低，一般重播率8%12%，漏播率6%9%，明显低于机械式播种机。播种适应性强对长圆、扁、大、中、小等各种类型的作物种子都能满足播种要求。对种子几乎不造成伤害。6可实现高速播种。但气吸式播种机工作时，配套的拖拉机不但要带动整个播种机行走，还要带动风机做高速旋转，会额外消耗一定的燃油。气吸式播种机所配套风机要求加工精度较高，所以制造以及维护费用也相应增加了。作业效率计算：丈量作业面积，计算作业时间，及时间利用率，及一些费用的计算，以便于对某地区配备相应的农机具。（5）水稻旱直播一种完全利用自然降水进行水稻旱直播抗旱节水栽培技术,其特征在于：所述的栽培技术是根据水稻各生长发育阶段的需水要求和当地各级的旬自然降水规律的历史气象资料统计数据,调整水稻的生育期,使水稻的各生长发育阶段与当地各旬的自然降水规律相吻合,并配合采取相应的综合技术措施,达到抗旱节水、稳定增产的目的；其调整方法包括：选种：选择高产优质分蘖和再生能力强、抗性好、比较迟熟的稻种,计算其全生育期和营养生长期；确定播种期：根据当地春播阶段气候特点,结合土壤干旱状况,根据所选稻种的全生育期,以其营养生长期加上种子播到土壤中需要的吸水时间和萌芽出苗时间,以水稻孕穗期与当地田间有水层的时段吻合为基准,倒推确定春播的具体日期,保证水稻生长发育各阶段对水的需求与当地各级的旬自然降水规律相吻合协调,使水资源得到合理利用；其综合技术措施包括：旱整地：对进行旱直播的田块犁晒过冬,经过风化和干土作用下,土块容易破碎,在全田除草后、播种前710天进行23次耕耙,翻动土壤,使其形成良好的团粒结构和微团粒结构、增加孔隙、扩大体积、产生大量毛管孔隙和非毛管孔隙,有利形成土壤毛管水,蓄集水分,结合将作物秸杆还田或每亩施农家肥15002000公斤,另采取重施基肥措施；原创播种：原创播种是直接干播种子的方法,即不用浸种催芽、不需专门秧田、不需整理秧田、灌水耙田,不需育秧管理和扯秧移栽或抛栽,将不经浸种催芽的种子直接播到整地结束的土壤中,充分利用自然降水进行水稻生产,在旬降水量小于10毫米的3月间,进行原创播种,对经多次耕耙后的土壤进行开行,将水稻种子直接播到经旱整地的土地,机械或人工盖种,使种子在干旱的土壤中吸水约15天左右萌芽出苗；秧苗耐旱锻炼：在旬降水量小于30毫米的4月上、中旬进行土壤蓄集水分和秧苗耐旱锻炼：萌芽出苗后复盖作物秸杆,减少叶面蒸腾和地面蒸发,秧苗实行旱长,有利于秧苗的耐旱锻炼；促分蘖：在旬降水量3050毫米、50100毫米的4月下旬至5月末采取促分蘖措施：由3月中旬播种、种子在土壤中吸水、到旱长结束,前后约需35天左右,即进入4月下旬,旱直播水稻进入分蘖期,并形成独立根系,可根据每次降水大小和雨量多少,抓住下雨机会以少量多次的方式增施氮、钾速效肥,增加主根系和次生根系数量,扩大吸收面积,保障分蘖期的水肥供应充足；同时对幼苗喷施多效唑,用8001000倍浓度,在一叶一心、二叶一心期各喷多效唑一次,抑制主苗生长,促进分蘖；增施幼穗肥：在6月上、中旬旱直播水稻进入水稻孕穗期,水稻孕穗期是水分临界期,对水分供应最为敏感,6月上、中旬旬降水量为50100、100150毫米,水分供应足够,避免出现颖花退化和颖花不实现象；此时穗分化进入颖花分化期,可根据叶色变化增施幼穗肥-氮肥,增加叶绿素有利光合作用,增加结实率；田头挖水柜储水、按比例施粒肥：在旬降水量为100150毫米以上的6月中旬至7月中旬,雨水充足,水稻处于大胎抽穗期,正好需要充足的水分,同时采取在田头挖水柜储水,以备在再出现干旱时有水灌溉,保证水稻在大胎抽穗期的水分供应；在剑叶抽出三分之一时,即可根据比例施粒肥；加强排洪、防治病菌：在6月中旬至7月中旬出现洪涝时,即旬降水量为150200毫米以上,此时旱直播的禾苗已经拔节长高、茎杆粗硬,可以抵抗一定洪涝,另配合采取疏通排水沟、增加排洪设施,水退时一边打捞浪渣,一边冲洗叶面泥浆,水退后及时增施速效氮、钾肥料和喷施防治病菌药剂,提高植株抵抗能力和防止病菌发生。五、实习心得体会通过本次毕业实习，我学会了运用所学知识解决处理农业机械运行过程中出现的简单问题的方法与技巧，学会了与工作人员沟通相处的有效方法和途径。积累了处理有关人际关系问题的经验方法。同时我体验到了农业生产工作的艰苦性，通过实习，让我磨练了下自己，也锻炼了自己的意志力，提高了自己的动手操作能力和实践技能。总之，我在这此的实习过程中学到了很多在课堂上学不到的知识,使我受益匪浅。实习是我们每个大学生必须拥有的一段经历，其目的在于通过实习使学生获得基本生产的感性知识，理论联系实际，扩大知识面；同时专业实习又是锻炼和培养学生业务能力及素质的重要渠道，培养当代大学生具有吃苦耐劳的精神，也是学生接触社会、了解产业状况、了解国情的一个重要途径，逐步实现由学生到社会的转变。这些实际知识，对我们学习后面的课程乃至以后的工作，都是十分必要的基础。它使我们在实践中了解了社会，让我学到了很多在课堂上学不到的知识，开阔了视野，增长了见识，为我以后进一步走向社会打下坚实的基础。外商投资企业需改变登记注册事项,应当及时办理变更登记。变更项目应在报经原审批机关批准后30天内向登记主管机关申请办理变更登记。improve, security prevention capacity obviously enhanced, security hidden and security accident obviously reduced, effective guarantees information health development. XX Education Centre regularly carry out day-to-day network security monitoring information and equipment. By the appropriate technical staff, XX network engine room maintenance staff on site management and maintenance on a regular basis, scheduled viewing of networks, systems, databases and associated equipment operating conditions, and make a record. Computer lab maintenance managers regularly run a variety of devices in the school information system parameters, server systems and various data backup, so that there was a hardware failure in a system crash can resume quickly and efficiently. Computer lab maintenance managers establish a network antivirus system, Avira Virus system on a regular basis, and anti-virus software security assessment, time to upgrade. Computer lab maintenance management for all equipment in the room a regular dust, replace the old label. Regularly host servers, network switches, core routing, firewalls, hardware maintenance, such as equipment failure, should be processed in a timely manner in order to ensure safe and reliable operation of the system. In XX city information and equipment was established within the Centre, educational metropolitan area network center machine room XX. Servers and data stores and applications to set up in XX City metropolitan area network center machine room. WindowsServer2003, windowsServer2008, windowsServer2012, Linux, the operating system, the database for SQL Server2008, Office software, such as Microsoft Office software. Schools (units) of computer, information system security products for domestic products, including the use of 360 and kingsoft Internet security software. XX education metropolitan area network used by the server for HP, firewall and information security product for Huawei and Cisco products. In their daily work, to publicize related knowledge and information security considerations. Enhanced global awareness of network and information security, and strive to achieve network everyone knows security and virus before the guard, to improve network and information security, ensure that the XX education system network and information system security. Tracking reporting system requires all parties to strengthen collaboration, work closely with emergency safety plan developed XX education metropolitan area network, regularly carry out emergency drills, and carried out special funds every year to protect the security of information. Annual 2-3 professional training for network managers in the city, forming technology with a strong professional and technical team, school network managers on common network failures and be capable of solving security issues. Issues that cannot be resolved, timely forms of meetings, such as meetings, analysis, and solutions through a meeting, without rolling up the ability to solve problems, and feedback to superiors in writing departments to resolve. Through self-examination, we are well aware, relative lack of investment in education, facilities and equipment for further updates, education development is still uneven, new education concepts need to be further enhanced to some extent and restricting the development of city education. We will take the opportunity of government supervision, to strive for the province education demonstration counties as a driving force, further increase input in education, efforts to promote thelong wing, and Li Wanfu, and Michael Jenkins, and Chen Jian, and Song and xiaochuanyun, 7 bit comrade participate in province backbone face-to-face or network learning, do each teaching points are has teachers participate in training, October 17, 2013, issued XX city education information and equipment Center on requirements the teaching points school for good satellite ground station installation prepared of notification, requirements school related management personnel familiar XX province teaching points digital education resources full cover project construction management manual, Particularly with regard to installation preparation parts according to the point of XX province full covera