初高中英语词汇构词法详解.docx

构词法（一）（一）基础讲解 英语词的构成有一定的规律，这种规律称为构词法。掌握构词法对在文本中，理解、猜测新词、难词、怪词的词义有很大的帮助。在扩展词汇量的过程中，能起到“倍增器”的效果。常见的构词法有：转化法、合成法、派生法、截头法、去尾法、混成法等。在应用中，以前三种方法是用最广泛。 1、转化法 转化就是在词形不变的情况下，一个单词有一种词性转换为另一种词性。转换后的词义一般与原意有密切关系，但有时差异很大。对于双音节词转换后，读音也常常发变化。转化法一般有如下几种情况： 动词转名词 Look v. 看 n. 相貌 名词转动词 Air n. 空气 v. 通风 形容词转动词 Empty a. 空的 v. 倒空 形容词转名词 Right a. 右边的 n. 右侧 形容词转副词Long a.长的 ad. 长地 2、合成法 合成法就是将两个或两个以上的词合成的一个新词。合成词各个成分之间有的要用连字符连接，有的直接连在一起。 合成名词 Weekend(周末) software（软件）network（网络） 合成形容词 Large-scale（大规模的） face-to-face（面对面的） sugar-free（无糖的） 合成动词 Overthrow（推翻） heat-treat（热加工）undergo（经历） 3、 派生法 派生法是在一个词根的前面或后面加上某个词缀来产生新词。加在前面的叫前缀，加在后面的词缀叫做后缀。 前缀多引起词义的变化而不改变词性。后缀对词性、词义都可能有影响。 例如： dis agree ment （不同意 n .）前缀 词根 后缀 4、截短法(缩略法) 截短法，即将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变，主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。 截头 telephonephone aeroplaneplane omnibusbus 去尾 mathematicsmaths co-operateco-op examinationexam kilogramkilo laboratorylab taxicabtaxi 截头去尾 influenzaflu refrigeratorfridgeprescriptionscript 5、混合法(混成法) 混合法，即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性。 news broadcastnewscast新闻广播 television broadcasttelecast电视播送 smoke and fogsmog烟雾helicopter airportheliport直升飞机场 6、首尾字母缩略法 首尾字母缩略法，即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。 very important personVIP (读字母音)要人；大人物 televisionTV (读字母音)电视Testing of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL托福 （二）基础过关 1. There were _fish in the river in South America. A. in danger B. danger C. dangerous D. dangerless 答案：C 解析：空白为表语，需填如形容词，D项单词不存在，故选C 2. The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is_. A. sound B. silent C. silence D. sounded 答案：D 解析：空白为表语，需填入形容词。D与句意不符，故选C 3. The child looked at me_. A. stranger B. strangely C. strange D. strangeless 答案：B 解析：空白为状语，需填入副词。 4.The black people were against slavery and fought for their _ bravely. A. free B. freely C. freedom D. frees 答案：B 解析：空白处为修饰Bravely的副词，故选B。 5. What you said sounded_ but in fact it was untrue. A. reasonable B. reasonful C. reasonless D. unreason 答案：A 解析：A项为有道理的，符合句意。 6. Stephenson became the _ railway engineer in the world. A. lead B. leader C. leading D. leadership 答案：C 解析：空白处为定语修饰railway engineer，需用形容词。故选C。 7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked _about at his classmates. A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely 答案：B 解析：-ly为副词结尾，D项不存在。 8.To everyones _，the girl finished the job quite well. A. satisfied B. satisfactory C. satisfying D. satisfaction 答案：D 解析：空白在所有格后，应为名词，故选D。 9. No one should enter the spot without the_of the police. A. permit B. permission C. permitting D. permittence 答案：B 解析：B项为许可的名词形式，符合句意。 10. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. Its of great _. A. valuable B. valueC. valueless D. unvaluable 答案：B 解析：of结构后需加名词。A、C、D均不为名词。选B。 （三）能力提高 1. We have to learn _technology from other countries. A. advance B. advancing C. advantage D. advanced 解析：空白处为定语，修饰technology，技术是被先进的，故用-ed，选D。 2. The children live in a village _.They come here almost every day. A. nearby B. near C. nearly D. near by 答案：A 解析：空白为状语,C项词义是接近,而不是附近,故选A。 3.Mr Black is an _in the army，not an _in the government. You can not easily find him in his_. A. official；officer；office B. officer；office；official C. official；official；official D. officer；official；office 答案：B 解析：三个空白分别应填入军官、官员、办公室。故选B。 4.Youd better give up smoking if you want to keep _. A. health B. healthy C. healthily D. healthier 答案：C 解析：空白处为表语，应填入形容词，又没有比较，故用原级，选C。 5._ speaking，I didnt do it on purpose. A. Honestly B. Honest C. Honesty D. Dishonest 答案：A 解析：空白为状语，应填入副词，选A。 6. The _ordered him to pay a $100 fine. A. judger B. judgment C. judge D. judgement 答案：C 解析：judge为法官的意思，A项不存在，故选C。 7. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the _news about Iraq War? A. lately B. latest C. later D. latter 答案：B 解析：B项表示最新的，其余词义与句意不符。 8.To my _，I passed the exam easily. A. joy B. joyful C. joyless D. joyness 答案：A解析：所有格后应接名词，B、C、D均不是名词，故选A。构词法（二）（一）基础讲解 合成法中注意事项： 合成形容词一定要有连字符，其中名词不可以用复数。 合成名词变复数时，如果前面一个起修饰作用的名词是man或woman时，这个合成名词的前后两个名词均要变成复数形式。 （二）基础过关 1. The Chinese are a _ people. A. hard-worked and warm-hearted B. hard-working and warm-hearting C. hard-worked and warm-hearting D. hard-working and warm-hearted 答案：D解析：根据句意，应填入“努力的”和“勤劳的”应为 hard-working 和 warm-hearted。 2.What are you doing here? Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about _in English. You can write _passage in English? A. 600 words；a 600-words B. 600-word；a 600-words C. 600 words；a 600-word D. 600 words；a 600-words 答案：C 解析：第一个空格为介词后的宾语，必须用名词性结构。后一个为定语，需用形容词性结构，而合成形容词一定要有连字符，其中名词不可以用复数，故选C。 （三）能力提高 1.where does your uncle live? Oh，he lives in _house in England. A. a four-hundred-year-old wooden B. a four-hundred-year wooden old C. an old-four-hundred-year wooden D. a wooden four-hundred-year-old 答案：A 解析：本题考查名词前定语的排列以及合成形容词用法。材料比表示年龄、新旧的形容词更靠近中心词本质。 2. Canada is mainly an _country. A. English-speaking B. speak-English C. spoken-English D. English-spoken 答案：A解析：英语是主动说出来的，故用-ing结构，另一方面，speaking更接近中心词本质，故选A。构词法（三）（一）基础讲解 常见前后缀： 1前缀 词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。在大多数情况下，前缀往往改变词根的词义，而后缀更多改变的是原词根的词性。 具有否定意义（表示对词根反向的概念，另外包括外向概念、下概念、过度或不足概念等）的前缀有： ab - abuse滥用 abnormal 不正常的 anti- antiwar反战的 antitank反坦克的 antibody contra- contra-missile反导弹的 contradict矛盾的 counter- counterrevolution反革命 counterattack反击 de- demobilize复员 deforest砍伐森林 devalue 贬值 dis- dislike厌恶 dishonest不诚实的 disability无能 in- incorrect inactive inconvenient indirect il- illegal im- impossible improper impolite mal- maltreat虐待 malnutrition营养不良 malfunction功能失调 mis- mistake错误 mistrust不信任 mistrust non- nonsmoker不抽烟的人 nonsense nonstop out- outnumber在数量上超过 over- overuse使用过度 overlook俯视；忽视 overthrow推翻 re- replace reuse retell sub- subway地铁 subhead副标题 super- superpower超级大国 supersensitive过度敏感 un- unreal虚假的 unconditional无条件的 unjust不公正的vice- vice-president副总统 vice- chairman副主席 具有时间意义的前缀有： pre - preread preview prehistory史前 post- postwar postreading 具有地点、方向意义（包括上下、前后、来回、内外）的前缀有： ab- (away from) abnormal abuse ex- export出口 exclude排除 ex-soldier退伍军人 extra- extracurricular课外的 extraordinary格外的 fore- forehead前额 foreground前景 im- import进口 immigrate inter- interfere干涉 internet互联网 interactive互动 over- overtake oversleep sub- subway地铁 submarine海面以下的 super- superstructure上层建筑 trans- transatlantic横越大西洋的transport运输 under- underground地下的 underwear内衣ultra- ultraviolet紫外线 具有数量意义的有： mono- monoxide一氧化物 monotone单调 pan- Pan- American泛美的 bi- bilingual双语的 bicycle bimonthly di- dialogue dioxide hemi- hemisphere semi- semicircle半圆 tri- triangle三角形 penta- pentagon五角形 kilo- kilogram kilowatt milli- milligram millimetre micro- Microsoft microscope microwave mini- minibus miniskirt multi- multiparty多党的 co- cooperation coworker coauthor coexist 2后缀 最常见的形容词后缀有： -(a)ble : readable drinkable applicable valuable - al personal national practical global -(i)cal : typical biological -an American European -ian : Egyptian Canadian (名词和形容词同形) - ar similar solar -en: wooden golden -ern : eastern western -ese : Chinese Japanese（名词和形容词同形） -ful : useful skillful eventful successful -ic : atomic historic -istic : artistic realistic -tic : dramatic romantic -ish : childish reddish English i(ti)ve : sensitive primitive protective productive - less : homeless useless - like : childlike manlike -ly: friendlycostly daily -ent : insistent different -(i)ous : righteous正直的 anxious焦急的 curious好奇的 dangerous -proof: fireproof bombproof -some: troublesome lonesome -ward : downward seaward awkard- y : rainy rosy sleepy angry 最常见的名词后缀有： 表示具体的人的后缀： -er: prisoner gardener lawyer stranger -or: visitor actor operator inventor -ar: scholar liar beggar -eer: engineer mountaineer -ent: resident -ess: princess hostess goddess waitress actress -ian: musician physician -ist: scientist novelist specialist activist -ant: assistant servant accountant -ee: employee trainee examinee-zen: citizen netizen 表示抽象的动作情况的后缀： -acity : capacity -al: survival refusal arrival trial approval -ence ( - ance , -ency , -ancy ): influence acceptance difference -ment: movement equipment arrangement treatment -hood: boyhood neighborhood -ics: linguistics athletics -ness: darkness happiness illness -tion: celebration attraction contribution addition -ation: invitation application preparation pronunciation -sion: permission possession discussion conclusion decision -y: injury discovery difficulty delivery -(i)ty: variety reality ability safety nationality activity equality -ery: bakery nursery bravery -ful: bagful basketful handful -dom: freedom kingdom wisdom -(t)ure: mixture failure pressure pleasure -age: percentage marriage storage shortage -ship: leadership scholarship hardship friendship -ance: appearance entrance guidance performance -th: truth length strength youth warmth depth width death 最常见的动词后缀有： -ate：differentiate -en： sharpen darken strengthen fasten broaden threaten brighten weaken en-: enlarge enable encourage enjoy -fy： simplify beautify classify-ise(-ize)：criticize fertilize modernize realize （二）基础过关 1. That man was _enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job. A. care B. careful C. careless D. carelessness 答案：C 解析：空格处为表语，应填入形容词。根据句意，此人很马虎，careless符合句意。 2. The soldier died for saving the child，so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai. A. die B. dead C. died D. death 答案：D 解析：代词his后需要接名词。Death为名词。 3. The child looked _at his brother who was badly wounded. A. sadly B. sadness C. sadlly D. sad 答案：D 解析：look在本句中为系动词，后面需要加形同词。Sad为形容词。 4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a _. A. chemistry B. chemical C. chemist D. physician 答案：C 解析：前一句表明他善于化学，-ist表示家，chemist表示化学家。 5. Do you know the _ (deep) of the river? 答案：depth 解析：在动词know后作宾语或者说在冠词the后，用名词，故填depth。 6. The teacher was angry at my _ (come) late. 答案：coming 解析：在形容词性物主代词后或者说在介词后作宾语用名词或动名词，因come没有相 应的名词，故填coming。 7. The boy ran _ (quick) to school. 答案：quickly 解析：修饰动词ran作状语，用副词，故填quickly。 8. The _ (strength) we become, the more modest we should be. 答案：stronger 解析：在系动词become后作表语，用形容词，由句式结构可知，用比较级，故填stronger。 9.The little girl is _ (extreme) eager to know the result of the exam。 答案：extremely 解析：在形容词前作状语，用副词，故填extremely。 （三）能力提高 1.The three- _chair isnt suitable for a young child. He may fall off. A. legging B. legged C. legs D. leged 答案：B 解析：复合