河南工业大学土木工程专业作业英语作业.docx

Unit10：水密性浸入隧道虽然水密性是任何沉管的隧道设计的首要目标之一，设计不会亏如果(附带太小被忽略)。隧道元素的大型外围表面上未检测到的建设缺失的混凝土或防水膜或钢焊缝中未检测到针孔的可能性不能完全为直纹的。适当的维修方法存在和设计中，必须指定。水压力与隧道墙系统中必须避免的。提供适当的排水入内排水系统。此渗漏很小，不需要额外的排水和水仓容量。对于钢壳隧道元素，是纯粹由钢外壳本身提供的。水密性依赖于大量的焊缝的质量。内壳的混凝土是在压缩下的横向。对于混凝土隧道，泄漏有关的防水膜的质量，如果使用的话，和裂缝的发展。因此，在横向和纵向方向上的不同的结构的行为的理解是很重要的。在横向方向上，盒形的钢筋混凝土隧道总是有经历弯曲张力在屋顶和底板的区域，即使在横向压缩。的隧道段被设计成使得所得到的破解可以仅部分地渗透在压缩区足够厚，以避免通过缝隙泄漏，离开混凝土。在纵向的方向，强调是多低幅度比横向方向。基本压力是压缩。二级影响，可能会导致局部紧张不应导致全面深度裂缝。热收缩裂缝是典型的辅助效果。在厚厚的混凝土构件，水化热导致大量加热的成员。一段时间后该成员将冷却到环境温度。稀土盛鸿现在硬化混凝土的收缩可能会受到限制。为了保证充足，这发生在铸造到在较早阶段铸造的底板上墙。连接到刚性底板墙的冷却收缩的结果是磁珠在底板和墙的底部部分中的纵向拉伸应变。除非采取适当的措施，因此垂直深度的全方位的裂缝可以发生在约5米的间隔。制定了令人满意的进程，以避免这些施工裂缝，即通过减少水化，热和使用具有相对较低的水泥含量和强迫冷却的墙壁的下半部分的混凝土。有时这样做是与绝缘和基地合板加热相结合。如果不过发现裂缝，补救灌浆似乎有效。微分热发展的有效控制很大程度上取决于混凝土的热量。这一进程，反过来，是量的行政长官发挥了其中的直接职能。因此，典型混凝土混与高水泥因素(摘自公路结构)的使用可以在这方面的。有关于控制混凝土隧道渗漏的两个基本概念：扩大联合概念混凝土隧道防水的扩张联合概念涉及通过避免跨韵文实现水密性混凝土的开裂。100米长的隧道元素或更多与扩张而设计的。伸缩缝之间的长度是由完整的混凝土浇注，在20米的范围内的行为的反垄断长度决定的。两个线段之间的纵向联合基本上是无筋冷联合临矿物与现浇灵活。这种方式，隧道元素可以是向发展中国家之间伸缩缝，这可能会导致混凝土开裂的纵向拉伸应变无弯曲变形。它是联合的常见的做法，提供外部的或跨紧邻防水卷材。对必须采取非常谨慎。保证热裂解在未出现收缩。在运输和安装，这种隧道元素的线段必须结构耦合在纵向方向。这可以通过临时耦合杆、 有无预应力 ；或由临时纵向预应力十过隧道元素的完整长度。临时预应力筋通常是在安装后切的。然而，他们有时保持常驻例如，当弯曲弯曲的隧道不作预计，可能是桩基的情况防水膜概念。有好几个原因，例如地震荷载或控制的位移，它可能是使隧道为100米长度的因素。深度的全方位的横向混凝土裂缝可以开发，特别是在垂直施工缝，除非采取行动以减少这种可能性。与这样一个概念膜将信封，元素是一个先决条件，并发挥重要的作用。可能有其他原因使用防水卷材，如到临可以反对侵略性的素质，对周围的环境，或以支付裂缝可能与所选方法的施工不可避免的混凝土。当使用膜时，下方膜混凝土将单片，使用常规垂直施工具有连续的纵筋。防水的是连续过隧道艾利发了以下选项的完整长度用于防水。钢板下面的基础，墙壁和屋顶的沥青或塑料薄膜上。低于基准和两侧的钢板，只在屋顶上的沥青或塑料膜。钢板周围的一切。塑料膜四周。Unit 9 NATMNew Austrian Tunneling MethodNATM新奥地利隧道施工法The New Austrian Tunneling Method, or NATM, which is in fact a broader concept of geotechnical engineering than a single “method” , has often been mentioned as a “value engineered” version of tunneling due to its use of light, informal support.新奥德利隧道施工法 ，或是NATM事实上是岩土工程的一个广泛概念，而不仅仅是一个技术，由于其轻巧和简便的支护作用，它常常被当作是隧道工程中一个有效地工程技术。It has long been understood that the ground, if allowed to deform slightly, is capable of contributing to its own support.长期以来，人们普遍认为，如果允许轻微的变形，土体完全可以本身提供支撑。 NATM, with its use of modem means of monitoring and surface stabilization, such as shotcrete and rock bolts, utilizes this effect systematically.利用现代技术监控和处理表层土体稳定（喷浆混凝土处理或锚杆处理）的NATM技术更能系统地利用土体本身的支护特性。Historical Background 历史背景Traditional tunneling used first timber supports and later on steel arch supports in order to stabilize a tunnel temporarily until the final support was installed.传统的隧道开挖采用木棍做初步支护，然后再用钢拱支架支撑为了临时保持隧道的稳定直至最终支护的安装。 The final support was masonry or a concrete arch.最终支护常采用石拱或是混凝土拱。 Rock loads developed due to disintegration and detrimental loosening of the surrounding rock and loosened rock exerted loads onto the support due to the weight of a loosened rock bulb (described by Komerell, Terzaghi and others).周边岩石的破坏松动导致岩体荷载的增加，同时，由于疏松岩石本身重量的存在，它也会对支撑施加荷载（Komerell, Terzaghi及其他人如此描述） 。Detrimental loosening was caused by the available excavation techniques，the support means and the long period required to complete a tunnel section with many sequential intermediate construction stages.不利松动的产生与有效地开挖技术、支护方法及完成一段隧道的连续施工时的持续时间有关。 The result was very irregular heavy loading resulting in thick lining arches occupying a considerable percentage of the tunnel cross-section (in the early trans-Alpine tunnels the permanent structure may occupy as much as 40% of the excavated profile ). 结果导致支撑不均匀的重力荷载的拱占了隧道横截面的很大部分（早期，在trans-Alpine隧道中，永久支护占开挖横断面积多大40%）。In the first part of the 20th century tunnellers and scientists at that time understood the necessity to reduce deformations in order to utilise the carrying capacity of the rock mass, and the reciprocal relationship between support resistance and deformations.20世纪初叶，隧道施工者和技术人员已经意识到根据抵抗力和变形的反比关系，设法减小变形以致能充分利用岩体的承载能力。The New Austrian Tunneling Method ( NATM) grew out of experience with the old methods.新奥地利隧道施工法（NATM）借取了以往施工经验。 In his book “Gebirgsdruck und Tunnelbau” 1944 Prof. L. V. Rabcewicz published7 a systematic of rock pressure phenomena and their interpretation. 在 Gebirgsdruck und Tunnelbau一书中，1944年L. V. Rabcewicz 教授提出了岩体压力现象并系统地进行了阐述。In his patent of 1948 the basic principles of the concept were formulated.1948年他将有关理论研究申请成专利。 The essence was as follows ：With a flexible primary support a new equilibrium shall be reached.初期支护使得结构建立新的平衡。 This shall be controlled by in-situ deformation measurements.当然支护需要进行现场变形控制。After this new equilibrium is reached an inner arch shall be built. 当新的平衡建立后，再进行最种支护。In specific cases the inner arch can be omitted.特殊情况下，可以不进行最终支护。NATM Concept NATM 的概念The New Austrian Tunneling Method constitutes a design where the surrounding rock or soil formations of a tunnel are integrated into an overall ring like support structure.当隧道四周岩石或沙石能形成如同支撑结构的闭合环时，新奥地利隧道施工法可以为此进行设计。 Thus the formations will themselves be part of this support structure.这样，岩层本身就可以作为支撑结构的一部分。With the excavation of a tunnel the primary stress field in the rock mass is changed into a more unfavourable secondary stress field.伴随着隧道开挖的进行，早期岩体中的一次应力场将转变成更加不利的二次应力场。 Under the rock arch we understand those zones around a tunnel where most of the time dependent stress rearrangement processes takes place.通过石拱， 我们认识到隧道四周，大部分应力随时间将发生调整。This includes the plastic as well as the elastic behaving zone这包括塑性变形也包括弹性变形。.Under the activation of a rock arch we understand our activities to maintain or to improve the carrying capacity of the rock mass，to utilise this carrying capacity and to influence a favourable development of the secondary stress field.通过石拱开挖的认识，我们采取办法维持、提高并利用岩体的承载能力，同时将二次应力场向有力的方向发展。The main principles of NATM are ： NATM 的主要原理： The main load-bearing component of the tunnel is the surrounding rock mass.隧道的主要承重构件为四周的岩土。 Support is “informal” i. e. it consists of earth/rock-anchore and shotcrete, but support and final lining have confining function only这种支护是“非正式”的，特别是当岩土由沙土混合物和水泥喷浆组成时，而支撑和最终支护只起支撑作用时。 Maintain strength of the rock mass and avoid detrimental loosening by careful excavation and by immediate application of support and strengthening means. 通过精确开挖、及时支护及采用有效加固可以维持岩体的强度并避免岩体不利松动。Shotcrete and rock bolts applied close to the excavation face help to maintain the integrity of the rock mass.喷浆混凝土和石体锚固在开挖面层的使用有利于保持岩体的整体性。 Rounded tunnel shape ： Avoid stress concentrations in comers where progressive failure mechanisms start.圆形隧道：避免拐角处应力集中导致失效机理的产生。 Flexible thin lining： The primary support shall be thin-walled in order to minimise bending moments14 and to facilitate the stress rearrangement process without exposing the lining to unfavourable sectional forces.灵活的衬砌：初期支护采用薄壁作为支撑为了减小弯矩同时应力重新分布避免产生不利的内力组合。Additional support requirement shall not be added by increasing lining thickness but by bolting. 通过增加内壁的厚度并不能够提高其支撑能力，而应增加锚固杆件的使用。The lining shall be in full contact with the exposed rock.衬砌需要和所有暴露的岩石相连。 Shotcrete fulfills this requirement.喷浆混凝土恰能满足此要求。 Statically the tunnel is considered as a thick-walled tube consisting of the rock and lining. 静观，隧道可以看作是由厚壁管和岩石与衬壁构成。The closing of the ring is therefore important, i. e. the total periphery including the invert must be applied with shotcrete. 环形外围的闭合因此非常重要，特别是在外围连接处，必须采用喷浆混凝土连接。 In situ measurements:现场测定： Observation of tunnel behaviour during construction is an integral part of NATM.隧道施工现场检测是NATM施工法的组成部分。 With the monitoring and interpretation of deformations, strains and stresses, it is possible to optimise working procedures and support requirements.随着对变形、应力和应变的检测与分析的进行，使得优化施工程序和支护手段成为可能。The concept of NATM is to control deformations and stress rearrangement process in order to obtain a required safety level. NATM的本质是通过对变形和应力重分布的控制达到必要的安全水平。 Requirements differ depending on the type of project in a subway project in built up areas, stability and settlements may be decisive, in other tunnels stability only may be observed. 根据工程项目的不同，处理水平要求不同，在地铁工程和建筑工程中，地基稳定和沉降可能是决定因素，但在其它隧道工程中稳定可能不需要考虑。The NATM method is universal, but particularly suitable for irregular shapes. NATM施工技术是普遍的，但对于不规则的断面特别适用。 It can therefore be applied for underground transitions where a TBM tunnel must have another shape or diameter.因此，这种技术特别适用于地下交通运输线工程，此种情况如采用TBM施工技术则必须改变隧道断面形状或是断面直径。Unit 8 Ground Support with Sprayed Concrete喷射混凝土岩层支护A new type of sprayed concrete using coarsegrained aggregates and cement, with special additives to accelerate the hardening of the concrete, has been developed in Europe. 由粗骨料和水泥构成，加之添加剂加速其的硬化，这种新型混凝土在欧洲得以发展。Known as “shotcrete”, it has found increasing application as a means of ground support for underground excavations in Europe and North America.这种可以用来作为地下开挖工程的地面支护的“喷浆混凝土”在欧洲和北美得到越来越广的应用。Its use in underground mines has been largely experimental. 在地下矿产开采方面，它的应用已得到充分的实验验证。It was found that it could be used as a substitute for more conventional methods of ground support under normal underground ground conditions but that under adverse situations, such as talc schist and very wet conditions, it was not possible to apply it successfully. 在一般的地质条件下，它可以用来代替常规方法进行地面支护，但是，在一些特殊地质条件下，如含有滑石片岩或软土的地质条件下，这种混凝土就不能成功的得以利用。 Use of shotcrete as a means of ground support in underground mines is expected to increase.用作地下矿藏开挖的地面支护的喷浆混凝土有望进一步推广。New research in the use of sprayed cement with plastic types of additives is underway that may further increase the scope of its application.对混有塑性添加剂的喷射混凝凝土的研究可能会进一步加大它的应用范围。 Sprayed concrete associated with wire mesh is already finding wider application in underground excavations.而内衬有铁丝网的喷浆混凝土已经在地下开挖工程中得以广泛应用。 Application of Shotcrete 喷浆混凝土的应用There are two methods of mixing coarseaggregate shotcrete, namely wetmix and drymix.有两种混合粗骨料的喷浆混凝土的方法，它们分别为湿混法和干混法。The wet mix process involves the mixing of all the concrete constituents with water and the pumping the thick mixture through the delivery hose to the nozzle, where additional air is added and the material is sprayed onto the subject surface. 湿喷法的过程涉及混凝土原料和水的拌合，利用输送管传输浓稠的混合物到喷嘴并伴随空气的混入，最终整个混合物喷射到物体表面。The dry mix process allow an easier introduction of accelerating admixtures for rapid setting of concrete.干混法混有速凝剂来加速混凝土的凝固。 The accelerators generally admixtures of watersoluble salts which react chemically to alter the dissolution time of silica, alumina and lime in the cement, thus accelerating the hydration process.速凝剂通常混有可溶于水的盐类，它可以通过化学反应改变水泥中二氧化硅、氧化铝及石灰的分解速度，从而加速其水化合成。 Accelerators have been developed that enable the concrete to adhere to rock surfaces and to set under a heavy flow of water.速凝剂可以使混凝土吸附在岩石表面并且抵抗很大的水流冲击。The wetmix machines have not yet been developed to the stage where they can practically handle aggregates that are larger than 3/4 in. 湿混法的机械目前还不能混合粒径大于0.75英寸的颗粒。These types of machines are mainly used for underground stabilization rather than for support in poor ground. 这种机器主要用在处理地下工程的稳定问题而不是软弱地层的支护。A machine of this type is the true Gun All Model H, distributed by mining equipment company, and which is in relatively common use for underground applications where a thin coating of concrete, up to about 2 in. thick and having an aggregate of about 1/2 in. maximum size, is required for relatively dry condition.这种类型的机器是真正的全枪式H型的，由采矿设备公司生产，主要用于地下工程中，对于相对干燥的条件下，需要喷射的大概厚2英寸，混有粒径不超过0.5英寸的混凝土层。The Supporting Function of Shotcrete 喷浆混凝土的支护功能Shotcrete can be used either as a structural or as a nonstructural support. 喷浆混凝土既可以用作结构支撑也可以用作非结构支撑。Weak to plastic rocks and cohesionless soils require the application of a rigid, competent structure to prevent the ground from loosening and flowing into the opening.弱塑性岩石和无粘性土需要施加刚性且具有足够强度的结构来阻止土体的自由滑移。 This may be achieved by applying 4 or more inches of shotcrete.者通常需要喷射4英寸或更厚的喷浆混凝土。In more competent rocks, it may be used to joints and fractures, to prevent the lesser rocks movements that trigger rock pressures and failures. 在高强度岩层中，喷浆混凝土常用于岩体节理和裂隙中，防止松散岩体的移动导致岩体受压破坏。The shotcrete is applied 2 to 4 in. thick on the rough rocks, to fill cracks and hollows, to create an almost flat surface, and to eliminate notch effects; only a thin application is required on smooth surfaces.喷浆混凝土在粗糙岩石中一般喷涂2到4 英寸厚来填补裂缝和空洞，从而形成平滑表面消除切口效应，在光滑平面可以喷涂较薄些。 In this case, the intimately bonded concrete matrix acts as a glue to hold the keys and wedges that support the larger pieces of rock and, ultimately, the tunnel arch. 这种情况下，强粘合性混凝土基底充当胶合物，拱顶石和将楔粘合在一起来支撑大片岩石，最终支撑整个圆拱。This type of application is common in Sweden, where design of tunnel support based on shotcrete is very popular because of its effectiveness and low cost.这种技术的应用在瑞典相当普遍，基于喷浆混凝土的设计也非常受欢迎，因为其效果好且造价低。The shotcrete can also be used on the form of a thin sheet to protect newly excavated rock surfaces from attack and deterioration by air and water. 喷浆混凝土还可以制成薄喷层来保护新开挖的岩层表面，以防其受到空气和水的侵蚀和破坏。 In this form, it is a continuous flexible membrane against which the atmospheric pressure may act as a support.这种柔性喷射层可以充当支撑来抵抗大气压力。A Comparison of Gunite and Shotcrete压力喷浆和喷浆混凝土的对比Coarseaggregate shotcrete differs from similarly mixed and applied gunite in that the shotcrete is a true concrete containing coare ( up to 1.25 in ) stone in its aggregate, while gunite is commonly a cement sand mortar. 粗骨料喷浆混凝土与同样混合应用的水泥砂浆的不同在于喷浆混凝土是真正含有粗骨料（粒径最大为1.25英寸）的混凝土，而压力喷浆只是普通的水泥砂浆。The shotcrete differs from gunite in application and function in the following ways:两者的在应用和功能上的不同体现在以下方面：1) The gunite tends to form a thin cover over the rock, but shotcrete, if appliedimmediately after blasting, will supply both a seal and a support to stabilize a newrock surface. 压力喷浆只是形成薄的喷层覆盖在岩层表面，而爆破后即刻喷射的喷浆混凝土将形成密封层和支护来保持新的岩层的稳定。The strong shotcreterock bond is thought to be due to the action of the specially developed acceleratingadmixtures which do not allow the concrete to slough away from the rock surface, the peening effect of the large aggregate particles on the finer particles, and the design of the shotcreting machines used.强力喷浆混凝土岩石的粘结效果决定于特效速凝剂的使用（阻止混凝土脱离岩体）、粗骨料对细骨料的击锤作用及喷浆混凝土机械的合理使用。2) The shotcrete uses large (up to 1.25 in ) aggregate which may be mixed with cementand sand at its inherent moisture content without the expensive drying that is often required with gunite.喷浆混凝土采用粗粒径骨料（大至1.25英寸）同时混有水泥和砂浆吸收多余水分，这样就节省了昂贵的烘干费用，而压力喷浆常常需要烘干。 It can also be applied in thickness of up to 6 in. in one pass, whereas gunite is necessarily restricted to thickness of not over 1 inch.在一次喷浆过程中，喷浆混凝土可以最厚喷至6英寸，相比，压力喷浆只能限制不超过1英寸。Thus the shotcrete quickly becomes a strong support as well as a stabilizer of rough open ground.因此，喷浆混凝土可以快速形成较强的支护层，同时也可以作为露天粗糙地面的稳定层。3) The accelerating admixtures used in shotcreting aid it in achieving a bond with therock, even though the shotcrete may actually be weaker than conventional concrete of similar mix proportions but with less accelerator.喷浆混凝土中添加速凝剂目的在于在岩石之间形成粘结作用，虽然与同样配比且添加更少的催化剂的混凝土相比，其强度较低。 It is waterproof and characterized by high early strength (about 200 psi in one hour ), due not only to the admixtures but also to the degree of compaction received from impact velocities of 250-500ft.per sec. and to its low water/cement ratio (about 0.35 ).其防渗性和早期高强度性（一小时后可达200磅每平方英寸）并不全部取决于速凝剂，也取决于每秒250至500英尺速度的冲击及较低的水灰比（大约为0.35）。 Shotcrete , with special additives, can transform a rock of minor strength into a stable one, and weak to plastic rocks sprayed with it can remain stable with only a few inches of shotcrete support. 混有特效添加剂的喷浆混凝土可以形成低强度的岩石，进而形成强度较高的岩石，喷有少量喷浆混凝土的的低塑性岩层也可以保持很好地稳定性。Because of its creep properties, shotcrete can sustain significant deformation over months or years without failure by cracking由于其蠕变性，数月后甚至数年后喷浆混凝土可以发生明显的变形以防岩体因裂隙而破坏。Unit 7 HighRise Buildings 高层建筑High rise buildings are closely related to the city: they are a natural response to dense population concentration, scarcity of land, and high land costs.高层建筑与城市密切相关：它们的出现是城市人口日益集中、土地资源越发稀缺和昂贵的自然结果。 The massing of the high rise buildings evolves out of the designers interpretation of the environmental context and his response to the purpose of the building.高层建筑群是在由建筑师们对建筑环境和建筑功能的进行研讨的基础上发展而来的。 A high rise building may be free standing that is, vertical and slender or horizontal and bulky-or it may be placed directly adjacent to other tall buildings, thus forming a solid building block.一栋高层建筑可能独自挺立，也就是说，其高耸而纤细或低沉而庞大，或是与其它高层建筑毗邻，而形成坚实的一体。In both approaches the building is basically an isolated object.无论何种形式，建筑基本上是一独立的结构。 However, the tall building of the future may very well be an integral part of one large building organism, where the buildings or activity cells are interconnected by multilevel movement systems.然而，未来的高层建筑很可能是巨大的建筑有机体的一部分，各建筑或活动单元之间由多层的运转系统相连。 High-rise buildings range in height from below 10 to more than 100 stories.高层建筑的高度可由10层以下到100多层不等。 A rather complex planning process is necessary to determine the height or the massing of a building.必须采用比较复杂的进程计划来决定建筑的高度和体量。 Some of the factors to be considered are the clients needs versus the land available and the location of the land as relate to facets of the environmental context, for example, necessary services to support the building and its inhabitants or the ecological impact of the building or the scenic character of the landscape.所需要考虑的因素包括客户需求和土地供应关系、建筑和居民生活的基础设施建设情况及建筑的商业价值和周边自然环境。The development of the high rise building follows growth closely of the city. 高层建筑的建设和城市的发展密切相关The process of the urbanization, which started with the age of industrialization, is still in progress in many part of the world. 在世界的许多地方，伴随工业化而产生的城市化依旧在进行。In the United States this progress began in the nineteenth century; people migrated from rural to urban areas, thereby forcing an increase in the density of cities. 在美国，城市化发生于19世纪，人们从乡镇前往城市加速了城市的密集化。Technology responded to this pressure with the light weight steel cage structure, the elevator, and the energy supply systems necessitated by the high density vertical city.随着技术的发展，高密度、垂直化城市所必需的轻型钢结构框架、电梯、能量供应系统的产生缓解了城市化面临的压力。 At the beginning of this century building block about 20 stories high were set opposite each other, separated only by dark narrow streets, forming urban canyons. 本世纪初，20层左右的建筑彼此间均相互对立，之间被黑黑而又狭长的街道分割，形成一道道城市峡谷。Primary concern was the pla