研究生综合英语修订版Unit5ppt课件.ppt

U5,AdditionallnformationfortheTeachersReference,TextSolveThatProblemwithHumor,Warm-upActivities,FurtherReading,SpeakingSkills,AdditionalWork,1,Warm-upActivities,Warm-up1,1.Howimportantisasenseofhumourtosociallife?Citeexamplestoillustrateyouridea.2.Somepeoplethinkasenseofhumourisinnate,aqualitythatoneisbornwith,whileothersbelieveitcanbecultivatedlaterinlife.Whichonedoyoubelievein?Howcanwecultivateasenseofhumour,ifpossible?3.Tellahumorousstorythatyouknowtoamusetheclass.,2,1.WilliamD.EllisWilliamD.EllisisanAmericannovelist.Seeminglypartarchaeologist,partanthropologist,partgenealogist,andpartpsychologist,Ellisminedthecenturiestounearththerawmaterialhewouldmoldintohisfictionandnonfictionbooks.Withnoinstrumentmoreelaboratethanatypewriter,hemanagedtocreatepopularregionalhistoriesandaward-winningvolumesofhistoricalfictionthatbroughtOhiospasttolifeinamannerthatwasnotjustinformativeandentertaining,butasvividasanepicfilm.EllisreceivedaPulitzerPrizenominationforhisbest-sellingtrilogyofnovels:BountyLands(1958),JonathanBlair:,AIFTTR1,AdditionalInformationfortheTeachersReference,3,AIFTTR2,BountyLandsLawyer(1966),andTheBrooksLegend.TheyreflectedtherealityoflifeonthefrontieratatimewhenOhiowasconsidered“theWest”andthehardshipsofdailyexistencefaroutweighedthepleasures.,4,AIFTTR3,2.RolandMichenerDanielRolandMichener(1900-1991)wasGovernorGeneralofCanadafrom1967to1974.In1967,hebecamethefirstgovernorgeneraltogivetheOrderofCanada,thenationshighestcivilianhonor.HealsoawardedthefirstOrderofMilitaryMeritin1972.AndheencouragedallCanadianstolearnbothEnglishandFrench.HistenureasCanadasGovernorGeneralisoftenconsideredtobeakeyturningpointinthehistoryofhisoffice.SincehisretirementtheGovernorGeneralshiphasmoveddramaticallyinalessformaldirection.,5,AIFTTR4,3.EuropesCommonMarket,TheEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC),alsoknownasthe“CommonMarket”intheUnitedKingdom,wasaninternationalorganizationcreatedin1957tobringabouteconomicintegrationbetweenBelgium,France,Germany,ItalyandtheNetherlands.ManynationsofWesternEuropebandedtogetherintovariousorganizationsduringthepostwaryears.Thesenationshopedtosolveproblemsbyworkingtogethermoreclosely.TheCouncilofEuropewasformedin1949tolinkitsmembernationsculturally,socially,andeconomically.TheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC),organizedin1951,sought,6,AIFTTR5,tounifythecoal,iron,andsteelindustriesofBelgium,France,Italy,Luxembourg,theNetherlands,andWestGermany.In1957,thesixECSCmembersformedtheEuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC)whichaimedatremovingbarrierstothemovementofgoods,workers,capital,andservicesamongitsmembers.Itsinceenlargedtosixotherstatesandfrom1967itsinstitutionsalsogovernedtheECSCandEuropeanAtomicEnergyCommunity(EAECorEuratom)underthetermEuropeanCommunities.WhentheEuropeanUnion(EU)wascreatedin1993,theEECwastransformedintotheEuropeanCommunity,oneoftheEUsthreepillars,withEECinstitutionscontinuingasthoseoftheEU.,7,AIFTTR6,4.LondonBlitzInthesummerof1940,Germanybegananall-outairattackonBritain.Londonbecamethechieftargetoftheattack.TheBlitz,astheattackwasknown,lastedfromSeptember1940toMay1941.Nightafternight,Germanplanesdroppedtonsofbombsonthebuilt-uparea.TheCityandtheindustrialEastEndwereespeciallyhard-hit.Peopletookrefugeinair-raidsheltersandsubwaystationsasfiresragedthroughwholeblocksofbuildings.,8,AIFTTR7,5.GeorgeC.MarshallMarshall,GeorgeCatlett(1880-1959),anAmericansoldierandstatesman,servedaschiefofstaffoftheUnitedStatesArmyduringWorldWarII(1939-1945).WinstonChurchillacclaimedhimas“organizerofvictory”forhisleadershipoftheAlliedvictoryinWorldWarII.Healsoservedassecretaryofstatefrom1947to1949andassecretaryofdefensein1950and1951.Marshallwasthefirstprofessionalsoldiertobecomesecretaryofstate.In1947,whileservinginthatpost,heproposedtheEuropeanRecoveryProgram,alsocalledtheMarshallPlan.Underthisplan,theUnitedStatesspentbillionsofdollarstorebuildwar-tornWesternEurope.TheMarshallPlaniscredited,9,AIFTTR8,withhelpingcheckthespreadofCommunisminEurope.MarshallsroleinEuropeanreconstructionearnedhimthe1953NobelPeacePrize.,10,AIFTTR8,6.Roosevelt,FranklinDelanoRoosevelt(1882-1945),oftenreferredtobyhisinitialsFDR,wasthethirty-secondPresidentoftheUnitedStates.Electedtofourtermsinoffice,heservedfrom1933to1945andistheonlyU.S.presidenttohaveservedmorethantwoterms.RooseveltledtheUnitedStatesthroughitsworstdepressionandthroughitsworstwar.RoosevelttookofficeasPresidentatthedepthoftheGreatDepression.Inhisinauguraladdress,hecalledforfaithinAmericasfuture.“Theonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself,”hedeclaredboldly.HecreatedtheNewDealtoproviderelieffortheunemployed,recoveryoftheeconomy,andreformoftheeconomicandbankingsystems.OneofhismostimportantlegaciesistheSocialSecuritysystem.,11,AIFTTR9,BeforeAmericasentryintoWorldWarIIinDecember,1941,RooseveltmadetheUnitedStatestheprincipalarmssupplierandfinancieroftheAllies.AstheAlliesnearedvictory,Rooseveltplayedacriticalroleinshapingthepost-warworld,particularlythroughtheYaltaConferenceandthecreationoftheUnitedNations.Later,theAlliesdefeatedGermany,ItalyandJapan.PeopleinallpartsoftheworldadmiredRooseveltforhispersonalcourage.Althoughhewascrippledbypolioattheageof39,henevergaveuphiscareerofpublicservice.,12,AIFTTR10,7.WorldWarII,WorldWarIIortheSecondWorldWar,oftenabbreviatedasWWIIorWW2,wasaworldwidemilitaryconflict；theamalgamationoftwoseparateconflicts,onebeginninginAsia,1937,astheSecondSino-JapaneseWarandtheotherbeginninginEurope,1939,withGermanysinvasionofPoland.Thisglobalconflictsplitamajorityoftheworldsnationsintotwoopposingmilitaryalliances:theAlliesandtheAxis.RegardedasthehistoricalsuccessortoWorldWarI,WorldWarIIresultedinthedeathsofover70millionpeople,makingitthedeadliestconflictinhumanhistory.TheconflictendedinanAlliedvictory.ItbroughtaboutthedownfallofWestern,13,AIFTTR11,EuropeasthecenterofworldpowerandledtotheriseoftheworldstwoleadingsuperpowerstheUnitedStatesandSovietUnion,settingthestagefortheColdWarforthenext45years.Thedevelopmentoftheatomicbombduringthewaropenedthenuclearage.,14,AIFTTR12,8.Germanconcentrationcamp,TheGermanconcentrationcampisaplacewherepeopleareimprisoned,andinsomecaseskilled,withoutlegalproceedings.Manycountrieshaveimprisonedpeopleinconcentrationcampsbecauseoftheirpoliticalviews,religiousconvictions,ethnicbackground,orsocialattitudes.Thebest-knowncampswerethoseoperatedbytheNazisduringtheHolocaust,acampaignofsystematicmurderwagedagainstJewsandothersduringWorldWarII(1939-1945).TheNazisimprisonedandkilledmillionsofpeopleinsuchcamps,firstinGermanyandlaterinGerman-occupiedEurope.,15,Text,SolveThatProblemwithHumor,Notes,IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheArticle,PhrasesandExpressions,Exercises,MainideaoftheText,16,MIOTT1,MainideaoftheText,Inthetext,WilliamD.Ellisillustratesthesoothingandbolsteringpowerofhumorthroughseveralexamples.Heclaimshumorisaneffectivetoolthatcanfreepeoplefromembarrassment,heatedarguments,hostileconfrontationandevendisasters.Itissuggestedbytheauthorthathumorbeappliedinourdailylife.,17,IntroductiontotheAuthorandthearticle,IntroductiontotheAuthorandtheArticle,WilliamD.EllisisanAmericannovelist.Seeminglypartarchaeologist,partanthropologist,partgenealogist,andpartpsychologist,Ellisminedthecenturiestounearththerawmaterialhewouldmoldintohisfictionandnonfictionbooks.Withnoinstrumentmoreelaboratethanatypewriter,hemanagedtocreatepopularregionalhistoriesandaward-winningvolumesofhistoricalfictionthatbroughtOhiospasttolifeinamannerthatwasnotjustinformativeandentertaining,butasvividasanepicfilm.EllisreceivedaPulitzerPrizenominationforhisbest-sellingtrilogyofnovels:BountyLands(1958),JonathanBlair:BountyLandsLawyer(1966),andTheBrooksLegend.Theyreflected,18,IntroductiontotheAuthorandthearticle2,therealityoflifeonthefrontieratatimewhenOhiowasconsidered“theWest”andthehardshipsofdailyexistencefaroutweighedthepleasures.Ellisportraysthevicissitudesofpioneerexistencewithunsparingattentiontodetail,remindingcomplacentmid20thcenturyOhioansofthestrengthandcourageoftheirforebears.HisTheCuyahoga(1966)isstillconsideredthedefinitiveaccountoftheriveranditshistoricalimportancetoClevelandandnortheasternOhio.Inthisessay,Ellisillustratesthesoothingandbolsteringpowerofhumorthroughseveralexamples.Heclaimshumorisaneffectivetoolthatcanfreepeoplefromembarrassment,heatedarguments,hostileconfrontationandevendisasters.Itissuggestedbytheauthorthathumorbeappliedinourdailylife.,19,Part2_T1,Alotofusloselifestougherconfrontationsbymountingafrontalattackwhenatouchofhumormightwellenableustochalkupawin.Considerthecaseofayoungfriendofmine,whohitatrafficjamenroutetoworkshortlyafterreceivinganultimatumaboutbeinglateonthejob.AlthoughtherewasagoodreasonforSamschronictardinessseriousillnessathomehedecidedthatthisby-now-familiarexcusewouldntworkanylonger.Hissupervisorwasprobablyalreadypacingupanddownwithadismissalspeechrehearsed.,WilliamD.Ellis,SolveThatProblemwithHumor,Text,20,Part2_T2,Hewas.Samenteredtheofficeat9:35.Theplacewasasquietasalockerroom;everyonewashardatwork.Samssupervisorapproachedhim.Suddenly,Samforcedagrinandshovedouthishand.“Howdoyoudo!”hesaid.“ImSamMaynard.ImapplyingforajobwhichIunderstandbecameavailablejustminutesago.Doestheearlybirdgettheworm?”Theroomexplodedinlaughter.Thesupervisorclampedoffasmileandwalkedbacktohisoffice.SamMaynardhadsavedhisjobwiththeonlytoolthatcouldwin,alaugh.Humorisamosteffective,yetfrequentlyneglected,meansofhandlingthedifficultsituationsinourlives.Itcanbeusedforpatchingupdifferences,apologizing,saying“no,”criticizing,orgettingtheotherfellowtodowhatyouwantwithouthislosing,21,Part2_T3,face.Forsomejobs,itstheonlytoolthatcansucceed.Itisawaytodiscusssubjectssosensitivethatseriousdialogmaystartariot.Forexample,manybelievethatcomediansontelevisionaredoingmoretodayforracialandreligioustolerancethanarepeopleinanyotherforum.Humorisoftenthebestwaytokeepasmallmisunderstandingfromescalatingintoabigdeal.Recentlyaneighborofminehadasquabblewithhiswifeasshedrovehimtotheairport.Airborne,hefeltmiserable,andheknewshedid,too.Twohoursaftershereturnedhome,shereceivedalong-distancephonecall.“Person-to-personforMrs.I.A.Pologize,”intonedtheoperator.“ThatsspelledPasin.”Inatwinkling,thewholedaychangedfromgrimtolovelyatbothendsofthewire.,22,Part2_T4,AnEnglishhostesswitha40quickwitwasgivingaformaldinnerforeightdistinguishedguestswhomshehopedtoenlistinamajorcharitydrive.AusteritywasderigueurinEnglandatthetime,andshehaddraftedherchildrentoservethemeal.Sheknewthatanythingcouldhappenanditdid,justasherson,withthestudiedconcentrationofatightropewalker,broughtinalargeroastturkey.Hesuccessfullyelbowedtheswingingdining-roomdoor,butthebackswingknockedthebirdontothedining-roomfloor.Theboystoodrooted.Guestsstaredattheirplates.Movingonlyherhead,thehostesssmiledatherson.“Noharm,Daniel,”shesaid.“Justpickitupandtakeitbacktothekitchen”sheenunciatedclearlysohewouldthinkaboutwhatshewassaying“andbringintheotherone.”,23,Part2_T5,Awinkandaone-linerinstantlychangedthedinnerfromared-facedembarrassmenttoaconspiracyoffun.Thepowerofhumortodissolveahostileconfrontationoftenliesinitsunspokenpromise:“Youletmeoffthehook,myfriend,andIllletyouoff.”Thetrickistoassignfriendlymotivestoyouropponent,tosmilejustalittlebutnottoomuch.CanadasGovernor-GeneralRolandMichener,masterofthetechnique,wasabouttoinspectapublicschoolwhenhewasfacedwithatruculentpicketlineofstrikingmaintenancepersonnel.Ifhebackedawayfromtheline,hewouldseriouslydiminishhisofficesimage;ifhecrossedit,hemightputthegovernmentsmackintoahotlaborissue.,24,Part2_T6,Whileheponderedthematter,morestrikersgatheredacrosshispath.Suddenly,thegrayingmustacheonMichenersfacestretchedalittleinCheshireancomplicity.“Howveryniceofyoualltoturnouttoseeme!”heboomed.“Thankyou.Shallwegoin?”Thelinepartedand,bythetimethepicketsbegantochuckle,thegovernor-generalwasstridingbrisklyuptheschoolsteps.Nexttimeyoufindyourselfinanethnicallyawkwardsituation,takealessonfromthediplomaticdelegatestoEuropesCommonMarket.Inthecourseofhistorynearlyeverymembernationhasbeeninvadedorbetrayedbyatleastoneoftheothers,andtheMarketsharmonymustbeconstantly,25,Part2_T7,buttressed.Onemethodisthelaughbasedonnationalcaricatures.Recently,anewarrivalatMarketheadquartersinBrusselsintroducedhimselfasaMinisterfortheSwissNavy.Everybodylaughed.TheSwissdelegateretorted,“Well,whynot?ItalyhasaMinisterofFinance.”Ofcourse,humorisoftenmorethanalaughingmatter.Initsmorepotentguises,ithasaTrojanhorsenature:noonegoesonguardagainstagag;weletitinbecauseitlookslikealittlewoodentoy.Onceinside,however,itcanturnacitytoreform,torebellion,toresistance.Somebelieve,forinstance,that,nexttotheheroicBritishRAF,BritishhumordidthemosttofendoffaGermantakeoverinWorldWar.Onesamplewillsuffice:thatfamousstoryofthewomanwhowasfinally,26,Part2_T8,extractedfromtherubbleofherhouseduringtheLondonblitz.Asked,“Whereisyourhusband?”shebrushedbrickdustoffherheadandarmsandanswered,“FightinginLibya,thebloodycoward!”Whenlifehasusinatightcorner,oneofthefirstquestionswemightaskis,“CanIsolvethiswithalaugh?”Menwithgiantresponsibilitieshavefrequentlyusedthisapproachtogiantproblemsoftenwithsweepingeffect.AsGen.GeorgeC.Marshall,U.S.ArmyChiefofStaff,laboredtopreparethisthen-unreadynationtoenterWorldWar,hemetstiffoppositionfromhisCommander-in-Chiefregardingtheelementsthatcalledforthemostbolstering.Marshallfeltthatwhatweneededmostwerehighlydevelopedgroundforces.,27,PresidentRooseveltwasanavymanwhobelievedthatourprincipalneedwasforapowerfulnavy,plusalargeairforce.InincreasinglytensedebateswiththePresident,Marshallpushedhisargumentsohardthathebegantofostereverstrongerresistance.Finally,duringaparticularlyhotsession,theusuallystone-facedMarshallforcedagrin.“Atleast,Mr.President,”hesaid,“YoumightstopreferringtotheNavyasusandtheArmyasthem.”RooseveltstudiedMarshalloverhisglasses,thenburstintolaughter.ShortlythereafterhemadeamoreobjectivestudyofMarshallsrecommendationsandeventuallyboughttheground-forceconcept.,Part2_T9,28,Part2_T10,Occasionally,humorgoesbeyondsavingarguments,savingfaceorsavingjobs;itcansavelifeitself.VictorE.FranklwasapsychiatristimprisonedinaGermanconcentrationcampduringWorldWar.Astheshrinkingnumberofsurvivingprisonersdescendedtonewdepthsofhell,Franklandhisclosestprisonerfriendsoughtdesperatelyforwaystokeepfromdying.Piledontopofmalnutrition,exhaustionanddisease,suicidaldespairwasthebigkillerinthesecitadelsofdegradation.Asapsychiatrist,Franklknewthathumorwasoneofthesoulsbestsurvivalweapons,sinceitcancreate,ifonlyformoments,aloofnessfromhorror.Therefore,Franklmadearulethateachdayheandhisfriendmustinventandtellanamusinganecdote,specificallyaboutsomethingwhichcouldhappenaftertheirliberation.,29,Otherswerecaughtupinthecontagionofdefiantlaughter.Onestarvingprisonerforecastthatinthefuturehemightbeataprestigiousformaldinner,andwhenthesoupwasbeingserved,hewouldshatterprotocolbyimploringthehostess,“Ladleitfromthebottom!”Ifhumorcanbeusedsuccessfullyagainstsuchodds,whatcantyouandIdowithitindailylife?,Part2_T11,30,thisby-now-familiarexcuse:thisoftenusedexcuse,Notes,Part2_TA_Notes1,alockerroom:aroomcontaininglockers,asinagymnasium,factory,orschool,forchangingclothesandforthestorageofpersonalbelongings,Doestheearlybirdgettheworm?:Canapersonwhoseizestheearliestopportunitygetwhathewants?Samsquestionusesawell-knownidiomthathastwomainsenses:“Hopoutofbedasearlyasthebirdsdointhemorning;dontgetuplate;”and:“Thebestoncein-a-lifetimeopportunitieshappentopeopleatthefrontoftheline,i.e.,thepeopletryinghardesttogetthem.”Clearly,31,Part2_TA_Notes2,Notes,Samisnotanearlybird,inthefirstsense:heisabouttolosehisjobbecauseheistoooftenlateforwork.Superficially,Samsquestionisintendedtoshowheisan“earlybird”intheidiomssecondsense:heisanaggressivego-getter,readyandwaitingtoreplacetheirlaggardlyemployeethoughthesoon-to-be-axedemployeeisnoneotherthanhimself!Thisisfunnybecauseitsimultaneouslyreferstobothmeanings,inawaysocontradictorytorealityastorequireittobeunderstoodhumorously.,32,Part2_TA_Notes3,Notes,“Person-to-personforMrs.I.A.Pologize,”intonedtheoperator.“ThatsspelledPasin.”:Thesentenceimpliesthattheoperatorhasmissedthejoke(thehusbandhaswiredhiswife“Iapologize”)bycontinuingtospelloutthe“name”ofthecaller.,33,Part2_TA_Notes4,Notes,aconspiracyoffun:TheEnglishhostesstellstheboytobringoutthesecond“other”roastturkeyfromthekitchen,toreplacetheonetheboydroppedinthediningroom.Alltheguestsparticipateinwhatisusuallytermedaconspiracyofsilence,tosavetheboysandthefamilysface.Thus,in“aconspiracyoffun”,noonementionswhatallpresentknow:thereisNOotherturkey(notunexpected,duringthehardtimesofwar).,atruculentpicketlineofstrikingmaintenancepersonnel:“Picket”isoriginallyanounmeaningwoodslatsusedtomakeafence.Hereitreferstostrikingmaintenanceworkersformingapicketlinebystandingclosetogetherlikeafence,toprotestandblockentrancetotheirplaceofwork.,34,Part2_TA_Notes5,Notes,inCheshireancomplicity:grinninglikeaCheshirecatsmilingverywidely.ThisphrasecomesfromLewisCarrollsfamouschildrensstoryAliceinWonderlandwhichfeaturesaCheshirecatwhoisknownforitsbroad,devilish-lookinggrin.,EverybodylaughedTheSwissdelegateretorted,“Well,whynot?ItalyhasaMinisterofFinance.”:ThelaughterwhichgreetsthenewarrivalsannouncementsuggeststhattheSwisshavenoneedofanavyoranavalministersinceSwitzerlandisalandlockedcountry.TheSwissdelegatesretortisaninsinuationthatifaMinisterofSwissNavyisredundant,thentheItalianMinisterofFinanceisalsoredundantsinceItalyhasnomoney.,35,Part2_TA_Notes6,Notes,aTrojan-horsenature:TheoriginalTrojanhorsewasalargewoodenstatueleftbytheGreeksoutsideTroy,duringtheTrojanWar.Trickedintobelievingitwasagift,theTrojansbroughtitinsidetheircitywalls.GreeksoldiershidinginsidethehorseattackedTroybysurpriseatnight,defeatingtheirenemy.HeretheauthorsuggestshumorislikeaTrojanhorsebecauseofitsabilitytoamuse,winover,andhencesubvert,makefunofauthorities,orevenintroducesomethingharmful.,RAF:RoyalAirForce,36,Part2_TA_Notes7,Notes,“FightinginLibya,thebloodycoward!”:DuringWorldWarsomeofthefiercestfightingbetweentheAlliesandtheAxiswasinNorthAfricaLibya,EgyptandAlgeria.Thereforethemaninquestionisactuallyfarfrombeingacowardbecauseheisfightinginthewartosavehiscountry.ThewifeismakingajokeandreferringtoEnglandasbeingamoreha