论文 磁粉检测工艺规程

A1A0A2A3A4A5A6A7毕业设计（论文）（2012届）设计论文题目磁粉检测工艺规程系部机械工程技术系班级无损检测0911学生姓名指导教师二0一二年六月一日A8A9A10A11A12A13A14A15A16A171摘要磁粉检测是将钢铁等铁磁性材料制作的工件予以磁化，利用其缺陷部位能吸附磁粉的特征，依磁粉分布显示被探测物体表面缺陷和近表面缺陷的探伤方法，缩写为MT。我国近年来磁粉检测设备发展也很快，已实现了系列化，三项全波直流探伤超低频退磁设备的性能已打到国外同类设备的水平。交流探伤就机用于剩磁法检验时加装断电相位控制器保证剩磁稳定是我国的特色。断电相位控制器利用可控硅技术，可以代替自藕变压器无级调节磁化电流，还为我国磁粉检测设备的电子化和小型化G1325G1902了G1902G1156。G4390能化设备已G3219G1057G4075用G1691电G3137G2637G3533G3774G3245G953的磁粉探伤机已G3929制G1102G1631。用电G2711G1161G2360磁G1778现实的G3275验G3929G2126G4117很G1238的G2089展，自G1358化和G854自G1358化设备G4117G994G3186G4075用。铁磁材料工件被磁化G1802，G4110于G994G2389G3875性的G1225G4221，G3248工件表面和近表面的磁G1579G4075G3756发G3219G2149部G1904变G1431G1057G3219G2480磁G1062，吸附G3232加G4221工件表面的磁粉，G4221G1766G3265的G1691G4310G3727G3833G1102G2690G3274可G1998的磁G1778，G1206G1431显示G1147G994G2389G3875性的位G4386G99G1238小G99G3833G4465和G3928G4407G1105G1383。磁粉检测的G4393G2408控制，是G2009G2379G4221G1395G4085G3769磁粉检测G2450G2649G1383和检测可G2220性的G4429G4057G3373G4431G1617G1305加以控制G1902G1156G4365G3176的。磁粉检测的能G2383，G3036G2181于G3232加磁G1062的G1238小和缺陷的G3932G3205方G3775，还G4144缺陷的位G4386G99G1238小和G3833G4465等G4057G3373G4117G1681。工件磁化时，G1266磁G1062方G3775G4144缺陷G3932G3205方G3775G1180直时，缺陷G1161的G2480磁G1062G4523G1238检测G2450G2649G1383G4523G1594G290G1266磁G1062方G3775G4144缺陷G3932G3205方G3775G1955G2040为G23G24G1383时，缺陷可以显示，G1260G2450G2649G1383G2022低G290G1266磁G1062方G3775G4144缺陷G3932G3205方G3775平G3835时，G994G1057G3219磁G1778显示，发现G994了缺陷。G1620G2156工件的G1931G1765G3833G4465G99G1124G1226G1238小和G4160发现缺陷的方G3775G1431G4221工件G3176G2009G2379的磁G1062方G3775，将磁化方法G4002G846分为G4411G3775磁化G99G4506G3775磁化和G1407G3775磁化。G3406G3628G4411G3775G4144G4506G3775，是相G1395被检工件G3176的磁G1062G1431G3933的。磁粉检测器材G4117磁粉G271G4080G1691磁粉和G1476G4080G1691磁粉G272G99G4219G4001G271G4114G1902G4219G4001和水G4219G4001G272磁G3879G4001G99G1457G1045G4249G2972剂G99标准G3275片和标准G3275块等等。磁粉检测设备的分类G3833式也G994G4002样，常G1998的磁粉检测设备G4117携带式探伤机如电磁轭G99交叉磁轭G99带电极触头的小型磁粉探伤机或永久磁铁等。磁粉检测工艺，是指包含磁粉检测的预G1161G2360G99磁化G271选择磁化方法和磁化规范G272G99G3232加磁粉或磁G3879G4001G99磁G1778的观察G4144记录G99缺陷评级G99退磁和G1802G1161G2360七G1617G1105序的全过G1105。磁粉检测的时机G4075G1620G2156G994同的材料工件G1431定。磁化G99G3232加磁粉或磁G3879G4001的方法G4117G2389G3875法G99剩磁法G99干法。特种设备磁粉检测通用工艺规G1105至G3186G4075包括以G3727内容G3265用范围G290引用标准法规G290检测人员资格G290检测设备G99器材和材料G290检测表面制备G290检测时机G290检测工艺和检测技术G290检测结果的评定和G4393G2408等级的分类G290检测记录G99报告和资料G1225档G290编制G271级G953G272G99审核G271级G953G272和批准人G290制定日期。关键词磁粉检测设备器材工艺规G1105A18A19A20A21A22A23A24A25A26A272ABSTRACTMAGNETICPARTICLETESTINGISMADEOFFERROMAGNETICMATERIALSSUCHASSTEELSHALLBEWORKPIECEMAGNETIZEDANDUSETHEDEFECTIVEPARTSCANABSORBTHECHARACTERISTICSOFMAGNETICPOWDER,MAGNETICPOWDERDISTRIBUTIONACCORDINGTOSHOWISTODETECTTHEOBJECTSURFACEDEFECTSANDNEARSURFACEDEFECTSDETECTIONMETHOD,ABBREVIATIONFORMT。INRECENTYEARSINCHINAMAGNETICPOWDERTESTINGEQUIPMENTDEVELOPMENTISSOON,HASREALIZEDTHESERIATION,THREEWHOLEWAVEDCTESTINGULTRALOWFREQUENCYEQUIPMENTPERFORMANCEHASHITDEMAGNETIZEDTOSIMILARFOREIGNEQUIPMENTLEVEL。EXCHANGEDETECTIONISTHEMACHINEUSEDTOTESTTHEPOWEROFRESIDUALMAGNETISMWHENPHASECONTROLLERENSURESTABILITYINOURCOUNTRYISTHECHARACTERISTICSOFRESIDUALMAGNETISM。THEPHASECONTROLLERUSINGTHYRISTORTECHNOLOGYPOWER,CANREPLACETHELOTUSROOTSTEPLESSADJUSTINGMAGNETIZATIONCURRENTTRANSFORMER,MAGNETICPOWDERDETECTIONEQUIPMENTFOROURCOUNTRYELECTRONICANDTHEBASICFOUNDATIONMINIATURIZATION。INTELLIGENTEQUIPMENTALREADYPRODUCTIONAPPLICATIONOPTOELECTRONICSCANNINGIMAGERECOGNITIONMAGNETICPOWDERFLAWDETECTORHASSUCCESSFULLYDEVELOPED。USINGTHECOMPUTERPROCESSINGMAGNETICIMAGEONTHETESTOFREALITYTOMUCHPROGRESS,AUTOMATIONANDHALFAUTOMATIONEQUIPMENTHASMANYAPPLICATIONS。THEFERROMAGNETICMATERIALSWORKPIECEMAGNETIZEDBYTHEEXISTENCEOFCONTINUITY,TOMAKETHEWORKSURFACEANDNEARSURFACEOFMAGNETICINDUCTIONLINETOOCCURFROMLOCALDISTORTIONLEAKAGEMAGNETICFIELD,ONTHESURFACEOFTHEADSORPTIONOFMAGNETICPOWDER,INTHERIGHTLIGHTVISUALVISIBLEMAGNETICIMAGEFORMATION,WHICHSHOWSTHELOCATIONOFTHECONTINUITYNOTSIZEANDSHAPEANDSEVERITY。THEMAGNETICPOWDERDETECTIONQUALITYCONTROL,ISBASEDONMAGNETICPOWDERDETECTIONSENSITIVITYANDINFLUENCETHEINSPECTIONRELIABILITYOFTHECATEGORIESTOTRYTOCONTROLFOUNDATION。MAGNETICPARTICLETESTINGABILITY,DEPENDSONTHESIZEOFTHEMAGNETICFIELDONTHEEXTENSIONDIRECTIONANDDEFECTS,ANDTHEPOSITIONOFTHEDEFECTSRELATEDTOSUCHFACTORSASTHESIZEANDSHAPE。THEWORKPIECEMAGNETIZED,WHENMAGNETICFIELDWITHTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEDEFECTEXTENSIONDIRECTIONPERPENDICULAR,DEFECTMAGNETICLEAKAGEFIELDDETECTIONSENSITIVITYOFTHEBIGGESTSUPREMEWHENMAGNETICFIELDWITHTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEDEFECTEXTENSIONDIRECTIONANGLEOFG23G24DEGREES,DEFECTSCANDISPLAY,BUTLOWERSENSITIVITYWHENMAGNETICFIELDWITHTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEDEFECTEXTENSIONDIRECTIONPARALLEL,DONOTPRODUCEMAGNETICIMAGEDISPLAY,NOTFINDDEFECTS。ACCORDINGTOTHESIZEANDSHAPEOFTHETOTHEDIRECTIONOFDEFECTSFOUNDINTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEMAGNETICFIELDSETUP,WILLBEMAGNETIZEDMETHODAREGENERALLYWEEKSMAGNETIZEDLONGITUDINALMAGNETIZATIONANDTRAPTOSOCALLEDWEEKSWITHLONGITUDINALMAGNETIZATIONTO,ISARELATIVEOFWORKPIECEISONTHEPARTOFTHEMAGNETICFIELD。A18A19A20A21A22A23A24A25A26A273MAGNETICPARTICLETESTINGEQUIPMENTHAVEMAGNETICPOWDERFLUORESCENTPOWDERANDTHEFLUORESCENTPOWDERINLIQUIDWATERINLIQUIDANDCARRYINGOILBASELIQUIDMAGNETICLEVITATIONLIQUIDCONTRASTENHANCEMENTAGENTSTANDARDSPECIMENSANDSTANDARDTESTBLOCKSANDSOONMAGNETICPOWDERDETECTIONEQUIPMENTCLASSIFICATIONFORMISDIFFERENTALSO,COMMONMAGNETICPOWDERTESTINGEQUIPMENTPORTABLETESTINGMACHINESUCHASELECTROMAGNETICYOKECROSSMAGNETICYOKECONTACTSWITHELECTRODESSMALLMAGNETIC。THEMAGNETICPOWDERDETECTIONTECHNOLOGY,ITISTOPOINTTOINCLUDEMAGNETICPARTICLETESTINGPREPROCESSINGMAGNETIZEDCHOOSEMAGNETIZATIONMETHODANDMAGNETIZEDSTANDARDONTHEMAGNETICPOWDERORSUSPENSIONOFMAGNETICIMAGEOBSERVINGANDRECORDINGDEFECTSRATINGDEMAGNETIZATIONANDPOSTPROCESSINGSEVENTHEWHOLEPROCESSOFTHEPROGRAM。THETIMINGOFTHEMAGNETICPARTICLETESTINGSHOULDBEBASEDONTHEDIFFERENTMATERIALANDDECIDEONTHEWORKPIECEMAGNETIZEDMAGNETICPOWDERORSUSPENSIONMETHODHAVECONTINUOUSMETHODOFRESIDUALMAGNETISMDRYSPECIALEQUIPMENTMAGNETICPARTICLETESTINGUNIVERSALPROCESSPLANNINGSHOULDINCLUDEATLEASTTHEFOLLOWINGCONTENT；THEAPPLICABLESCOPEREFERENCESTANDARDRULESANDREGULATIONSTESTINGPERSONNELQUALIFICATIONDETECTIONEQUIPMENTANDMATERIALSTESTSURFACEPREPARATIONTESTINGTIMEDETECTIONTECHNOLOGYANDDETECTIONTECHNOLOGYTHERESULTSOFDETECTIONLEVELSOFQUALITYEVALUATIONANDCLASSIFICATIONTHERECORDOFINSPECTIONREPORTSANDDATAARCHIVEPREPARELEVELAUDITSLEVELANDAPPROVALDATESET。KEYWORDSMAGNETICPARTICLETESTINGEQUIPMENTTECHNOLOGICALPROCEDUREA18A19A20A21A22A23A24A25A26A27I目录第一章概诉11磁粉检测的发展简史和现状112磁粉检测213表面无损检测方法的比较3第二章磁粉检测物理基础21磁粉探伤中的相关物理量422铁磁性材料623电流的磁场724漏磁场7第三章磁化电流和磁化方法31磁化电流932磁化方法1133总结13第四章磁粉检测器材41磁粉14第二章A18A19A20A21A22A23A24A25A26A27II第三章课题结论、问题与建议31课题结论1832问题与建议18参考文献19致谢20A18A19A20A21A22A23A24A25A26A271第一章概述国外国内都非常重视磁粉检测设备的开发，因为只有检测设备的进步，才能给磁粉检测带来成功的应用。磁粉检测设备从固定式、移动式到G6670带式，从G2334G14270动到G999用设备，从G2345G2533磁化到G3822G2533磁化，设备G5062G4466现G1114G13007G2027化和G2842G2709化。G3926G1182G6117国G4557磁粉检测的G3534G11796理论G11752G12362比较重视，G5062G2474G5483较G3835进步。G7041G16022和G3621性G2159G4410G3324无损检测G20058G3507的应用，为G2058定G7368G2524理的G1147G2709磁粉检测G20576G6922G7643G1946G6564G1391G1114G1393G6466。G6117G1216相G1461，磁粉检测G3324G10317G12193设备G15904G1006G4570G5483到G7368G2164G5203G8879的应用和重视，为G6523G2058G1147G2709G17148量，G19462G5751G1122G7422G9994G1582G1998应用的G17141G10498。11磁粉检测的发展简史和现状111磁粉检测的发展简史磁粉检测G7171G4570G19062铁G12573铁磁性材料G2058G1328的G5049G1226G1116G1209磁化，G2045用G1866G13582G19531G18108G1313能G2572G19480磁粉的G10317G5461，G1393磁粉G2010G5079G7186G12046G15999探测物G1319表面G13582G19531和G17829表面G13582G19531的探伤方法，G13565G1901为G48T。（1）磁粉检测G7171G2045用磁现G16949来检测材料和G5049G1226中G13582G19531的方法。G7161G12191G6124国G7114G7411，中国G1166发现G1114磁G11719G2572铁现G16949。（2）17G1002G13438发国物理G4410G4490G4557磁G2159G1328G1114定量G11752G12362。（3）19G1002G13438G2033G7411，G1037G21626物理G4410G4490G3897G7043G10317发现G1114电流G2620G3272G1075G4396G3324G11540磁场。G2530来G14533国的法G6301G12544G20330G2031G1114磁G2159G13459的G8022G5577。（4）193G24G5192，G8845磁G5760液G3324美国开始使用。（5）1936G5192，法国有G1166申请G1114G3324水磁G5760液中添G2164润湿剂和G19462锈剂的G999G2045。（6）1938G5192，无损检测论文集G3324德国G1998版，该书G4557磁粉检测的G3534本原理和装置进G15904G1114描述。（7）1940G5192，此份检G20576的原理教科书G3324美国G1998版。（8）1941G5192，荧光磁粉投入使用，磁粉检测从理论到G4466践，G5062经G2033步形成一G12193无损检测方法。（9）1949G5192G1209前，G6117国仅有几台美国进口的蓄电池式直流探伤机，用G1122航空G5049G1226的维修检查。（10）G17829几十G5192来，G3324G5203G3835磁粉检测G5049G1328者和设备器材G2058造者的共同努G2159下，磁粉检测G5062发展成为一G12193成熟的无损检测方法。112磁粉检测的现状随G11540现代科G4410技术的发展，尤G1866G7171电子计算机的G5203G8879应用G11752G2058G1998许G3822新的G14270动化与G2334G14270动化的探伤设备。新的探伤材料及新的探伤技术G1075不G7041涌现。国外很重视磁粉检测设备的开发，因为只有检测设备的进步，才能给磁粉检测带来成功的应用。现G3324国外磁粉探伤设备从固定式磁粉探伤机、移动式磁粉探伤机、到便G6670式磁粉探伤机，从G2334G14270动磁粉探伤机、全G14270动磁粉探伤机到G999用磁粉探伤设备，从G2345G2533磁化到G3822G2533磁化，设备G5062G13007G2027化和G2842G2709化。由G1122晶闸管G12573电子元器G1226用G1122磁粉检测设备，使智能化设备G3835量涌现，这些设备可G1209预置磁化规范和G2524理的G5049艺参数。进G15904荧光磁粉检测和G14270动化操G1328，国外还成功G12544御用电视光电探测器荧A18A19A20A21A22A23A24A25A26A272光磁粉扫查和激光飞点扫描G13007统，G4466现G1114磁粉检测观察阶段的G14270动化，G4570检测到的G1461息G3324微机和G1866他电子装置中进G15904处理，鉴别可剔除的不连续性，并进G15904G14270动G7643记和G2010选，完全改变G1114传统磁粉检测“手脚并用眼睛G11487G257的面G16992。G3835G3835G6564G20652G1114检测的G9801G6947G5242和可G19764性，代表G1114G5415代磁粉检测的新成G4613。G6117国G17829G5192来磁粉检测设备发展G1075很G5567，G5062G4466现G1114G13007G2027化，G989G20045全G8886直流探伤G17241G1314G20069G17876磁设备的性能G5062G6183到国外同G12879设备的水G5191。G1144流探伤G4613机用G1122G2109磁法检G20576G7114G2164装G7041电相G1313G6523G2058器G1457G16789G2109磁G12295定G7171G6117国的G10317G14406。G7041电相G1313G6523G2058器G2045用可G6523G11801技术，可G1209代G7379G14270G15273变G2399器无G13435G16855G14422磁化电流，还为G6117国磁粉检测设备的电子化和G4579G3423化G3892G3534G1114G3534G11796。智能化设备G5062G10995G1147应用光电扫描G3282G1699G16794别的磁粉探伤机G5062G11752G2058成功。用电G14053处理磁G11177现G4466的G16809G20576G11752G12362有很G3835的进展，G14270动化和G2334G14270动化设备有不G4581应用。磁粉检测的器材，国外开发的很G3822，G3926固定式磁粉探伤机G2524用的400G58G1931光G9316G21669光G9795都G5483到G1114应用。G5567G17907G7041电测量器的开发G16311G1927G1114直流磁化“G5567G17907G7041电G6940应G257的测量问题。G7643G1946G16809G10267和G16809G3371，及测量G2109磁的磁G3693G1582G17745液。荧光磁粉一G14336G6524G14628使用14G36，国外还G11752G2058G1998G11345光下发荧光的荧光磁粉。荧光磁粉检测可G19764性G20652、G17907G5242G5567，G3324国外G5062G7234G17953使用。G6117国G11752G2058的器材，G3926G47PG583G2507磁粉检G20576G17745液G708无G14273G2631G8821有G709，性能G5062G5875伤国外同G12879G1147G2709，G3324国内很G3822G15904G1006G7234G17953使用。磁粉检测用G37G3423和G40G3423G11346G1946G16809G3371，性能和G6363G7643G3355由G1122国外同G12879G1147G2709。G5062G15999G6221G1946为“国G4490G7643G1946G7691G2709G257，并G6524G5203使用。G54T80G38G10043G5242计和G56G57G36G13055外G17764G10043计性能可G9397G17287G16213G8726。G481G3423G3822功能G7643G1946G16809G10267G1122国外G46G54234G16809G10267G12573G6940。G6117国G11752G2058的G60G382G3423荧光磁粉，G9801G6947G5242G20652，G9397G17287磁粉检测的G16213G8726，G5062G3835G2159G6524G5203使用。磁G5760液G2955G9760使用方便，尤G1866G3324G10317G12193设备磁粉检测中G7234G17953应用。磁粉检测的G17148量G6523G2058，G7171建G12447G3324G4557G5445G2721磁粉检测G9801G6947G5242和检测可G19764性的G16844因G13044G17892G1022G3332G2164G1209G6523G2058G3534G11796G1055G990的。国外非常重视，不仅G2058定G1114G1867G1319G6523G2058G20045G11458、G7669G20576G2620G7411和技术G16213G8726，还设有G17148量G11429G11575检查机G2058，G1457G16789G17155G5455G6203G15904，同G7114G17902G17819G4466践G4557G17148量G6523G2058技术G16213G8726进G15904G6357续改进。G3926几G5192前美国G7643G1946G16213G8726G5049G1226表面G11345光G10043G5242不G1314G1122200G14533G4622G9903光G7082100G47G91G709，现修G8503为100G14533G4622G9903光G7081000G47G59G709；G4570磁化规G12255由直G5464G8611G8639G1287130G9748G36电流修G8503降为12G9732G36G12573G12573。使磁粉检测G7643G1946的技术G16213G8726G7368G2164G2524理。G3926G1182G6117国G4557磁粉检测的G3534G11796理论G11752G12362比较重视，G5062G2474G5483较G3835进步。G7041G16022和G3621性G2159G4410G3324无损检测G20058G3507的应用，为G2058定G7368G2524理的G1147G2709磁粉检测G20576G6922G7643G1946G6564G1391G1114G1393G6466。G6117G1216相G1461，磁粉检测G3324G10317G12193设备G15904G1006G4570G5483到G7368G2164G5203G8879的应用和重视，为G6523G2058G1147G2709G17148量，G19462G5751G1122G7422G9994G1582G1998应用的G17141G10498。12磁粉检测121磁粉检测原理铁磁材料G5049G1226G15999磁化G2530，由G1122不连续性的G4396G3324，使G5049G1226表面和G17829表面的磁G5875应G13459发G10995局G18108畸变而G1147G10995漏磁场，G2572G19480施G2164G3324G5049G1226表面的磁粉，G3324G2524适的光G10043下形成G11458视可见的磁G11177，从而G7186G12046G1998不连续性的G1313置、G3835G4579、形状和严重G12255G5242。A28A29A30A31A32A33A34A35A36A373122磁粉检测使用范围（1）适用G1122检测铁磁性材料G708G392616G48NR，20G,30G38RG48NG54IG36G709G5049G1226表面和G17829表面G4622寸很G4579、间隙极窄G708G3926可检测G199801MM、宽为微G12871G13435的G16022纹G709和G11458视难G1209G11487见的G13582G19531。马氏G1319不锈G19062和沉淀硬化不锈G19062材料G39261G38R17NI7G1867有磁性，因而可G1209进G15904磁粉检测。不适用G1122非磁性材料，比G3926G3897氏G1319不锈G19062材料G708G39261G38R18NI9,0G38R18NI9TIG709和用G3897氏G1319不锈G19062焊条焊接的焊缝，G1075不适用G1122检测铜铝、镁、钛G2524金G12573非磁性材料。（2）适用G1122检测G5049G1226表面和G17829表面的G16022纹，G11345点、发纹、折叠、G1931隔、气孔和夹杂G12573G13582G19531，但不适用G1122检测G5049G1226表面浅而宽的划伤、针孔状G13582G19531、埋藏较深的内G18108G13582G19531和延伸方G2533与磁G5875应G13459方G2533夹角G4579G112220的G13582G19531（3）适用G1122检测G7422G2164G5049的原材料G708G3926G19062坯G709和G2164G5049的G2334成G2709、成G2709G1226及使用G17819的G5049G1226及G10317G12193设备。（4）适用G1122检测管材、棒材、板材、G3423材和锻G19062G1226、铸G19062G1226及焊接G1226。123磁粉检测程序（1）预处理；（2）磁化；（3）施G2164磁粉或磁G5760液；（4）磁G11177的观察与记录；（5）G13582G19531评G13435；（6）G17876磁；（7）G2530处理。124磁粉检测的优点及局限性（1）优点1）可检测G1998铁磁性材料表面和G17829表面G708开口和不开口G709的G13582G19531。2能直观G3332G7186G12046G1998G13582G19531的G1313置、形状、G3835G4579和严重G12255G5242。3G1867有很G20652的检测G9801G6947G5242，可检测微G12871G13435宽G5242的G13582G19531。4）G2345G1022G5049G1226检测G17907G5242G5567，G5049G1226简G2345，成本G1314廉，污染G4581。5）采用G2524适的磁化方法，几乎可G1209检测到G5049G1226表面的各G1022G18108G1313，G3534本G990不受G5049G1226G3835G4579和几何形状的限G2058。6）G13582G19531检测重复性好。7）可检测受腐蚀的表面。（2）局限性1）只适用G1122铁磁性材料，不能检测G3897氏G1319不锈G19062材料和G3897氏G1319不锈G19062焊缝及G1866他非铁磁性材料。2）只能检测表面和G17829表面G13582G19531。3）检测G7114的G9801G6947G5242与磁化方G2533有很G3835关G13007，若G13582G19531放G2533与磁化方G2533G17829似G5191G15904或G13582G19531与G5049G1226表面夹角G4579G112220，G13582G19531G4613难G1209发现。另外，表面浅而宽的划伤、锻造皱折G1075不易发现。4）受几何形状G5445G2721，易G1147G10995非相关G7186G12046。5）若G5049G1226表面有覆盖层，G4570G4557磁粉检测有不良G5445G2721。用G17902电法和触头法磁化G7114，易G1147G10995电弧，烧伤G5049G1226。因此，电接触G18108G1313的非导电覆盖层必须G6183磨掉。6）G18108G2010磁化G2530G1867有较G3835的G2109磁的G5049G1226需G16213进G15904G17876磁处理。13表面无损检测方法的比较磁粉检测、渗透检测和涡流检测都属G1122表面无损检测方法，但G1866原理和适用A28A29A30A31A32A33A34A35A36A374范G3272区别很G3835，并且有各G14270独G10317的优点和局限性。所G1209无损检测G1166员应掌握这G989G12193检测方法，并能根G6466G5049G1226材料、状态、和检测G16213G8726，选择G2524理的方法进G15904检测。A38A39A40A41A42A43A44A45A46A47A48A39A40A42A43A44A45A49A50A51A52A53A54A55A56A57A58A59A60A61A62A55A56A57A63A59A60A64A65A55A56A57A66A59A60A49A50A67A68A53A69A70A71A72A73A61A62A70A71A74A53A75A76A70A71A77A71A78A79A80A53A81A78A82A83A84A85A81A78A82A86A74A78A82A87A55A56A88A89A90A91A92A93A94A95A92A93A90A91A92A93A96A97A90A91A92A93A98A92A99A90A91A76A71A100A101A102A103A104A105A106A103A104A105A107A108A104A109A78A105A110A78A105A111A78A105A112A113A104A105A114A115A116A104A98A117A71A118A89A119A120A116A104A55A56A121A122A83A84A85A81A78A82A116A104A98A117A71A118A89A119A120A116A104A55A56A109A78A123A78A110A78A124A116A104A55A56A125A78A82A126A127A55A128A94A129A130A125A131A132A56A133A124A134A135A55A56A90A91A136A137A105A138A137A105A139A140A105A141A142A105A143A144A145A105A146A147A136A137A105A139A140A105A148A149A150A85A105A143A144A145A136A137A105A78A79A151A152A131A132A151A152A153A154A155A156A157A158A159A160A161A162A163A164A165A153A166A167A168A169A170A154A171A158A172A173A174A175A155A156A175A176A177A178A179A160A180A181A182A160A161A177A183A160A184A162A163A164A157A185A162A186A187A188A189A173A174A165A190A191A157A192A193A155A156A153A154A194A195A194A195A196A194A195A155A156A197A198A199A200A201A202A203A204A205A201A202A203A204A205A206A207A199A200A208A209A210A211A212A211A212A213A214A215A216A210A212A217A218A219A217A220A221A222A223A193A224A225A226A212A227A212A228A219A227A229A230A214A215A231A232A196A233A234A235A231A236A165A155A156A237A238A157A239A240A241A214A215A242A157A208A209A210A243A160A193A237A238A244A219A202A245A246A214A247A196A233A234A235A231A236A177A248A165A155A156A237A238A157A249A250A251A196A252A253A173A254A255A176A0A252A24A176A180A214A247A53A177A248A1A2A157A234A235A196A0A252A254A244A169A3A4A29A249A250A251A36A5A6A7A214A215A8A13第二章磁粉检测物理基础21磁粉探伤中的相关物理量211磁的基本现象磁性磁G1319、磁极、磁化。磁性磁铁能够G2572引铁磁性材料的性G17148叫磁性。磁G1319凡能够G2572引G1866他铁磁性材料的物G1319叫磁G1319。磁极G19764G17829磁铁两端磁性G10317别强G2572G19480磁粉G10317别G3822的区G3507称为磁极。G8611一G4579G3371磁G1319总有两G1022磁极。磁化使原来G8821有磁性的物G1319G5483到磁性的G17819G12255叫磁化。212磁场具有磁性作用的空间磁场的G10317G5461G7171G4557运动的电荷G708或电流G709G1867有G1328用G2159，G3324磁场变化的同G7114G1075G1147G10995A9A10A11A12A14A15A16A17A18A195电场。磁场的G7186G12046磁场的G3835G4579、方G2533和G2010G5079情况，可G1209G2045用磁G2159G13459来表G12046。213磁力线G708AG709马蹄形磁铁G15999G7669直成条形磁铁G2530N极和G54极的G1313置G708BG709条形磁铁的磁G2159G13459G2010G5079磁G2159G13459G3324G8611点的切G13459方G2533代表磁场的方G2533，磁G2159G13459的疏密G12255G5242反映磁场的G3835G4579。磁力线具有以下特性1磁G2159G13459G3324磁G1319外，G7171由N极G1998发穿G17819空气进入G54极，G3324磁G1319内G7171由G54极到N极的闭G2524G13459；2磁G2159G13459互不相G1144；3同性磁极相G7033，因同性磁极间间磁G2159G13459有互相G6502G6392的G1554G2533；4G5334性磁极相G2572，因G5334性磁极间磁G2159G13459有G13565G11713G19283G5242的G1554G2533。214磁场强度、磁通量与磁感应强度1磁场强度磁场G1867有G3835G4579和方G2533，磁场G3835G4579和方G2533的总称叫磁场强G5242G43，G17902常G1075G6238G2345G1313G8503磁极所受的G2159称为磁场强G5242。G2345G1313为G36G18MG708G54G44G709和G50EG708G38G42G54G709。2磁通量简称磁G17902，G4439G7171磁场中G3414直穿G17819G7588一G6142面的磁G2159G13459的条数，用G12538G2507G158表G12046。G2345G1313为G58BG708G54G44G709和G48G91G708G38G42G54G709。3磁感应强度G4570原来不G1867有磁性的铁磁性材料放入外G2164磁场内，便G5483到磁化，G4439除G1114原来的外G2164磁场外，G3324磁化状态下铁磁性材料本G17535还G1147G10995一G1022G5875应磁场，这两G1022磁场A9A10A11A12A14A15A16A17A18A196叠G2164G17227来的总磁场，称为磁G5875应强G5242G37。G2345G1313G7171TG708G54G44G709和G42SG708G38G42G54G709。磁G5875应强G5242G7171G11702量，有G3835G4579和方G2533，可用磁G5875应G13459来表G12046，磁G5875应强G5242的G3835G4579G12573G1122穿G17819与磁G5875应G13459G3414直的G2345G1313面G12227G990的磁G17902量，所G1209磁G5875应强G5242G2460称为磁G17902密G5242。磁G5875应强G5242不仅有外G2164磁场有关，还与G15999磁化的铁磁性材料的性G17148有关，G37G729G173G43。22铁磁性材料221磁介质能G5445G2721磁场的物G17148称为磁G1183G17148。各G12193G4451观物G17148都G7171磁G1183G17148。磁G1183G17148G2010为G20046磁G17148、G17882磁G17148G708G6251磁G17148G709和铁磁G17148。磁粉探伤只适用G1122铁磁性材料，G17902常G6238G20046磁性材料和G17882磁性材料都G2027入非磁性材料。222磁畴铁磁性材料内G18108G14270发磁化的G3835G4579和方G2533G3534本G3355G2260一G14280的G4579区G3507称为磁G11080，G1866G1319G12227G13434为10G24CM3，G3324这G1022G4579区G3507内，G2559有G3835G134341012G794101G24G1022原子，各原子的磁化方G2533一G14280，G4557外G2588现磁性。G5415G6238铁磁性材料放到外G2164磁场中G2447G7114，磁G11080G4613G1262受到外G2164磁场的G1328用，一G7171使磁G11080磁G11709G177