中考英语从句讲解及习题课件

初中生必须掌握的基本从句,重点语法讲解,从句的共同特点：从句是指在一个句子中充当一个成分的句子，充当什么成分就叫什么从句如：充当宾语就叫宾语从句，充当定语成分就叫定语从句。从以上定义中我们可以得出关于从句的一个最大特点：从句是句子。从句的共同特点：1.从句都有自己的连接词2.从句都是陈述语序(陈述语序就是主语在前，谓语在后，如：Heisateacher主语He在谓语is之前，因此是陈述语序；而Isheateacher?主语He在谓语is之后，因此不是陈述语序。),1.宾语从句宾语从句是指在一个句子中充当宾语的句子如：Hesaidthathewantedtobeateacherwhenhegrewup.宾语从句的特点：宾语从句的连接词：宾语从句的连接词包括that、if/whether(是否)、特殊疑问词。宾语从句的语序;A.宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序(主语在前，谓语在后),如：IwanttoknowifhecancometomorrowB.当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时，后面直接加谓语动词如：Sheaskedmewhohadhelpedhim.,宾语从句的时态，记住口诀就可以了“主现则从任，主过则从过，客观真理一般现”A.主现则从任：主句如果是一般现在时，则从句根据时间状语要从八种时态中任选一种如：1.HetellsmehelikesEnglishverymuch(一般现在时)B.主过则从过：主句如果是一般过去时，则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种，带“过”字的时态分别是如：一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。如：Hetoldmethathelikedplayingfootball(一般过去时)C.客观真理一般现:客观真理永远用一般现在时。如：1.Hesaysthemoongoesaroundtheearth.,2.状语从句2.1时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。时间状语的连接词：when(当时候)while(当时候)as(当时候)after(在以后)before(在以前)assoonas(一就)since(自从到现在)till/until(直到才)bythetime(到为止)依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。举例：when当的时候(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。)Mozartstartedwritingmusicwhenhewasfouryearsold.2.2原因状语从句：在一个句子中作原因语的句子。连接词：由连词because,since,as引导,也可由for,nowthat等词引导。举例：IdidntgotoschoolyesterdaybecauseIwasill.2.3条件状语从句连接词：if如果,unless(=ifnot)除非。(让步)举例：Ifitdoesntraintomorrow,wewillgohiking.,2.4目的、结果状语从句目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子。结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子目的状语从句连接词sothat,sothat,inorderthat引导。结果状语从句连接词sothat,suchthat,somuch/manythat引导。举例：sothat如此以至于Thescientistsreportwassoinstructivethatwewereallveryexcited.2.5让步状语从句让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子连接词：though,although.，whetherornot举例：Althoughheisrich,yetheisnothappy.,3.nomatter从句结构：nomatter+特殊疑问词疑问词+陈述语序或特殊疑问词+后缀ever+陈述语序“如：Nomatterwhathappened,hewouldnotmind.注意：nomatter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。,4.定语从句定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分如：Iwillgivemyteacherabunchofbeautifulflower.(中beautiful就是定语)定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后如：IhavemetthedoctorwhoisintheNo.1hospital.定语从句的连接词：连接代词：who、which、whom、whose、that连接副词：when、where、why,5.名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：连接词：that,whether,if(不充当从句的任何成分)连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which连接副词：when,where,how,why如：Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.,一.宾语从句的种类宾语从句是一种名词性从句，在句中作及物动词的宾语，或介词的宾语，或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词，宾语从句可分为三类。1.由that引导的宾语从句。That只有语法作用，没有实在的意义，在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如：Hesaid(that)hewantedtostayathome.Shedoesntknow(that)sheisseriouslyill.Iamsure(that)hewillsucceed.2.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,why,how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如：Doyouknowwho(whom)theyarewaitingfor?Heaskedwhosehandwritingwasthebest.CanyoutellmewheretheNo.3busstopis?Idontknowwhythetrainislate.3.由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如：Iwanttoknowif(whether)helivesthere.Heaskedmewhether(if)Icouldhelphim.,二.宾语从句的语序宾语从句的语序应为陈述句的语序。例如：Ihear(that)physicsisnteasy.Ithink(that)youwilllikethisschoolsoon.CanyoutellmehowIcangettozoo?Pleasetellmewhenwellhavethemeeting.三.宾语从句的时态1.如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句该用什麽时态就用什麽时态。如：Idontthink(that)youareright.Pleasetelluswhereheis.CanyoutellmehowIcangettotherailwaystation?2.如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句只能用相应的过去时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。例如：Heaskedwhattimeitwas.Hetoldmethathewaspreparingforthesportsmeet.HeaskedifyouhadwrittentoPeter.HesaidthathewouldgobacktotheU.S.soon.3.如果宾语从句所陈述的是客观真理，其时态常用一般现在时。例如：OurteachersaidthatJanuaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.Scientistshaveprovedthattheearthturnsaroundthesun.,【中考范例】1.(2004年北京市中考试题)MissGreendidnttellus_in2002.A.wheredoessheliveB.WhereshelivesC.wheredidsheliveD.whereshelived2.(2004年上海市徐汇区中考试题)Wouldyoupleasetellme_?A.whendidhecomehomeB.wherehewouldplayfootballC.ifhehadseenthefilmD.whyhedidntwatchthegame3.(2004年哈尔滨市中考试题)Idontknowwhen_.A.willthetrainleaveB.thetrainwillleaveC.wouldthetrainleaveD.thetrainleave,【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。宾语从句应用陈述句的语序和时态，所以应选D。,【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。主句用的实际上是现在时，宾语从句在这个句子里应用陈述句的语序和一般过去时。,【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。只有B在语序和时态上符合要求。,Doyouknow_duringthecomingsummerholiday?A.whatwillTomdoB.whatdidTomdoC.whatTomwilldoD.whatTomdidIwanttoknow_.A.whatishisnameB.whatshisnameC.thathisnameisD.whathisnameisDoyouknow_Icouldpasstheexam?A.thatB.whetherC.whatD.whichJimdoesntunderstand_.A.whichisthewaytothemuseumB.whyhiswifealwaysgoesshoppingC.whatisthewaytothemuseumD.whydoesshealwaysgoshopping-Couldyoutellme_sheislookingfor?A.thatB.whoseC.whoD.which,C,D,B,B,C,6.Mr.Kingdidntknow_yesterdayevening.A.whendoeshissoncomehomeB.whenhissoncomeshomeC.whendidhissoncomehomeD.whenhissoncamehome7.Couldyoutellme_thebikethismorning?A.howdoeshemendB.howhemendsC.howhemendedD.howdidhemend8.-Imwaitingforthemail.Doyouknow_itwillarrive?-Usuallyitcomesby4:00.A.howB.whereC.whenD.what9.-Excuseme,wouldyoupleasetellme_?-Certainly.Gostraightalonghere.Itsnexttoahospital.A.howwecangettothepostofficeB.howcanwegettothepostofficeC.howgettothepostofficeD.howcouldwegettothepostoffice,D,C,C,A,10.-CanIhelpyou?-Yes.IdlikeatickettoMountEmei.Canyoutellme_taketogetthere?A.howsoonwillitB.howsoonitwillC.howlongitwillD.howlongwillit11.Hewantedtoknow_.A.whetherhespeaksatthemeetingB.whenthemeetingwouldstartC.whathesgoingtodoatthemeetingD.wherewouldthemeetingbeheld12.-Couldyoutellme_theBambooGarden?-Thedayaftertomorrow,Ithink.A.whenwillyouvisitB.whenyouwillvisitC.whenwouldyouvisitD.whenyouwouldvisit13.Wouldyoupleasetellme_next,MrWang?A.whatshouldwedoB.weshoulddowhatC.whatweshoulddoD.shouldwedowhat,14.Youcantimagine_whentheyreceivedtheseniceChristmaspresents.A.howtheywereexcitedB.howexcitedtheywereC.howexcitedweretheyD.theywerehowexcited15.Iwanttoknow_youwillcomebackat8:00tomorrow.A.thatB.whenC.whereD.whether16.-Couldyoutellme_?-Sorry,Idontknow.Iwasnotatthemeeting.A.whatdoeshesayatthemeetingB.whatdidhesayatthemeetingC.whathesaysatthemeetingD.whathesaidatthemeeting17.-Couldyoutellme_lastnight?-Er,IwaswatchingEuro2004athome.A.whatyouweredoingB.whatwereyoudoingC.whatyouaredoingD.whatareyoudoing,18.Theteacheraskedthestudents_.A.iftheywereinterestedindinosaursB.whenwasAlbertEinsteinbornC.whattheywilldowiththecomputersD.howmanytreestheyhaveplanted19.Everymorningthepatientsareaskedif_theirtemperaturetaken.A.theyhadhadB.havetheyhadC.theyhavehadD.hadtheyhad20.Itsuptoyoutodecide_youllgothere,byairorbyroad.A.howB.whyC.thatD.when,定语从句的功用和结构在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。例如：Thisisthepresentthathegavemeformybirthday.Doyouknoweverybodywhocametotheparty?IstillrememberthenightwhenIfirstcametothevillage?ThisistheplacewhereChairmanMaooncelived.,二.关系代词和关系副词的功用关系代词和关系副词用来引导定于从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系待客做主语，宾语，定语，关系副词可作状语。1.作主语：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。例如：Idontlikepeoplewhotalkmuchbutdolittle.ThecarswhichareproducedinHubeiProvincesellverywell.2.作宾语：SheisthepersonthatImetattheschoolgateyesterday.Thebookthatmygrandmothergavemeiscalled“TheGreatEscape”.3.作定语关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语用。例如：Whatsthenameoftheyoungmanwhosesisterisadoctor?Thegirlwhosefatherisateacherstudiesveryhard.4.作状语IllneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametoBeijing.ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.,三.各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法who指人，在定语从句中作主语。例如：Thepersonwhobrokethewindowmustpayforit.Theboywhoiswearingtheblackjacketisveryclever.2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。例如：Doyouknowtheyoungman(whom)wemetatthegate？MrLee(whom)youwanttoseehascome.3.whose指人，在定语从句中作定语。例如：Thegirlwhosemotherisillisstayingathometoday.Iknowtheboywhosefatherisaprofessor.4.which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。例如：Adictionaryisabookwhichgivesthemeaningofwords.Hereisthebook(which)theteachermentionedyesterday.,5.that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。例如：Ivereadthenewspaperthat(which)carriestheimportantnews.Whoisthepersonthatisreadingthenewspaperoverthere?6.when指时间，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Illneverforgetthetimewhenweworkedonthefarm.HearrivedinBeijingonthedaywhenIleft.7.where指地点，在定语从句中作状语。例如：Thisisthehousewherewelivedlastyear.Thefactorywherehisfatherworksisintheeastofthecity,四.关系代词whom，which在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，如：Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears.=Thatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyears.五.具体使用时还要注意下列问题：只能使用that,不用which的情况：(1)先行词是all,few,little,nothing,everything,anything等不定代词时。例如：Allthathesaidistrue.(2)先行词被only,no,any,all,等词修饰时。例如：Heistheonlyforeignerthathasbeentothatplace.(3)先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。例如：Hewasthesecond(person)thattoldmethesecret.(4)先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihavereadthisyear.(5)先行词既包括人又包括物时。例如：Hetalkedaboutthepeopleandthethingsheremembered.,2.只能用which，不用that的情况：在非限制性定语从中。例如：Themeetingwasputoff,whichwasexactlywhatwewanted.(2)定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。例如：Thethingaboutwhichheistalkingisofgreatimportance.,【中考范例】1.(2004年哈尔滨中考试题)-Doestheteacherknoweverybody_plantedthetrees?-Yes,hedoes.A.whichB.whoseC.whereD.who2.(2004年常州市中考试题)Theletter_Ireceivedfromhimyesterdayisveryimportant.A.whoB.whereC.whatD.that,【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。,【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是物，而关系代词在定语从句中作宾语，所以只有that合适。,3.(2004年扬州市中考试题)-Whereisthescientist_gaveusthetalkyesterday?-HehasgonebacktoQinghuaUniversity.A.whomB.whoC.whoseD.which4.(2004年益阳市中考试题)Ihatepeople_talkmuchbutdolittle.A.whoseB.whomC.whichD.who,【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。,【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是引导定语从句的关系代词的选择。因为先行词是人，而关系代词又在定语从句中作主语，所以只有who合适。,1.-Whoistheman_wastalkingtoourEnglishteacher?-Oh!ItsMrBaker,ourmathsteacher.A.heB.thatC