脑疝分类及影像学表现图解ppt课件

图解脑疝,北京天坛医院神经内科杜万良（reflexhammer）,1,脑疝,是指在颅内压增高的情况下，脑组织通过某些脑池向压力相对较低的部位移位的结果，即脑组织由其原来正常的位置而进入了一个异常的位置。,2,脑疝的类型：,a.大脑镰疝：一侧大脑半球占位病变可使同侧扣带回经大脑镰下缘疝入对侧，胼胝体受压下移。小脑幕切迹疝b.前疝：也称颞叶沟回疝，是颞叶沟回疝于脚间池及环池的前部；后疝：颞叶内侧部疝于四叠体池及环池的后部；f.小脑幕切迹上疝：后颅凹占位病变时，小脑上蚓部可向上疝入小脑幕切迹的四叠体池。c.中心疝：幕上压力增高，致使大脑深部结构及脑干纵轴牵张移位。d.颅外疝：脑组织通过颅外缺损疝出。e.枕骨大孔疝：后颅凹占位病变时，可致小脑扁桃体疝入枕骨大孔。g.蝶骨嵴疝：颅前凹和颅中凹的占位病变，由于病变部压力相对高一些，则额眶回可越过蝶骨嵴进入颅中凹，可颞叶前部挤向颅前凹。,3,示意图,a)subfalcial(cingulate)herniation;镰下疝b)uncalherniation;钩疝c)downward(central,transtentorial)herniation;下行性小脑幕疝d)externalherniation;颅外疝e)tonsillarherniation.扁桃体疝f)ascendingtranstentorialherniation(reversedtentorial)上行性小脑幕疝g)sphenoidherniation蝶骨嵴疝,4,类型,5,示意图,6,解剖关系,7,解剖关系,8,解剖关系,9,Thesuprasellarcisternearlyrightuncalherniation.,34,中心疝,35,中心疝,36,Superiorvermianherniation(ascendingtranstentorialherniation),由于后颅凹的占位效应，小脑蚓和小脑半球通过小脑幕切迹向上移动,37,陀螺状外观,38,双侧环池变窄,39,四叠体池充满,40,不露齿的微笑,41,皱眉,42,第一天的四叠体池和环池,43,第二天，四叠体池和环池消失,44,脑积水,45,ascendingtranstentorialherniation,46,枕大孔疝,47,枕大孔疝,48,Tonsillarherniation,Intonsillarherniation(rare),amasseffectintheposteriorfossacausesthecerebellartonsilstoherniateinferiorlythroughtheforamenmagnumcompressingthemedullaanduppercervicalspinalcord.Consciouspatientscomplainofneckpainandvomiting.Theymayhavenystagmus,pupillarydilatation,bradycardia,hypertensionandrespiratorydepression.Earlytonsillarherniationisdifficulttorecognizeinanunconsciouspatient.ItmaynotbeevidentonCTscansinceaxialviewscannotseethepathologywell.ItisbestseenonsagittalMRI.Clinicallychangesinvitalsignsmaybetheonlyclinicalclueinanunconsciouspatient.,49,Tonsillarherniation,50,amalepatientinhis30swhodiedofbrainstemherniationaftercompletingamarathon.,TheCTshows(A)lossoftherostralcerebralsulcisuggestingincreaseinICP,(B)and(C)alargehydrocephaluswithwideningofbothtemporalhorns.Thegreymattercanstillbedifferentiatedfromthewhitematter,butallsulciarelost.Thissuggeststhatthebrainoedemaisofrelativerecentonsetandmassivetissueischaemiahasnotyetoccurred.(D)Compressionofthefourthventriclewithdilatationofthethirdventricleandthecaudalaspectofbothtemporalhorns.Thisisobservedwithconsiderablebrainoedemaandobstructivehydrocephalus.(E)Herniationofthemedullaandponsintotheforamenmagnum.(F)Thetonsilsarelocatedatthelevelofthedenswhichisagoodindicatorforforamenmagnumherniation.,51,(A)Thediscshowsfloridhemorrhageswithrelativelylittleswelling,indicatingarapid,dramaticincreaseinCSFpressure.Progressivechangesofopticdiscoedemaareseeninapatientwithanintracranialtumourwhodeclinedtreatment(B-D).(B)Earlynervefiberdilatationisseenparticularlysuperiorly,inferiorlyandnasally.(C)Thisincreasesandvenousengorgementdevelops.(D)Temporalnervefiberdilatationandswellingofthediscincreasesandhemorrhagesappear.(E)Ingrosschronicdiscoedemathenormalretinalvasculatureismaskedanddilatedsuperficialcapillariesareobserved.(F)Inatrophicopticdiscoedemanervefibersareeventuallydestroyedandtheopticdiscwithoutviablenervefibersdoesnotswell.Thispatienthadlongstandingbenignintracranialhypertension.Retinochoroidalvenouscollateralsarepresent(blackarrowhead).,52,颅外疝,53,核磁选择,1.Subfalcineherniation.ThisisbestseenoncoronalMRimages.2.Descendingtranstentorialherniation(uncalherniation,hippocampalherniation).bestseenoncoronalimages,butthecompressionofthebrainstemisbestobservedonaxialT2-WI.3.Ascendingtranstentor