哈佛大学公开课-幸福学(积极心理学)PPT

Psychology1504PositivePsychology,Housekeeping,FeedbackorquestionsIncaseofanemergencywelltakeaPP-breakPowerpointsandvideotapeonwebsiteActivenote-takingOverlapwith1508?,TheRoadtoPositivePsychology,HumanisticPsychology(50s)TheThirdForceReactiontobehaviorismReactiontopsychoanalysisLackedrigorousmethodology,AbrahamMaslow(1908-1970),KarenHorney(1885-1952),MeettheGrandparents,MeettheParents,MartinSeligman,EllenLanger,PhilipStone,Meet1504,Itisnotmerelyaboutinformation,Itisalsoabouttransformation,Coveringless;uncoveringmore,“Inpursuitofknowledge,everydaysomethingisacquired;inpursuitofwisdom,everydaysomethingisdropped.”LaoTzu,“Thesoulgrowsbysubtraction,notaddition.”Thoreau,Informationisnotenough,“Whatiswrongisnotthegreatdiscoveriesofscienceinformationisalwaysbetterthanignorance,nomatterwhatinformationorwhatignorance.Whatiswrongisthebeliefbehindtheinformation,thebeliefthatinformationwillchangetheworld.Itwont.”ArchibaldMaCleish,Informationisnotenough,“Humanisticphilosophyoffersanewconceptionoflearning,ofteaching,andofeducation.Statedsimply,suchaconceptholdsthatthefunctionofeducation,thegoalofeducationthehumangoal,thehumanisticgoal,thegoalsofarashumanbeingsareconcernedisultimatelytheself-actualizationofaperson,thebecomingfullyhuman,thedevelopmentofthefullestheightthatthehumanspeciescanstanduptoorthattheparticularindividualcancometo.Inalesstechnicalway,itishelpingthepersontobecomethebestthatheisabletobecome.”AbrahamMaslow,Itisnotaboutprovidingdefinitiveanswersconcerningthegoodlife,Itisaboutidentifyingtherightquestions,“Childrenenterschoolasquestionmarksandleaveasperiods.”NeilPostman,Educationisthequestforinformationandtransformation,andthereforemustbeginwithaquestion.,“Theonerealobjectofeducationistoleaveamanintheconditionofcontinuallyaskingquestions.”BishopCreighton,TheQuestionofQuestions,Howcanwehelpourselvesandothersindividuals,communities,andsocietybecomehappier?,Itisnotasurveyofpositivepsychology,Itisaselectiveexplorationofthequestionofquestions.,CrossculturalpsychologyEclecticStudyingothersandourselves,ItisnotEnglish10aorMath55,Itisaboutrigorousfun,“Iwouldnotgiveafigforthesimplicityonthissideofcomplexity,butIwouldgivemylifeforthesimplicityontheothersideofcomplexity.”OliverWendellHolmes,AdifferentkindofeffortChangeishardRigorousfun?,FinalProject,20-30minutePresentationAnytopicwithinpositivepsychologyWrittentext(10-15pagesdoublespaced)Slides(wordorpowerpoints)Include:ReferencetoresearchOptional:stories,filmclips,exercises,etcWhyapresentation?TeachingaslearningSpreadgoodness,WhyPositivePsychology?,Anger:5,584Anxiety:41,416Depression:54,040,PsychologicalAbstracts(1967-2000),Joy:415Happiness:1,710Lifesatisfaction:2,582,Ratio:21/1,FocusingontheNegative,“Thescienceofpsychologyhasbeenfarmoresuccessfulonthenegativethanonthepositiveside;ithasrevealedtousmuchaboutmansshortcomings,hisillnesses,hissins,butlittleabouthispotentialities,hisvirtues,hisachievableaspirations,orhispsychologicalheight.Itisasifpsychologyhadvoluntarilyrestricteditselftoonlyhalfitsrightfuljurisdiction,andthatthedarker,meanerhalf.”AbrahamMaslow,AccentuatingthePositive,“TheaimofPositivePsychologyistocatalyzeachangeinpsychologyfromapreoccupationonlywithrepairingtheworstthingsinlifetoalsobuildingthebestqualitiesinlife.”MartinSeligman,PsychologyNeedsHelp,21/1ratioisunhealthybutitreflectsrealitydepression10timeshighertodaythan1960meanagefordepressiontodayis14.5(comparedto29.5in1960),DoesPsychologyNeedHelp?,21/1ratioofstudiesisunhealthybutitreflectsrealitydepression10timeshighertodaythan1960meanagefordepressiontodayis14.5(comparedto29.5in1960)80%ofHarvardstudentsdepressedatleastoncelastyear45%ofcollegestudentsnationwidedepressed;94%overwhelmed(Kadison,2005),WhyMore“Positive”Research?,PsychologyascreativeratherthanmerelyreactiveHappinessisnotthenegationofunhappinessPreventionthroughcultivatingthepositive,“Negative”Research,NegativeExperiences,UnhappinessSpiral,“Positive”Research,PositiveExperiences,HappinessSpiral,HeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple,“Humansystemsgrowinthedirectionofwhattheypersistentlyaskquestionsabout.”CooperriderandWhitney,HappinessisnttheNegationofUnhappiness,DiseaseModelHealthModel,FocusonweaknessesFocusonstrengthsOvercomingdeficienciesBuildingcompetenciesAvoidingpainSeekingpleasureRunningfromunhappinessPursuinghappinessNeutralstate(0)asceilingNoceilingTensionlessasidealCreativetensionasideal,_0_+,neurosis,anger,anxiety,wellbeing,satisfaction,joydepression,psychosisexcitement,happiness,Preventionthroughcultivatingpositive,Illnessastheabsenceofhealth(vs.healthastheabsenceofillness),“Itneurosisisafallingshortofwhatonecouldhavebeen,andeven,onecouldsay,ofwhatoneshouldhavebeen,biologicallyspeaking,thatis,ifonehadgrownanddevelopedinanunimpededway.Humanandpersonalpossibilitieshavebeenlost.Theworldhasbeennarrowed,andsohasconsciousness.Capacitieshavebeeninhibited.”AbrahamMaslow,“Wehavediscoveredthattherearehumanstrengthsthatactasbuffersagainstmentalillness:courage,future-mindedness,optimism,interpersonalskill,faith,workethic,hope,honesty,perseverance,thecapacityforflowandinsight,tonameseveral.Wehaveshownthatlearningoptimismpreventsdepressionandanxietyinchildrenandadults,roughlyhalvingtheirincidenceoverthenexttwoyears.Similarly,Ibelieve,thatifwewishtopreventdrugabuseinteenagerswhogrowupinaneighborhoodthatputsthematrisk,thattheeffectivepreventionisnotremedial.Ratheritconsistsofidentifyingandamplifyingthestrengthsthattheseteensalreadyhave.”MartinSeligman,Preventionthroughcultivatingpositive,Illnessastheabsenceofhealth(vs.healthastheabsenceofillness),“Itneurosisisafallingshortofwhatonecouldhavebeen,andeven,onecouldsay,ofwhatoneshouldhavebeen,biologicallyspeaking,thatis,ifonehadgrownanddevelopedinanunimpededway.Humanandpersonalpossibilitieshavebeenlost.Theworldhasbeennarrowed,andsohasconsciousness.Capacitieshavebeeninhibited.”AbrahamMaslow,Stronger“psychologicalimmunesystem”MentalhealthatHarvard,ThePowerofPositivePsychology:StudyingAt-RiskPopulation,Traditionalpsychology(Post-WWII)“Whydotheseindividualsfail?”,Positivepsychologicalapproach(1980s-)“Whatmakessomeindividualssucceeddespiteunfavorablecircumstances?”,Resilience,“Aclassofphenomenacharacterizedbypatternsofpositiveadaptationinthecontextofsignificantadversityorrisk.”Mastenitalsoisthestudyofstrengthandvirtue.Treatmentisnotjustfixingwhatiswrong;italsoisbuildingwhatisright.Psychologyisnotjustaboutillnessorhealth;itisaboutwork,education,insight,love,growth,andplay.Andinthisquestforwhatisbest,PositivePsychologydoesnotrelyonwishfulthinking,self-deceptionorhand-waving;insteadittriestoadaptwhatisbestinthescientificmethodtotheuniqueproblemsthathumanbehaviorpresentsinallitscomplexity.”Mart