整车NVH控制技术.ppt

1,庞剑博士Jian(James)Pang,Ph.D.,2009年7月16日July16,2009,长安汽车股份有限公司ChanganAutomobileCo.Ltd.,整车NVH控制技术,AutomotiveNVHControlTechnology,2,汽车NVH问题NVHProblems汽车NVH控制方法NVHControlMethods汽车NVH技术的发展DevelopmentofNVHTechnology中国汽车NVH状态StatusofChinaAutomotiveNVH,3,NVH的重要性ImportanceofNVH,NVH对顾客非常重要NVHisveryimportanttocustomersNVH的好坏是顾客购买汽车的一个非常重要的因素.NVH影响顾客的满意度NVHinfluencescustomerssatisfaction在所有顾客不满意的问题中,约有1/3是与NVH有关.NVH影响到售后服务NVHinfluencesafter-saleservices约1/5的售后服务与NVH有关,4,动态性能Attributes,噪声与振动（NVH）碰撞安全性能Safety行驶操纵性能Dynamics燃油经济性能Performance/FuelEconomy环境温度性能ClimateControl乘坐的舒适性能RideComfort排放性能Emission刹车性能Breaking防盗安全性能Security电子系统性能Electricity可靠性能Durability。,在所有动态性能领域（NVH，安全碰撞、操控、燃油经济性、等）中，NVH是涉及面最广的领域。,NVH涉及面非常广NVHInvolvesAlmostAllSystemsofaVehicle,车身Body发动机、变速器及动力系统Powertrian底盘及悬架Suspension环境控制系统ClimateControl电子系统Electricity,5,目标设定与分解噪声振动源的控制噪声振动传递通道的控制NVH的评价NVH的试验与分析手段,TargetSettingandcascadingSourceControlPathControlNVHEvaluationNVHTestandAnalysis,汽车NVH问题NVHProblems汽车NVH控制方法NVHControlMethods汽车NVH技术的发展DevelopmentofNVHTechnology中国汽车NVH状态StatusofChinaAutomotiveNVH,6,NVH开发是一个目标制定-分解-验证的过程NVHdevelopmentisaprocessof“TargetSettingCascadingVerification”,BenchmarkingCompetitionVehicleandsystemleveldatabaseQuickcontributionanalysisCompetitivevehicles目标设定SetTargetsFuturewithrespecttocompetitiveactionsBalancewithrespecttootherattributes,cost,weight目标分解CascadeRequirementtoSubsystems设计论证DesignVerification,目标制定-分解-验证TargetSettingCascading-Verification,7,决定NVH的因素HowtoDetermineNVH,顾客的要求CustomersWant,政府法规GovernmentRegulation,公司的需要和技术能力CorporateWantsandTechnologyAvailable,竞争车BenchmarkVehicles,8,车1,2,3是市场上最好的三款车Car1,car2andcar3arethebestcarsinthemarkets这三款车作为benchmark的汽车The3carsareusedforbenchmarkvehicles根据benchmark的结果,设定目标Basedonthebenchmarktestresults,newtargetwillbesetup,目标的分类TargetClassification:领导者Leadership:aboveBest-In-Class领导群体之中AmongtheLeaders(Best-in-Class)竞争者Competitor,目标设定TargetSetting,目标的级别TargetLevels整车(顾客)级目标,例如车内噪声Vehiclelevel(Customerlevel),suchasinteriorsound系统级目标,如动力系统的噪声Systemlevel,suchaspowertrainnoise子系统级目标,如排气口的噪声Subsystemlevel,suchasexhausttailpipenoise部件级目标,如消声器的传递损失Componentlevel,suchasMufflerTL,9,目标分解TargetCascading目标分解是从上至下Targetsettingisfromupperleveltolowerlevel目标设定也是双向的Targetsettingisatwo-wayprocessing目标分解也是双向的Targetcascadingisatwo-wayprocessing,开发一款车，需要设置几百个NVH目标,10,模态分离策略ModalSeparationStrategy,在产品开发的初期,对所有系统和部件建立模态频率表Setupmodalfrequencychartforallsystemsandcomponentsatthebeginningofproductiondevelopment为设计和目标制定提供模态分析的策略Provideastandardmodalanalysisstrategyforvehicleprogramdesignandtargetsetting,11,源-通道-接受体SourcePathResponse,源Sources动力系统Powertrain风Wind路面Road其他Other通道Paths(Structure-borneandairborne)底盘Chassis车身Body内饰Interior其他Other接受体Reception耳朵Driversandpassengersears手Driversandpassengershands(steeringwheel)脚Driversandpassengersfeet(pedal,toeboard)座椅Driversandpassengersbut(seats),12,发动机噪声振动源EngineNoiseandVibrationSources,燃烧噪声CombustionNoise机械振动与噪声MechanicalVibration&Noise流动噪声FlowNoise,变速器噪声振动源TransmissionNoiseSources,变速器啸叫TransmissionWhine变速器敲击TransmissionRattle,源,13,进气系统和排气系统的NVHIntakeandExhaustNVH,进气系统的噪声源进气口噪声Intakeorificenoise壳体的辐射噪声Shellradiationnoise,排气系统的噪声振动源挂钩传递到车体的力Hangerforcetransferredtobody排气尾管噪声Tailpipenoise壳体辐射噪声Shellradiationnoise,源,14,传递轴系的NVHDrivelineNVH,第一阶传递轴激励Firstorderdrivelineexcitation(dynamicimbalance)传递齿轮啸叫Transmissiongearwhine(Geardynamicmeshingforce)2阶激励2ndorderexcitationbyCardonJoint,源,15,路面-悬挂-底盘的NVHRoad/Suspension/ChassisNVH,激励源ExcitationSources路面表面的形状Roadsurfaceprofile轮胎的刚度和压力Tirestiffness&pressure轮胎块的长度和形状Tirepatchlengthandshape轮胎的宽度和尺寸Tirewidth&size汽车的速度Vehiclespeed,源,16,风激励噪声WindNoise,风激励噪声Windnoise:由于气流绕着汽车运动而产生的噪声thenoisecausedbyairmovementaroundthevehicle激励源Excitation:空气动力湍流Aerodynamicturbulence其他:天线的涡流,挡风玻璃的湍流产Other:antennavortex,windshieldturbulenceCavityresonance,90km/h,源,17,结构通道控制:车身控制StructuralPathControl:BodyControl,车身的结构模态应该与其他相邻结构模态分开BodyModesshouldbeseparatedfromothersystems车身结构模态应该与车身声腔模态分开Bodystructuralmodesshouldbeseparatedwithbodycavitymodes白车身和装饰车身模态的刚度要足够大,以避免产生奇异噪声Whitebodyandtrimmedbodymodesshouldstiffenoughtoavoidcausingsqueakandrattle局部模态应该足够高,以避免引起NVH问题,如轰鸣声,等.LocalmodesshouldbestiffnessenoughtoavoidNVHproblems,suchboom,resonance,etc.车身要实现风噪最小设计Bodydesignshouldletwindnoiseminimized,通道,18,结构通道控制:底盘/悬挂的控制Chassis/SuspensionNVH,轮胎的控制:tirecontrol声腔模态acousticcavity结构模态structuralmode轮胎的平衡typebalance,悬架系统的控制Suspensioncontrol悬架的模态频率suspensionmode悬架的刚度与阻尼stiffnessanddamping悬架跳动的频率hopfrequency悬架部件的频率partsfrequency,隔振垫Isolator隔振垫的控制isolatorcontrol隔振垫的刚度isolatorstiffness隔振垫的刚度与车架刚度的比值isolatorstiffnessandframestiffness,通道,19,振动通道的控制VibrationPathControl,振动通道控制的方法有:Vibrationpathiscontrolledby:,隔振器Vibrationisolators吸振器Vibrationabsorption,e.g.,dampers阻尼材料Dampingmaterials提高结构和支架的刚度,阻止振动的传递Highstructureandbracketstiffness车身连接点灵敏度的控制Bodyconnectedpointsensitivitycontrol,通道,20,声学通道控制:声学包装AcousticPathControl:SoundPackage,噪声通道是由声学包装来完成的Noisepathiscontrolledbysoundpackage,including:车身的密封Sealingofvehiclebody孔洞的控制Controlofopenholesandopenings隔声材料的应用Soundisolationmaterial吸声材料的应用Soundabsorptionmaterial,通道,21,汽车NVH的两方面的评估TwoEvaluationsofVehicleNVH,车外通过噪声的评估Pass-byNoiseEvaluation车内NVH的评估InteriorNVHEvaluation,车内NVH评估的两个方面InteriorNVHEvaluation主观驾评Subjectivedrivingevaluation客观测试评估Objectivetestingevaluation,主观驾评打分SubjectiveEvaluationRating,评估,22,客观评估ObjectiveEvaluation,整车级客观评估的内容:ItemsofVehicleLevelObjectiveEvaluations:驾驶员和乘客耳朵的声音:Driverandpassengerearssound:soundlevelandsoundquality地板或座椅轨道的振动Floororseattrackvibration方向盘的振动Steeringwheelvibration椅子和人体的振动Seatvibrationandhumanbodyvibration,驾车状况DrivingCondition:IdleWideOpenThrottle(WOT)PartialOpenThrottle(POT)CruiseReverseCoastdownTip-in,tip-out,评估,23,不同级别的客观评估Vehicle,SystemandComponentObjectiveEvaluations,例子Example:,整车级评估Vehiclelevelevaluation系统级评估Systemlevelevaluation部件级评估Componentlevelevaluation,评估,24,试验道路:TestRoad环道circleroad直道straightroad平整的沥青路面asphaltroad平整的水泥路面smoothroad粗糙的水泥路面coarseroad砖做的路面brickroad鹅石路面cobblestoneroad斜坡路面sloperoad,试验:道路试验RoadTest,驾车状况DrivingCondition:IdleWideOpenThrottle(WOT)PartialOpenThrottle(POT)CruiseReverseCoastdownTip-in,tip-out,试验,25,试验:实验室试验LabTest,模态试验Modaltest振动响应Vibrationresponse异响识别Squeal&rattle隔振器刚度Isolatorstiffness激光测量,等Lasermeasurement,振动试验VibrationTest,车内噪声Interiorsound进气噪声Intakenoise排气噪声Tailpipenoise动力总成辐射噪声Powertrainradiationnoise壳体辐射噪声shellradiationnoise通过噪声Passbynoise,噪声测试NoiseTest,声学灵敏度测量Acousticsensitivity振动灵敏度测量Vibrationsensitivity声传递损失测量Soundtransferloss,灵敏度测量SensitivityMeasurement,风洞噪声试验WindNoiseTest,试验,26,NVH分析方法NVHAnalysisMethods,有限元分析FiniteElementAnalysis边界元分析BoundaryElementAnalysis统计能量分析StatisticalEnergyAnalysis其它声学分析OtherAcousticAnalysis模态综合分析ModalSynthesisAnalysis传递路经分析TransferPathAnalysis,27,以声品质主导的NVH开发NVH主动及半主动控制高里程NVH问题NVH稳健性分析其他NVH技术发展领域,汽车NVH问题NVHProblems汽车NVH控制方法NVHControlMethods汽车NVH技术的发展DevelopmentofNVHTechnology中国汽车NVH状态StatusofChinaAutomotiveNVH,SoundQualityActive&Semi-activecontrolHighmileNVHNVHRobustnessAnalysisOtherNVHTechniques,28,传统上,噪声控制就是降低声音的大小Historically,ApproachVehicleSoundasNoiseControl仅考虑声级的大小和频率成分OnlysoundLevelandfrequencycontentareconsidered八十年代后,在汽车界开始使用声品质SoundQualityinAutomotiveIndustryinlate1980s汽车的声音与发动机转速有关Soundisrelatedwithenginespeed汽车的声音与发动机发火阶次有关Soundisrelatedwithenginefiringorders声音的成分影响听觉Soundcontentsinfluencelistening声音影响到顾客的满意度Allvehiclesoundscaninfluencecustomersatisfaction部件的声品质Componentsoundquality影响汽车的品牌AStrongIndicatorofVehicleBrand品牌的象征BrandImage(Powertrain)汽车的DNAVehicleDNA,以声品质主导的NVH开发NVHDevelopmentBasedonSoundQuality,29,29,1.动力系统的声品质控制技术SoundQualityControlofPowertrianSystem,2.车身声品质控制技术SoundQualityofVehicleBody,3.电器系统声品质控制技术SoundQualityforElectricalSystem,三大声品质问题SoundQualityinThreeFields,好听的声音安静频率低(结实)一次碰撞声没有额外的噪声,不好听的声音声音大高频率象铃的声音多次碰撞声,嘁嘁喳喳.,例子(example)：关门声品质Close-DoorSoundQuality,GoodSoundQuietLowFrequency(Solid)OneImpactNoExtraneousNoise,PoorSoundLoudHighFrequency(Tinny,Cheap)RingsOn(Bell)Rattles,Chirps,etc.,30,主动控制的元件ActiveControlComponents机械激励器Mechanicalactuator传感器Sensor电子控制器Electroniccontroller额外能量Extraenergysupplier,动力总成主动振动控制PowerplantActiveVibrationControl,车内噪声主动控制InternalNoiseActiveControl,NVH主动及半主动控制NVHActiveControlandSemi-Activecontrol,31,传统上Traditionally:汽车设计是要求0里程有良好的NVH性能VehicleshavebeendesignedintentionallytohavegoodNVHat0mile通常高里程的可靠性很重要,但是NVH不是关注的对象Highmileagedurabilityisimportant,buthighmileageNVHisnotaconcern,高里程NVH问题HighMileageNVH,现在Now:高里程NVH性能对顾客长期的满意度来说越来越重要VehiclehighmileageNVHperformanceisbecomingmorecrucialforlongtermcustomersatisfaction有必要识别引起高里程NVH恶化的原因Necessarytoidentifymajorreasonswhichcausehigh-mileNVHdegradation,32,稳健性:在使用的寿命内,当有外界干扰因素的情况下,系统仍然按照设计的功能工作.也就是说,产品的性能对输入源的变化不敏感Robustness:theconceptofaproducttoperformitsintendedfunctionconsistentlyinthepresenceofnoiseduringitsexpectedlife.Thatis,theperformanceoftheproductisinsensitivetosourcesofvariability.,NVH稳健性分析NVHRobustnessAnalysis,33,噪声振动传递路径的精确分析TransferPathAnalysis源及通道对车内贡献量分析技术SourceandPathContributionAnalysis整车高速风噪控制与车身优化技术WindNoiseandBodyDesign整车道路噪声控制与悬架系统优化技术RoadandSuspensionNVHControl轮胎噪声的研究TireNoiseAnalysis发动机的燃烧噪声EngineCombustionAnalysis动力总成辐射噪声控制技术PowerplantRadiationNoiseControl变速器的啸叫和敲击TransmissionWhineandRattle发动机-离合器-变速器传动系统的振动控制PowerplantShaftVibrationControl由摩擦引起的噪声与振动分析NVHCausedbyFriction新能源汽车的NVH控制NewEnergyVehicleNVHControl轻量化材料和结构的噪声与振动研究NVHforLight-Material新型隔声材料及结构的研究NewSoundIsolationMaterialandStructureAnalysis异响的前期控制技术AdvancedControlforSquealandRattle测量技术的研究StudyofMeasurementTechnology。,其他NVH技术发展领域OtherNVHTechnologyDevelopmentFields,34,汽车NVH问题NVHProblems汽车NVH控制方法NVHControlMethods汽车NVH技术的发展DevelopmentofNVHTechnology中国汽车NVH状态StatusofChinaAutomotiveNVH,各个方面越来越重视试验室和CAE的大量投入人才队伍迅速发展自主轿车NVH水平大大提升存在的问题长安NVH开发状况,MoreandmoreattentiononNVHHugemoneyonlabsandCAERapidgrowthofNVHengineersSignificantlyimprovementonCapacityExistedproblemsStatusofChanganNVHdevelopment,35,企业意识到NVH的重要ImportanceofNVHisrealizedbymanycompanies逐年增加投入MoneyspentonNVHisincreasedyearbyyear招聘一流人才ThebestNVHexpertsarehired行业关注NVHAttentionfromautoindustry例子：各种会议和培训越来越多i.e.moreconferencesandtrainingsonNVH政府把NVH作为自主汽车的一个重要技术领域NVHisconsideredoneofthemostimportanttechnologiesinautodevelopment例子：组建企业国家重点实验室i.e.nationalkeylabisunderconstruction海外华裔学者对中国汽车NVH发展的推进Contributionfromoverseascholars讲课、出书、交流等lectures,books,exchanges,各个方面越来越重视MoreandMoreattentionisonNVH,中国汽车NVH工作主要是从2000后才开始,36,实验室与CAE的大量投入HugeMoneySpentonLabsandCAE,同济大学空气动力与低噪声风洞试验室,各个公司纷纷兴建试验室，如：Manylabshadbeenconstructed,suchas大型整车消声室Wholevehicleanechoicchambers发动机消声室Engineanechoicchambers部件实验室PartslabsCAE的使用在普及WideapplicationonCAE,风洞试验室WindTunnel,37,人才队伍迅速发展RapidGrowthofNVHEngineers,从事NVH的工程师迅速增加RapidGrowthofNVHEngineers以长安汽车公司为例：TakeChanganAutoasexample:2003年：NVH工程师不到10人lessthan10NVHengineers2009年：NVH工程师超过100人morethan100NVHengineers在海外招聘一流NVH专家ThebestovereasNVHexp