英语写作之Paragraphppt课件

.,PartFourTheParagraph,.,ContentsofThisPart,I.CriteriaofaneffectiveparagraphII.StepsinwritingaparagraphIII.Waysofdevelopingparagraphs,.,Whatisaparagraph?,Aparagraphisaunitofthought.Paragraphsvaryinlength.,.,CriteriaofanEffectiveParagraph,unifiedcoherentwelldeveloped,Unity,Coherence,Transition/Development,.,Unity,Aparagraphisacomponentpartofanessay.Eachparagraphhasonlyonetheme,sowhatiswrittenshouldbecloselyrelatedtothetheme.Thecentralthemeisusuallysummarizedinthetopicsentence.Placeoftopicsentence:beginning,middle,end,implied.,.,Pleaseidentifythetopicsentenceineachparagraph,Sample1CaliforniansandNewEnglandersarebothAmerican.Theyspeakthesamelanguageandabidebythesamelaws.However,theyareverydifferentintheirwaysoflife.MobilityhasmadeagreatimpressiononthecultureofCalifornians,lackofmobilityisthemarkofthecustomsandmoralityofNewEnglanders.Sample2Sample3,Beginning,End,Implied,Middle,.,Howtowriteagoodtopicsentence?,1.Atopicsentenceshouldbeneithertoogeneralnortoospecific.Ifitistoogeneral,thereadercannottellexactlywhattheparagraphisgoingtodiscuss.Ifitistoospecific,thewritermaynothaveanythinglefttowriteaboutintherestoftheparagraph.,主题句既不能太笼统，也不能太详细。前者会使要讨论的内容不明确，后者会影响开展下文。,.,Example:Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy(油腻的)becauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozenandprepackagedfoodsandbecausetheyfryeverythinginoilorbutter.Americanfoodisterrible.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.,Toospecific,Good,Toogeneral,.,2.Donotinvolvetoomanyrelatedideasinyourtopicsentence;ifyoudo,yourparagraphwillnotbeunified.,主题句中不应包含过多的意思，以免影响段落的统一性。,.,SanFranciscoisfamousforitstemperateclimate,itsmanytouristattractionsanditscosmopolitan(世界性的)atmosphere.,SanFranciscoisfamousforitstemperateclimate/manytouristattractions/cosmopolitanatmosphere.,Toomanyideas,Good,.,Homework,Task3Supplyatopicsentenceforeachparagraph.,.,Coherence,Thesentencesinaparagraphshouldbearrangedinaclear,logicalorder.Aparagraphiscoherentwheneachsentenceinitnaturallyleadstothenextsentenceinexplaininganddevelopingthecentralidea.Sample4,.,Transition,GoodtransitionsshouldbeusedtomakeonesentencerunsmoothlytoanotherWaysoftransition:,.,Transition,Waysoftransition:usingparallelstructuresrepeatingwordsorwordgroupsusingpronounstorefertonounsinprecedingsentencesbeingconsistentinthepersonandnumberofnounsandpronouns,andthetenseofverbsusingtransitionalexpressionsDetailsonPage68,.,Transitionalwords,Addition:also,again,aswellas,besides,coupledwith,furthermore,inaddition,likewise,moreover,coupledwith,togetherwithConsequence:accordingly,asaresult,consequently,forthisreason,forthispurpose,hence,otherwise,sothen,subsequently,therefore,thus,whereforeGeneralizing:asarule,asusual,forthemostpart,generally,generallyspeaking,ordinarily,usually,.,Exemplifying:forexample,forinstance,suchas,markedly,namely,including,foronething,illustratedwith,inthiscaseEmphasis:aboveall,chiefly,especially,specifically,withattentionto,particularly,inparticularDirection:here,there,overthere,beyond,nearly,opposite,under,above,totheleft,totheright,inthedistance,.,Exception:asidefrom,besides,except,exceptfor,excluding,exclusiveof,otherthan,outsideofRestatement:inessence,inotherwords,namely,thatis,thatistosay,inshort,inbrief,toputitdifferentlyContrastandComparison:comparatively,identically,likewise,similarly,incontrast,conversely,instead,ononehand,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,rather,yet,but,however,still,nevertheless,.,Sequence:atfirst,firstofall,tobeginwith,inthefirstplace,atthesametime,fornow,forthetimebeing,thenextstep,inturn,lateron,meanwhile,next,then,soon,themeantime,later,while,earlier,simultaneously,afterward,finallySummarizing:allinall,allthingsconsidered,brieflyspeaking,byandlarge,inanycase,inanyevent,inbrief,inconclusion,onthewhole,inshort,insummary,inthefinalanalysis,inthelongrun,tosumup,tosummarize,.,StepsinWritingaParagraph,Step1:Giveatopicsentence(Thinkofthethemeormainidea,andexpressitinacompletesentence)Step2:Thinkofthedetailsorexamplesorfactsthatmaybeusedtosupportorexplainthemainidea.Step3:Workoutanoutlinetoarrangethedetailsorexamplesorfactsinlogicalorder.,.,Threemainpartsofaparagraph,GO=TopicSentenceContinue=SupportingSentenceStop=ConcludingSentence,.,Whatkindofhealthproblemsdoescigarettesmokingcause？,WeallknowthatcigarettesmokingisadangeroushabitbecauseitcauseshealthproblemsDoctorssayitcanbeadirectcauseofcancerofthelungsandthroatandcanalsocontributetocancerofotherorgansInaddition，itcanbringaboutotherhealthproblemssuchasheartandlungdiseasesItisclearlyidentifiedasoneofthechiefcausesofdeathinoursociety,.,Mymotherhaspassedalongtomecertainrulesforgettingalongwithothers.Dontarguewithparents;theywillthinkyoudontlovethem.Dontarguewithchildren;theywillthinkthemselvesvictimized.Dontarguewithspouses;theywillthinkyouareatiresomemate.Dontarguewithstrangers;theywillthinkyouarenotfriendly.Mymothersrules,infact,canbesummedupintwowords:Dontargue.,.,Whatisthebesttopicsentence?,1.Mexicoisaninterestingcountry.2.HismanyreformsmadeMexicoafairer,moremodernsociety.3.Benito(1806-1872)isanationalheroinMexico.,.,Functionofaparagraph主题（atopic）作者的观点（anopinionorstatement）Thebenefitsofparticipatinginsportsarenumerous.Myfavoriteprogramis“Friend”.Ienjoytheprogramsaboutrealpeopleandrealexperience.,.,Thetwopurposesofatopicsentence:1.tostatethetopic,togivethemainidea2.tograbthereadersattentionsothereaderwantstogoonPeopleviewmoneydifferently.Somepeopleconsidermoneytherootofallevil.,.,Featuresofthetopicsentence,1.itshapestheentireparagraphbydefiningitscontents2.itestablishestheparagraphsorganization3.ithasmanyforms,.,Featuresofthetopicsentence1.主题句应具有概括性，而扩展句需要具体。Eachprogramwillfocusonaparticularfriendwhocanbeeitheracelebrityoraneverydayperson.Friendisaverypopulartalkshow.Thecostofmakingfakeproductsisusuallylowerthanrealones.Wehavetowonderwhyfakeproductsaresoprevalent.,.,2.主题句应是一种观点而不是一个具体的事实。Manycollegestudentsdopart-timejob.Manycollegestudentsdopart-timejobsforvariousreasons.Manypeoplebuypiratedproductsbecausethepriceismuchlowerthanlegalones.Thereasonwhypeoplebuypiratedproductsisvarious.,.,Commonformsforparagraph,1）肯定句（AffirmativeSentence）Example：Theneedforwildlifeprotectionisgreaternowthaneverbefore2）反诘句（RhetoricalSentence）Example：Howdoyouthinkpeoplewillsolvetheproblemofwildlifeprotection？3）不完整句（Fragments）Example：Andtheworkingman？,.,Supplyatopicsentenceforeachofthefollowingparagraphs:_Red,forexample,isthecoloroffire,heat,bloodandlife.Peoplesayredisanexcitingandactivecolor.Theyassociateredwithastrongfeelinglikeanger.Redisalsousedforsignsofdanger,suchasstopsignsandfireengines.Orangeisthebright,warmcolorofleavesinautumn.Peoplesayorangeisalivelycolor.Theyassociateorangewithhappiness.Yellowisthecolorofsunlight.Peoplesayitisacheerfulcolor.Theyassociateyellow,too,withhappiness.Greenisthecoolcolorofgrassinspring.Peoplesayitisarefreshingcolor.,.,_Itistheroadwhichdeterminesthesitesofmanycitiesandthegrowthandnourishmentofall.Itistheroadwhichcontrolsthedevelopmentofstrategiesandfixesthesitesofbattles.Itistheroadthatgivesitsframe-worktoalleconomicdevelopment.Itistheroadwhichisthechannelofalltrade,and,whatismoreimportant,ofallideas.Initsmosthumblefunctionitisanecessaryguidewithoutwhichprogressfromplacetoplacewouldbeaceaselessexperiment;itisasustenancewithoutwhichorganizedsocietywouldbeimpossible,thustheroadmovesandcontrolsallhistory.,.,SupportingSentence,主题句的后面必须要跟上几个支持句用来进一步阐述、解释、说明主题句。可以用具体的事例、证据或进一步论证的手法来达到支持主题句的目的。,.,一个段落的支持句有主要支持句(majorsupportingsentences)和次要支持句(minorsupportingsentences)之分。例1：(主题句)Thereareseveralfactorsaffectingclimate.(推展句1)Onefactoristhemountofsunlightreceived.(推展句2)Altitude,ortheheightabovesealevel,alsodeterminesclimate.(推展句3)Theoceanshaveaneffectontheclimateofadjacentland.(推展句4)Inaddition,climateisinfluencedbythegeneralcirculationoftheatmosphere.,.,(主题句)Idontteachbecauseteachingiseasyforme.(主要推展句1)TeachingisthemostdifficultofthevariouswaysIhaveattemptedtoearnmyliving:mechanic,carpenter,writer.(主要推展句2)Forme,teachingisared-eye,sweaty-palm,sinking-stomachprofession.(次要推展句1)Red-eye,becauseIneverfeelreadytoteachnomatterhowlateIstayuppreparing.(次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm,becauseImalwaysnervousbeforeIentertheclassroom,surethatIwillbefoundoutforthefoolthatIam.(次要推展句3)Sinking-stomach,becauseIleavetheclassroomanhourlaterconvincedthatIwasevenmoreboringthanusual.,.,习作评析CanMoneyBuyHappiness有人认为金钱是幸福之本（sourceofhappiness）也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（rootofallevil）我的看法（myopinion）,.,Somesaythatsocietytodayisbasedonmoney.Thereisno(主题句)questionthatmoneyisimportantinourlives.Peopleview（主题句）（转折句）moneydifferently.Somepeopleconsidermoneyasourceof(主题句)happiness.Tothem,moneyiseverything.Theydreamof（主要支持句）（次要支持句）luxuryhomes,clothes,jewelry,etc.Inotherwords,they（次要支持句）dreamofaluxuriouslifestyle.Theycannotimaginelife（次要支持句）withoutmoneyandmaterialthings.,.,Task10Topicsentence:Philatelyisaninterestinghobby,Theoutlineis:1)Therearebeautifulpicturesonpostagestamps;2)Thereareportraitsofhistoricalfiguresonthem;3)ItisalwaysadelighttogetastampIhaveneverseenbefore;4)IcanlearnsomethingbylookingatthestampsIhavecollected.,.,PlanningaParagraph,Philatelyisaninterestinghobby.EverytimeIopenmyalbumsandlookatthestampsIvecollectedovertheyears,Ilearnsomethingnew.Onmanyofthemareprinteddrawingsorpicturesofrarebirds,animals,treesorflowers.Underamagnifyingglasstheylookverybeautiful,andtheyhelptoincreasemyknowledgeofnature.Onotherstampsthereareportraitsofhistoricalfigures,suchasQuYuanandDr.SunYatsen,GeorgeWashingtonandChesterW.Nimits.WheneverIseeanunfamiliarname,Iwilltrytofindsomeinformationaboutthepersonbyconsultinganencyclopedia.InthiswayIhavecometoknowsomethingaboutquiteafewpeoplewhoarefamousforonereasonoranother.SomeofmyfriendsandrelativeswhoknowIaminterestedinstampsoftenshowmeusedenvelopes.IfIseeastampwhichIhaveneverseenbeforeorIhaventgotyet,Iwillaskthemtogiveittome,anditseemsthattheyarealwayskindenoughtoobligeme.Itisalwaysadelighttoaddanewstamptomycollection,andthemorestampsIhave,themoreinterestedIaminphilately.Student,.,Whyistravelbecomingmoreandmorepopular?Whataretheadvantagesoftravel?,Travelisbeneficialtousinatleastthreeways.(topicsentence)First,bytravellingwecanenjoySecond,wewillmeetandseewhenwetravel.Third,travelwillnotonlyhelpus,butalsowillhelpus.Withalltheseadvantages,.,.,AdvantagesofTravel,Travelisbeneficialtousinatleastthreeways.First,bytravellingwecanenjoythebeautifulsceneryindifferentplaces.Wewillseewithourowneyesmanyplacesreadofinbooks,andvisitsomefamouscitiesandscenicspots.Second,wewillmeetpeoplewithdifferentinterestsandseestrangeanddifferentthingswhenwetravel.Wecangetideasoftheconditionsandcustomsofotherpeople,tastedifferentfoodsandlocalflavorsifwelike.Inthisway,wecanunderstandhowdifferentlyotherpeoplelive.Third,travelwillnotonlyhelpusgainknowledgeofgeographyandhistoryandotherknowledge,butalsowillhelpuskeephealthyandmakeuslessnarrow-minded.Traveldoesbenefitusbothmentallyandphysically.Withalltheseadvantages,itsnowonderthattravelisbecomingmoreandmorepopular.,.,Exercise,Developthefollowingintoaparagraph.Thepolicedepartmentcanhelppeopletodealwithmanykindsofproblems.Thepolicecanalsohelpinmedicalemergencies.Everycityhasaspecialtelephonenumberforpolicedepartment.,.,WaysofDevelopingParagraphs,DevelopmentbyTimeDevelopmentbyProcessDevelopmentbySpaceDevelopmentbyExampleorGeneralizationDevelopmentbyComparisonandContrastDevelopmentbyCauseandEffectDevelopmentbyClassificationDevelopmentbyDefinitionDevelopmentbyaCombinationofMethods,.,DevelopmentbyTime,Todescribethingsinorderoftime:earlierthingsarementionedbeforelaterthings,thefirstthingfirstandthelastthinglast.Itisalsocalledchronologicalsequencing.Wordsyoucan.;youcan.;youcan;youcan.;Whileincollege,youcan;youcan;youcan;youcan.(block)TherearemanydifferencesbetweencollegeandhighschoolinBritain.Inhighschool,youcanIncollege,youcanInhighschool,youcanWhileincollege,youbutinhighschool,(alternating),.,DevelopmentbyCauseandEffect,Soundreasoningorlogic(理由充分、逻辑性强）isnaturallythemostimportantqualityofanycausalanalysis.Twobasicwaysoforganizingparagraphsdevelopedbycauseandeffect:(1)Tostateaneffectanddevotetherestoftheparagraphtoexaminingthecauses.(果因分析法）(2)Tostateacauseandthenmentionorpredicttheeffects.（因果分析法）WordsandPhrases(P92),.,Whydopeopleliketoslimnow?(结果）Therearemanyreasonsforthat.（分析原因）Firstly,theyhaverealizedthatfatnessisharmfultohealthbecauseitcancausediseasessuchasheartattackandhighbloodpressureoreventhestroke.Secondly,overweightmayspoiltheirimage,especiallyforsomeyounggirls,whothinktheywillnotbelovedbyhandsomeboys.Thirdly,agood-lookingfigurecannotonlyattractpeoplebutmakeyoufeelmoreself-confidentthaneverbefore.,果因分析法,.,因果分析法,WhywouldIliketolearnEnglish?ThefirstreasonforthatislearningEnglishwillhelpmetoknowmoreaboutdifferentcultures.Andalso,learningEnglishcangivemechancestomakefriendswithpeoplefromothercountries.ThelastreasonislearningEnglishmightgivemeagoodopportunitytogetabetterjob.Thus,learningEnglishwillbri