英语文体学ppt课件

.,IntroductiontoEnglishStylistics,.,Courserequirements:Classattendanceisrequired,notoptional.Courseevaluation:Attheendofthecourse,eachstudentistosubmitatermpaperrelatedtostylistics.,.,Coursedescription:Stylisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichappliesthetheoryandmethodologyofmodernlinguisticstothestudyofstyle.Inamuchbroadersense,itdealswiththestudyofallkindsofwriting/varietiesofEnglish.,.,Inanarrowersense,itisaninterdisciplinarysubject.Itisastudyofliterarydiscoursefromalinguisticorientation,thatis,fromalinguisticpointofview(literarystylistics).Therefore,itdiffersfromlinguisticsandliterarycriticisminthatitessentiallylinksthesetwo.,.,Majortopicstobediscussed:1.Whatisstylistics?Whatisstylisticsmeanttodo?Whatisstyle?2.Phonologicalstylisticmarkers3.Lexicalstylisticmarkers4.Grammaticalstylisticmarkers5.Normanddeviation6.VarietiesofEnglish7.Practicalstyle,.,Referencebooks:英语文体学引论，王佐良，外研社。英语文体学教程，徐有志，高等教育出版社。英语文体学教程，张德禄，高等教育出版社。英语语体学，裴文，安徽大学出版社。实用英语文体学，钱瑗，外研社。文体学概论，秦秀白，湖南教育出版社。,.,PatternsinLanguage:StylisticsforStudentsofLanguageandLiterature-Thomborrow,J.,1998.StyleinLanguage-Sebeok,T.A.(ed.),1960.TheFiveClocks-Joos,M.,1962.LinguisticsandStyle-Enkvist,N.E.finite/nonfinite;)d.normalorderofinvertede.tense(theprevailingtense)f.voice(activeorpassive),.,Semanticcategory:a.figuresofcomparison(simile,metaphor,analogy,personification)b.figuresofreplacement(metonomy,synecdoche,euphemism,overstatement,understatement,etc.)c.figuresofrepetitiond.figuresofcontrast(antithesis,oxymoron,paradox,climax,anticlimaxetc.)e.figuresofdoublemeaning(pun,irony),.,Theaimofthiscourseistwo-fold:Toofferachancetodeepen/facilitateyourunderstandingoftheknowledgeoflinguisticsyouhavejustacquiredandputittopracticaluse.2)Tocultivatestylisticawarenessorinsightintodifferentstylesofwriting/varietiesofEnglish;todeveloptheabilitytodostylisticanalysisandhopefullypursuingabetterunderstandingorappreciationofliteraryworksandotherstylesofwriting.,.,Chapter1,I.Definitionofstylistics“Thestudyofthatvariationinlanguagewhichisdependentonthesituationinwhichthelanguageisused.Althoughstylisticssometimesincludesinvestigationofspokenlanguage,itusuallyreferstothestudyofwrittenlanguage,includingliterarytexts.Stylisticsisconcernedwiththechoicesthatareavailabletoawriterandthereasonswhyparticularformsandexpressionsareusedratherthanothers.”(LongmanDictionaryofLanguageTeachingnamely,whatdoesthetextmean?Howdoesthetextmeanwhatitmeans?Whyisthetextvaluedasitis?thestudyofhowtouselanguageeffectively/appropriatelyinsteadoffocusingoncorrectness,.,Appropriatenessvs.Correctness,Thefollowingexamplesshowustherelationshipbetweenappropriatenessandcorrectnesseg:a.(Supposeyoumeetaforeignteacheroncampusandgreethimbyasking:”Hi,Mr.Johnson,haveyouhadyourmeal?b.(supposeapersontriestocomfortayoungladywhosehusbanddiedandhesaystoher)“Imterriblysorrytohearthatyourhusbandhasjustdied,butdontletitupsetyoutoomuch.Youareanattractive,youngwoman.Imsureyouwillfindsomeoneelsesoon.”,.,Comment:Grammaticallycorrectbutaviolationoftheconventionorcustomsinusingthelanguage.NativespeakersofEnglishwouldneversaythatway.Inthissense,itisagainsttheruleofappropriatenesshowevercorrecttheformis.,.,Discussionquestion:Thefollowing4sentencesconcernthewayahousewifetalkstoamilkman.Whichonedoyouthinkisthemostappropriate?1)Canyouleaveonebottleandfouryoghourtstomorrowplease?2)Leaveonebottleandfouryoghourtstomorrowanddontforget.3)Itwouldbegreatlyappreciatedifyoukindlyleaveonebottleandfouryoghourtstomorrow.4)Wouldyouleaveonebottleandfouryoghourtstomorrow,justforme.,.,1.Whenhisdaddied,Petehadtogetanotherjob.2.Afterhisfathersdeath,Peterhadtochangehisjob.3.Onthedeceaseofhisfather,Mr.Brownwasobligedtoseekalternativeemployment.,Alsocompare:,.,III.LevelsofstyleThreelevelsofstyle:high,middleandlow.Middlestylewillserveperfectlywellformostofyourwriting.Itisthestyleinwhichmostoftheworldswritinggetsdone.,.,HighStyleandHardWords,Thehighstyleaimsatloftinessandgrandeur.Todaysreadersarelikelytofindittooornateandceremoniousforallbutafewoccasions,butatcertainperiodsinthepastitwasusedmorefreely.Here,fromtwocenturiesago,isHighStyleatitshighestSamuelJohnsonruminatingonthedangersoftheimagination:Toindulgethepoweroffictionandsendimaginationoutuponthewingisoftenthesport,.,ofthosewhodelighttoomuchinsilentspeculation.Whenwearealonewearenotalwaysbusy:thelaborofexcogitationistooviolenttolastlong,theardorofinquirywillsometimesgivewaytoidlenessorsatiety.Hewhohasnothingexternalthatcandiverthimmustfindpleasureinhisownthoughts,andmustconceivehimselfwhatheisnot,forwhoispleasedwithwhatheis?Hethenexpatiatesinboundlessfuturity,andcullsfromallimaginableconditionsthatwhichforthepresentmomentheshouldmostdesire,amuseshisdesireswithimpossibleenjoyments,.,Comment:1.Highstyledifferssharplyfromthestyleofeverydayconversation.Usuallyitdiffersbyvirtueofitssolemnity,itsresoundingrhythms,andtheelaboratestructureofitssentences.2.Differenceinthesophisticationofitswording.Veryseldomdoesdailyconversationcontainsuchaphraseas“toindulgethepoweroffiction”or“silentspeculation”ortheardorofinquiry”,.,3.MiddleStyle,asopposedtohighstyle,doesntaimforloftinessorgrandeur,butforclarityandsimplicity,.,LowStylee.g.Imfedupwiththewaygalsgettreatedinthelatestflicks.Foronething,therearentmanyofthemaroundanymore.Thebestflicksyouseethesedaysaremostlyaboutguys:Patton,Godfather,TheSting.Andwhenwomendogetapieceoftheaction,theyreeitherwhoreslikethewomanplayedbyLindaLovelaceorbitcheslikeMrs.RobinsoninTheGraduateorstupidYoullhearpeoplelaughatthefemalestereotypesintheflicksofthefortiesandfifties,butwomenwereatleastimportantinalotofthoseoldflicks,andbesides,thestereotypesweresortofinteresting.,.,Comment:OneofthefeaturesofLowStyleistheuseofcolloquialisms.Althoughsuchdictionfitsperfectlywellintocasualconversation,theMiddleStyleusesitsparinglybecauseitsoundssomuchlikecasualtalk.Thepassagealsocontainsslangspecificallyflick,bitches,anddig.Slangwordsarecolloquialismssoextremethattheymustbeusedevenmorecautiouslyandlessfrequently.Therightslangintherightplacecanaddjusttherighttouchofhumor,realism,orlocalism.,.,Chapter2I.Phonologicalstylisticfunctions/stylemarkerinphonology1).StressandintonationWordshaveweight,soundandappearance;itisonlybyconsideringthesethatyoucanwriteasentencethatisgoodtolookatandgoodtolistento.(W.SomersetMaugham)“Thesoundmustseemanechotothesense.”(A.Pope),.,a.Stress:Wordstressandsentencestresseg.:Johnboughtthatnewcaryesterday.123456Question:Whatdifferencedoesitmakeifeachofthewordsinthesentenceisstressed?,.,If“John”isstressed,itmeans:ItwasJohn(notanybodyelse)whoboughtthenewcaryesterday.If“bought“isstressed,itmeans:a.Hehadbeenwanderingtobuythatnewcarandhedidbuyityesterday.b.Yousaidthathewouldntbuythatnewcar,butheboughtityesterday.c.Heboughtthatnewcaryesterday;hedidntstealit.,.,If“that”isstressed,itmeans:ratherthanthisonehereIf“new”isstressed,itmeans:Hedidntbuyasecondhandcar.If“car”isstressed,itmeans:WhatJohnboughtwasacar,notatruckoracartorabicycle.,.,If“yesterday”isstressed,itmeans:a.,andseewhatamessitisheretoday.b.,butitdoesntworkproperlytoday.c.,notthedaybeforeyesterday.d.,butitseemstomethathehadhaditforalongtime.,.,Anotherexample:Doitnow.If“do”isstressed,itmeans:Donjusttalk,youshoulddosomething.If“it”isstressed,itmeans:Dontdoanythingelse,youshoulddothisthingnow.If“now”isstressed,itmeans:Noloitering/Nowastingthetime!Dontputitofftilllatertime.,.,2.Lengtha.Expressingacertainfeeling.e.g.:Getout./Doitnow.Ifreadquicklyandwithahighpitch,thesentencemeansthespeakerisangry.Ifreadslowlyandwithalowpitch,thesentencemeansakindofthreat.,.,b.Lengthcanalsoinfluencerhythm:longvowelsanddiphthongscanslowdownrhythmwhileshortvowelscanaccelerateorquickenrhythm.E.g.1)Therainwhippedthewindow.2),heseesthecobraemergeandmakeforthebowlofmilk.Screamsringoutashejumpstoslamtheverandadoorssafelyshut.,.,3)Theseaisrough.4)Theslowrollsofthesurgesonthesea.5)Theoldmanjumpedbackasifhehadbeenstungandbloodrushedintohiswrinkledfaced.,.,6).Nowitwasbeingburnedtoacrisp.Thewaterholesweredriedupandwesawdeadcattlelyinghereandthereonthetreeless,rollingrange.Somefarmerswerehaulingwaterouttotheirthirstystockdaily;othersweretryingtodrilldeepwells.”,.,7).Trueeaseinwritingcomesfromart,notchance.Asthosemoveeasiestwhohavelearndtodance,Tisnotenoughnoharshnessgivesoffense,Thesoundmustseemanechotothesense,Softisthestrainwhenzephyrgentlyblows,Andthesmoothstreaminsmoothernumbersflows;Butwhenloudsurgeslashthesoundingshore,Thehoarse,roughverseshoudlikethetorrentroar.,.,3.Pausea.PausecanbefurtherdividedintostructuralpauseandemotivepausePausecanmakeadirecteffectonthespeedofdeliveryandstyle.Ininformalstyle,pausecanaddweightandthustheeffectofrhythmcanbeachievedstillfurthertoachieveartisticeffect.Forexample,inthesentence:ThefirstawardhasbeenwonbyHelenSmith.Thebestfemalesingeroftheyeargoesto.CelineDion.,.,b.Pauseisalsoadistinctivefeaturetodistinguishformalspokendiscoursefrominformalspokendiscourse.Incasualconversation,therewillalwaysbemorepausesthaninformalspokendiscourse.,.,e.g.1)Yes,er,onefeatureof,aora,atripintothecountryoraholidayinthecountryerinBritain,ofcourse,isthatyoucanermsitonthelandscapeliterally.Youknow,youyoucanclimboveragateandermandspreadaclothaandsitonthegrasseran.andhaveapicnic.Erm,thisinseveralcountriesthatIvelivedinisjustnot,on,Eronejustwouldntsitdownbecause,erwell,erper.perhapsitwastoohotandthe.therewasnoshadeanywherenear,orifyoudidyouknewjollywellthatwithin30secondsyouweregoingtobebitteno.,eralloverbyantsandthiskindofthing.,.,2)Goodafternooneveryone.OnourwaydownrivertotheTowerofLondon,therearequiteafewplacesofinterestthatwepassaswegoalong.Iwillpointoutsomeofthemtoyou.FirstofallnowoverontherighthandsidetherestheRoyalFestivalHall,openedin1951aspartoftheFestivalofBritaincelebrations.ItsoneofthefinestconcerthallsinEurope.OverhereontheleftthelargewhitebuildingwiththeclockisShellmexHouse,ownedbyShellandBritainPetroleum.Theclockthereisthesecondlargestintheworld.ItsthreeinchessmallerthantheTimesClockinTimesSquareinNewYork.,.,4.Intonation.Intonationisaccountedassoulofalanguage.Thereexistthreeelementsinintonation,namely,pitchheight,pitchmovementandpitchrange.Accordingtotheformationofintonation,itcanbefurtherdividedintofallingtone,risingtoneandfallingrisingtone.Fallingtonecanbedividedintolowfallandhighfall,andrisingtonecanbedividedintolowriseandhighrise.Generallyspeaking,fallingtonedenotesdefiniteness,certaintyandcompleteness.Risingtonedenoteslackofdefiniteness,certainty,subordinationandincompleteness;falling-risingtonedenotescontrast,reservation,concession,tentativeness,hesitation,warningandcontradiction.,.,e.g.:1)Ishouldgo.2)Ishould/go.3)Ishouldgo.4)Ishouldgo.5)I/shouldgo.,.,5.Onomatopoeia/soundimitationDefinition:ThewordonomatopoeiaisderivedfromtheGreekword“onomatopia”meaning.Onomatopoeiacanbefurtherdividedintoprimaryonomatopoeiawhichsuggestsabasicconnectionbetweensoundandmeaningandsecondaryonomatopoeia.whichsuggestsakindofassociationbetweensoundandmeaning.,.,Examplesofprimaryonomatopoeia:cat-meow,cockcockadoodledoo/crowhencluck/chuck，bullbellow/boo/moo/lowcowmoo/low,chickencheeppiggrunt/squeal/,duckquackdogbark/yelp/yap/bowwowgoatbleat/baa,.,Onomatopoeia,Humanbeingsandmovement,animals,Naturalobjects,Ouch-usedforpainordispleasureow-usedinresponsetosuddenpainaha-usedforsurprise,pleasure,Apes-gibberbears-growlflies-buzzfrogs-croakturkeysgobblewolves-howl,Theboomingofartillerythejinglingofthebelltheclangofthehammer,.,Examplesofsecondaryonomatopoeiaa.sniff,snuff,snort,snare:imitationofthesoundsresultingfrombreathing.b.sl:滑suchasslide,slip,slither,slush,sluice,sleek.c.sk:与表面的接触E.g.skate,skim,ski,.,d./wh/:表示“剧烈”如：whip,whirle.cl:金属碰撞声，如：clang,clink,clickf.gl:发光，如：glitter,glare,glimmer,glister,glowh./s/:hiss,whisper,rustle,whistle,.,Examplesofonomatopoeia:1)Thecrowdbegantohissandboohimforhisunsportsmanlikeconduct,buthesatunmoved.AnothergreatoutburstofapplausewasDannysashewalkedbackacrossthering.WhenDannystirred,therewereohs,andahs,ofdelight.,.,2)IseeadvancinguponallthisinhideousonslaughttheNaziwarmachine,withitsclanking,heel-clicking,dandifiedPrussianofficers,itscraftyexpertagentsfreshfromthecowingandtyingdownofadozencountries.(SpeechonHitlersInvasionofU.S.S.R.)3)Theclatter,clatterupthestairs.,.,4)Andfromthatdayon,assoonasthetablewasclearedandthedishesweredone,Motherwoulddisappearintothesewingroomtopractise.Theslowtap,tap,tapwentonsomenightsuntilmidnight.(GeraldMoore,TheDayMotherCried)5)Andthenthepartydroveoffandvanishedinthenightshades,andYeobrightenteredthehouse.Thetickingoftheclockwastheonlysoundthatgreetedhim,fornotasoulremained.(ThomasHardy,TheReturnoftheNative),.,Thestreamflowsthroughthewoods.Dasistartedlaughing.Thedoorwaspushedopen.Heavyraindropsfellonthetent.B)Thestreamismurmuringthroughthewoods.Dasistartedgiggling.Thedoorcrashedopen.Heavyraindropsbeganpitter-patteringonthetent.,.,SuggestedChineseversion:小溪带着潺潺的流水声穿过树林。戴西咯咯地笑了起来。门砰地一声开了。沉重的雨点啪嗒啪嗒地落到帐篷上。,.,Otherexamples:e.g.Hebangedthedoor.Thetelegraphtickedoutamessage.Theyhissedhimoffthestage.Hewaseatinganapple,andgivingalong,melodiouswhoop,atintervals,followedbyadeep-tonedding-dong-dong,ding-dong-dong,forhewaspersonatingasteamboat.(M.Twain,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer),.,6.PUN:Punmeansplayingonwords,orrathertoplaywiththeformandmeaningofwords,forawittyorhumorouseffect,andisoftenusedinliteraryworksandads.Apunisawordemployedintwoormoresenses,awordusedinacontextthatmakesthereaderthinkofasecondtermresemblingitinsound.TherearemanywordsinEnglishwhichlookorsoundalike,buthavedifferentsenses,orconnotations.,.,Homonyms,homophones,andhomographsaremostlythemeanswherebypunisconstructed.1)Homonyms:identicaltoanotherwordinpronunciationandspellingbutnotinmeaning.E.g.bark-/ba:k/aroundorsphericalobjectbark-/ba:k/tomakeasharpandabruptcry(ofadog)2)Homophones:identicaltoanotherwordinpronunciationbutnotinspellingandmeaning.E.g.write-/rait/tomarksymbolsrepresentingwordswithpenorpencilonpaperrite-/rait/areligiousobservance/ceremonyright-/rait/just,morallygood,correct,.,3)Homographs:identicaltoanotherinspellingbutnotinpronunciationandmeaning.E.g.minute-/minit/sixtiethpartofanhourminute-/mainju:t/verysmall,delicate,detailed,.,e.g.:1)Thentherewasthemanintherestaurant.“Youarenoteatingyourfish,“thewaitresssaidtohim.“Anythingwrongwithit?”“Longtimenosea(see),“themanreplied.2)Ifinallyfiguredouthowgovernmentworks.TheSenategetsthebillfromtheHouse,thePresidentgetsthebillfromtheSenate,andwegetthebillforeverything.,.,3)”Fourthfloor,“shoutedthepassengertotheelevator.”Hereyouare,son.”Howdareyoucallmeson?”Sir,Icalledorwhatever,Ivebroughtyouup,anyway.”4)”MyFaithisgone!”criedhe,afteronestupefiedmoment.(NathaniealHowthorne:GoodmanBrown)5)OnSundaytheyprayforyouandonMondaytheypreyonyou.6)Wemustallhangtogether,orweshallhangseparately.(BenjaminFranklin),.,7)Amansitsdownatatableinarestaurantandasks,“Doyouservecrabshere?”Thewaitersays,“Sure,sitdown.Weserveanybody.8)Iwouldliketoborrowabook,please.-Somethinglight?-Thatdoesntmatter.Ihavemycarwithme.,.,9)WhyistheMiddleAgesalsocalledtheDarkAges?-Becausethereweremanyknights.10)Wehaveacoursetomakegrownmenyoungandyoungmengroan.(AsignonaMensGymdoor),.,11.BenBattlewasasoldierbold,Andusedtowarsalarms;Butacannonballtookoffhislegs,Sohelaiddownhisarms.(T.Hood.FaithlessNellyGray)SomeexamplesofpuninChinese:12.杨柳青青江水平，闻郎江上唱歌声。东边日出西边雨，道是无晴却有晴。（刘禹锡：竹枝词13.歇后语：山顶滚石头石（实)打石（实）。老虎拉车谁赶（敢)？,.,7.Soundpatterning,Referringtothematchingofidenticalorsimilarsoundsbetweentwoormorewords.will-woe(alliteration,头韵）cut-run(assonance,腹韵）fits-starts(consonance,辅韵）sing-song(pararhyme,头尾韵）braindrain(rhyme,韵）,.,Alliteration:repetitionoftheinitialconsonantofawordMagazinearticles:“SciencehasSpoiledmySupper”and“TooMuchTalentinTennessee?”Comic/cartooncharacters:BeetleBailey,DonaldDuckRestaurants:CoffeeCorner,SushiStationExpressions:busyasabee,deadasadoornail,goodasgold,rightasrain,etc.,.,Assonance:RepetitionofvowelsoundstocreateinternalrhymingwithinphrasesorsentencesThesoundofthegroundisanoun.Hearthemellowweddingbells.(Poe)Andmurmuringofinnumerablebees(Tennyson)Thecrumblingthunderofseas(Stevenson)DeadindamiddleoflittleItaly,littledidweknowthatweriddledsomemiddlemenwho,.,OnthemorningofFebruary12,aSunday,thegrannywomanwasthereatthecabin.AndsheandTomLincolnandthemoaningNancyHankswelcomedintotheworldofbattleandblood,ofwhisperingdreamsandwistfuldust,anewchild,aboy.(CarlSandburg,NancyHanks),.,Chapter3Lexicalstylisticfunctions/stylemarkerinwordsI.StyleanddictionWhatwordstoselectinthecreationofatextwillbesignificantincreatingstylisticeffect.Swiftsaid,“Properwordsinproperplacesmaketruestyle.”Generally,thefollowingsituationalfactors,featuresofregisterareofspecialimportance,.,Field:Itisconcernedwithwhatishappening,includingthesubjectmatter,theevents,goings-on,content,etc.Tenor:Itisconcernedwithwhoistakingpartinthecommunication,therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthelistener.Mode:Itisconcernedwithhowtheinteractionisconducted,thatiswhetheritiswrittenorspoken.Intermsoffield,wordsofdifferentdomainssuchaslaw,maths,philosophy,dailylife,etcmaymanifestaparticularstyleoftext.,.,Generallyspeaking,wordsofLatin,Frenchoriginarewordsofscience,religionandofficialcommunication.WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginmakeupthebasicvocabulary.Formalwordsareusedinlegaldocument,diplomaticpapersandacademicreport;nonstandardwordsandslangwordsinconversationorliteraryworks.,.,Styledeterminesdiction.Discussthefollowingdialoguebetweenayounggirlandanoldcountrywoman.She(theyounggirl)said,“Takeanegg,andmakeaperforationinthebaseandacorrespondingoneintheapex.Thenapplythelipstotheaperture,andbyforciblyinhalingthebreaththeshellisentirelydischargedofitscontents.“Hearingthis,theoldladysaid,“whenIwasagaltheymadeaholeineachendandsucked.”.,.,TheUnitedNationsshallestablishunderitsauthorityaninternationaltrusteeshipsystemfortheadministrationandsupervisionofsuchterritoriesasmaybeplacedthereunderbysubsequentindividualagreements.Theseterritoriesarehereinafterreferredtoastrustterritories.,.,Archaicwords:hereinafter,thereunderLatinwords:unite,establish,authority,system,administration,supervision,territories,place,subsequent,individual,agr