英语句子结构分析PPT课件

.,1,句子的基本结构,.,2,句子种类两种分类法,按句子的用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Marycanswim,cantshe?3）祈使句：Becareful,boys.Donttalkinclass4）感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!,.,3,按句子的结构可分三种：,1)简单句2)并列句3)复合句,.,4,1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g.HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.,.,5,我们可以给句子的动词加上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。Heworkedhardallhislife.HeisaschoolstudentinNo.1MiddleSchool.,.,6,2)并列句：句型：简单句+并列连词+简单句并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。e.g.Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.,.,7,并列句的分类,1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,notonlybutalso,neithernor,then等连接。e.g.TheteachersnameisSmith,andthestudentsnameisJohn.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or,eitheror,otherwise等。e.g.Hurryup,oryoullmissthetrain.,.,8,3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,yet,while等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,for等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriceharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.,.,9,3）复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。从句包括名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）定语从句和状语从句等。句型主句+连词+从句；或连词+从句+主句e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.,.,10,复合句就是含有两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子。这种结构中，必定有一个主谓结构是句子的主句部分，而另一个主谓结构则是句子的次要部分，即从句部分。Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.,.,11,Exercises判断句型,1.Havingfinishedhishomework,theboywentontohelphismother.2.Whathesaysdoesntsuitwhathedoes.,(简单句划线部分在句中作状语，修饰整个句子),(复合句包含两个名词性从句：Whathesays是一个主语从句；whathedoes是一个宾语从句),.,12,3.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.4.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.5.Thereisachairinthisroom,isntthere?,简单句,复合句,简单句,.,13,6.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.7.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.8.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatsevenintheevening.,并列句,复合句,简单句,.,14,9.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.10.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isntit?11.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.,并列句,复合句,简单句,.,15,句子成分和句子结构,.,16,简单句的五个基本句型主语不及物动词Shecame.主语及物动词宾语ShelikesEnglish.主语系动词主语补语Sheishappy主语动词间接宾语直接宾语ShegaveJohnabookSheboughtabookforme.主语动词宾语宾语补语ShemakeshermotherangryTheteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.（There+beThereisabookonthedesk.,.,17,1.主语（subject）：句子的中心词，说明的人或事物。Thesunrisesintheeast（名词）Helikesdancing.（代词）Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)Seeingisbelieving.（动名词）Toseeistobelieve.（不定式）Whatheneedsisabook.（主语从句）Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）,.,18,(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.Thereisanoldmancominghere.Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.Todotodayshomeworkwithouttheteachershelpisverydifficult.,.,19,2.谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。WestudyEnglish.Heisasleep.(二).选出句中谓语的中心词Idontlikethepictureonthewall.A.dontB.likeC.pictureD.wallThedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summerDoyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.busTherewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon,.,20,3.表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。Heisateacher.（名词）Youdontlookit.（代词）Fiveandfiveisten.（数词）Heisasleep.（形容词）Hisfatherisin.（副词）Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.（形容词化的分词）Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.（表语从句）,.,21,（常见的系动词有:be,sound（听起来）,look（看起来）,feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）,taste（尝、吃起来）,remain（保持，仍是）,feel（感觉）Itsoundsagoodidea.Thesoundsoundsstrange.Hervoicesoundssweet.Tomlooksthin.Thefoodsmellsdelicious.Thefoodtastesgood.Thedoorremainsopen.NowIfeeltired.,.,22,(三)挑出下列句中的表语Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.WhyisheworriedaboutJim?Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.,.,23,4.宾语：1）动宾表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：IlikeChina.（名词）Hehatesyou.（代词）Howmanydoyouneed?Weneedtwo.（数词）Ienjoyworkingwithyou.（动名词）Ihopetoseeyouagain.（不定式）Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?（宾语从句）,.,24,2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Areyouafraidofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.3）双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney,.,25,(四)挑出下列句中的宾语Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?,.,26,5.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。Weelectedhimmonitor.（名词）Weallthinkitapitythatshedidntcomehere.（名词）Wewillmakethemhappy.（形容词）Wefoundnobodyin.(副词)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.（介词短语）Dontlethimdothat.（省to不定式）Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（带to不定式）Dontkeepthelightsburning.（现在分词）Illhavemybikerepaired.（过去分词）,.,27,(五)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.Shefounditdifficulttodothework.TheycallmeLilysometimes.IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?toreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-roomtotaketheboyoutofschoolLilygetonthebusplayingfootballontheplayground,.,28,划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语Pleasetellusastory.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.Didheleaveanymessageforme?,.,29,6.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Yanlingisachemistryteacher.（名词）Heisourfriend.（代词）Webelongtothethirdworld.（数词）Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.（形容词）Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.(副词)Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词)TheboysplayingfootballareinClass2.（现在分词）Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.（过去分词）Ihaveanideatodoitwell.（不定式）YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.（定语从句）,.,30,挑出下列句中的定语TheyuseMr.,Mrs.withthefamilyname.Whatisyourgivenname?OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.familygiventhirdsomedownstairs,.,31,7.状语：用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,or句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）Iwillgotheretomorrow.Themeetingwillbeheldinthemeetingroom.Themeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweather.HestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.Hedidntstudyhardsothathefailedintheexam.Ilikesomeofyouverymuch.Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.Hegoestoschoolbybike.Thoughheisyoung,hecandoitwell.,.,32,挑出下列句中的状语Therewasabigsmileonherface.Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.onthefaceEverynightwhenhewaselevenfastoff,.,33,8.同位语：对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫同位语。MrLin,ourheadmaster,isgivingusaspeech.Beijing,capitalofChina,isdevelopingfast.Theengineerhimselfrepairedit.Weallgotangry.Wetwowillgotoseeyou.Thenewsthathewillcomeistrue.,.,34,9、独立成分：有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分，称为句子独立成分(注意：区别于分词独立结构)。,感叹词：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。肯定词yes否定词no称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.情态词,表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然，等。,.,35,10、分词独立结构：分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致!否则应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词独立结构。,Studyinghard,yourscorewillgoup.正确：(1)Studyinghard,youcanmakeyourscoregoup.或(2)Ifyoustudyhard,yourscorewillgoup.独立结构还可用with、without引导，作状语或定语。这种结构不但可以用分词，还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。如：Withnothingtodo,hefellasleepsoon./Theteachercamein,withglassesonhisnose.,.,36,分词做状语时，其逻辑主语应该与句子的主语保持一致，否则应该有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。,.,37,1）逻辑主语+现在分词，表主动。Marycomingback,theydiscussedittogether.(whenMarycameback.)Allbeingwell,theprojectwillbefinishedinfivemonths.(Ifalliswell.)Thatbeingthecase,wedbettermakeanotherplan.(Sincethatisthecase)Shewalkedalongthepath,herdaughterfollowingclosebehind.(herdaughterfollowedclosebehind),.,38,1）逻辑主语+现在分词，表主动。Marycomingback,theydiscussedittogether.(whenMarycameback.)Allbeingwell,theprojectwillbefinishedinfivemonths.(Ifalliswell.)Thatbeingthecase,wedbettermakeanotherplan.(Sincethatisthecase)Shewalkedalongthepath,herdaughterfollowingclosebehind.(herdaughterfollowedclosebehind),.,39,做状语,1.做时间状语，相当于when引导的从句Eg:Hearingthenews,theyimmediatelysetoffforShanghai.(whentheyheardthenews)Seenfromthepagoda,thesouthfootofthemountainisaseaoftrees.2.做原因状语，相当于as,since,because的从句BeingSunday,theshopsareovercrowded.Abitfrightened,hestoodmotionless.,.,40,3.做方式伴随,Hewalkeddownthehill,singingsoftlytohimself.Hehurriedtothehall,followedbytwoguards.Theboyranhome,crying.4.做条件状语，相当于if,unless引导的从句Givenanotherchance,Illdoitmuchbetter.5.做结果状从，相当于sothat的从句Heturnedoffthelight,seeingnothing.,.,41,6.做让步状从，相当于though,evenif的从句,Wounded,thebravesoldiercontinuedtofight.Admittingwhatshehassaid,Istillthinkthatshehasnttriedherbest.,.,42,练习,一.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.,S.,Attribute,O.,Predicate,Adverbial,Attribute,Adverbial,.,43,6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.,Attribute,Predicative,O.,Predicate,S.,Predicate,S.,Predicative,Predicate,Adverbial,.,44,14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest，yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourdutytokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy.19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.,O.,Attribute,Parenthesis,O.,Adverbial,Adverbial,Predicative,O.C.,O.C.,Predicative,.,45,划分句子成分1.weareworking.2.Icanswimverywell.3.Thewaiterbroughtabottleofbeertome.4.W