中考英语阅读理解做题技巧.ppt

,得阅读者得天下,阅读理解之技巧,初中阅读理解,阅读材料,题材：故事，寓言，人物，科普，政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理等体裁：记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文，新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、书信，图画，表格等,学生素质,阅读速度理解程度思维能力综合文化素质,具体考查的内容,理解具体信息推测生词词义理解概念性含义判断、推理和引申理解主旨要义理解结构，句段关系理解作者意图,解题步骤,一、快速阅读，读懂大意二、明确要求，逐一解答三、重读问题，理解问题（带着问题，找答案。-找出处、划线）四、带着问题，重读文章（仔细斟酌不确定的答案。）五、复读全文，最后把关（核对-总体把握）,题型大聚会,1.推理题2.词汇题3.主旨题4.态度观点题5.指代题,解题技巧碰碰碰,（一）推理题及解题技巧,推理题：数字推理知识推断逻辑推理细节推断考查理清上下逻辑关系的能力（最难）。,考查学生,判断、推理和引申理解作者的意图、观点或态度常用逻辑词:“infer,conclude,imply,suggest”等。,推论,推断,暗示,暗示,技巧,1.吃：吃透意思2.捕：捕捉线索3.挖：挖掘加工4.握：把握关系5.摸：揣摸作者,1.数字推断题,MrBrownfirstwenttolookattheunderground-firewhenhewasseven.Throughthehole（洞）intheearthyoucouldseetheorangefire,butyouhadtolookfastbecauseitwassohot,saidMrBrown.In1898,hesawthefireoncemore（再一次）.1.MrBrownfirstsawtheunderground-fire_.A.attheageofsevenB.sevenyearsoldC.intheyearof1898D.morethan（超过）80yearsago,A,Whenhewassevenyearsold,PartyinTaiwan.Onhisnine-daytripfromMay5-13,hevisitedXian,Nanjing,ShanghaiandChangsha,aswellasBeijing.Soong,63,wasborninXiangtan,HunanProvincein1942.HewenttoTaiwanwithhisfatherattheageofseven.67.SoongwenttoTaiwanwithhisfatherin_.A.1942B.1945C.1949D.1948,1.数字推断题,C,例题：TheUnitedStatesbecameanindependentcountryin1783,andNewYorkWasitscapitalforashorttime.TheUnitedStatesbecameanindependentcountryin_.A.the17thcenturyB.the16thcenturyC.the18thcenturyD.the19thcentury,注意年与世纪的关系，例如：1867年是19世纪，1990年是20世纪,2008年是21世纪。,C,2.知识推断题,知识推断：根据细节，运用基础知识进行分析、推敲，得出符合文章原义的结论的一种推断方法。,实例Tokyo：Threesnakes,whosepoisoncouldkillapersonintenminutes,areguardingabluestarsapphire（蓝宝石）worthnearlysixhundreddollarsataJapaneseexhibitionofjewelssentfromanIndianmuseum.“Normallyitwouldbeforbiddentoletthesepoisonoussnakesguardexhibitionobjects,butitsdifferentthistimebecausethejewelsarebeingexhibitedatahotel,”apolicesaid.Thejewelswasbeingshownin_.A.anIndianhotelB.anIndianmuseumC.aJapanesehotelD.aJapanesemuseum,C,3.逻辑结论推断题,逻辑结论：指严格根据文中所陈述的事实、论点、例证等一系列论据材料进行推理，从而得出合乎逻辑的结论，而不是根据自己的经验、态度或观点去理解文章的内涵。,实例,Myfatherhaslittletimeforfilms.Butonedayashefinishedhiswork,hefoundafilmticketundertheglassonthedesk.Hewenttothecinemaquickly.Whenhewasseated,awomancametomyfatherandsaidtheseatwashers.TheybothtookouttheirticketsandfoundtheseatshownonthemwasRow8,Seat16.Afterlookingattheticketmorecarefully,myfathersaid,“Sorry,itsnottodaysticket.”Fromthispassagewecanknowthatthewritersfatherwas_.,careless,4.细节推断题,为了阐明主题，作者将陈述一些事实来支持主题，如what,who,where,when,等，即“supportingdetails”。,所依据的细节,实例,Whenthebellwasringing.Theboyscameintotheroom.Eachonehadabatoraball.Allhadredfaces.Theyweregladtogetintotheirseats.Theteachersaiditwastimetogetbacktowork.Whichofthefollowingsentenceisprobablytrue?A.Theclasswasover.B.Theboyshadjustcomebackfromplaying.C.Theteachertoldtheboystowork.,B,很可能的,细节认定题。此类题主要考查学生对相关信息的识别能力，旨在考查学生对短文的关键词句、某个具体事实、具体情节或特定的细节是否注意和理解。,【考题再现】（2007兰州中考题）,Vision-phonescanbeofgreatusewhenyouhavesomethingtoshowthepersonwhomyouarecalling.Itmayalsohaveotherusesinthefuture.Somedayyoumaybeabletocallupalibraryandasktoreadabookrightoveryourvision-phone.Youmaybeabletodosomeshoppingthroughit,too.59.Inthefuture,youcanuseavision-phoneto_.A.readabookB.askanassistanttoreadabookforyouC.askanassistanttobringyouabookD.askanassistanttodosomeshoppingforyou,A,【剖析】根据Somedayyoumaybeabletocallupalibraryandasktoreadabookrightoveryourvision-phone.结合someday与题干中的Inthefuture相等。所以答案为A,Thedeepseaisnotaneasyplacetolivein.Itiscoldanddark.Thedeeperitis,thelesslightthereis.Atthedepthofabout3,000feet,thereisnotlightatall.Besidesthecoldanddarkness,seaanimalsfaceathirddangerotheranimals.Animalseat!Theymustfindfoodtoeat.Manyanimalseatplants.However,someeatmeat.,【考题再现】（2007天津中考题）,63.Howmanydangerswillanimalsmeetinthedeepseaaccordingtothepassage?A.OneB.TwoC.ThreeD.Four64.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisWRONG?A.Whenoneanimalfindssomethingtoeat,itmaybeeatenbyothers.B.Manyseaanimalseatplants.C.Thedeepertheseais,thedarkeritis.D.Atthedepthof3,000feet,allanimalscanfindtheirways.,63.选C根据文中第五段Besidesthecoldanddarkness,seaanimalsfaceathirddanger-otheranimals这组句子。64.选D根据文中第四段第二行”Atthedepthofabout3,000feet,thereisnolightatall.可推断；没有光线，就很难找到路，D项不符,常见的推理判断题题干,Accordingtothepassage，what/whichis“”?Whichofthefollowingstatementis(not)true/correct/mentioned/listed/included?Allofthefollowingstatementsaretrue/correct/mentionedexcept_?,根据,下面的,陈述，表述,正确的,正确的,提到的,列出的,包括的,除了.(不包括),文章,哪一个,（二）词汇题及解题技巧,测试学生根据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力。标志是Theunderlinedword“”inlinerefersto,下划线的,在第行的,指的是,技巧,返回原文，找到该句子结合上下文，理解该词意思重点抓字面含义，不要进行归纳，演绎，推理选项中的正确答案意思与原句完全相同，只是用其他词汇表达超纲词汇不是正确答案正确答案常蕴藏在原文该词出现前后,1.通过因果关系猜词,借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，ofcourse，therefore等等),Youshouldnthaveblamedhimforthat，foritwasnthisfault.,猜词题实例,因为,因此,结果,因此,错误,2.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词,1)同义词and连接的词组e.g.happyandgay解释过程中使用的同义词e.g.ManhasknownsomethingabouttheplanetsVenus，Mars,andJupiter.,行星,金星,火星,木星,2)反义词,表转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等,与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语,1.Heissohomely，notashandsomeashisbrother.,or连接的词组,2.happyorsorrowful,3.通过构词法猜词,1).前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。,2).后缀-ment表名词，如develop、development，state、statement，argue、argument等。,3).后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词，如calculate、calculator，visit、visitor，law、lawyer，wait、waiter，science、scientist，art、artist等。,4.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义,Butsometimes,norainfallsforalong，longtime.Thenthereisadryperiod，ordrought.,干旱,5.通过句法功能来推测词义,Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconutsandsomeotherkindoffruitgrowinwarmareas.,椰子,6.通过描述猜词,ThepenguinisakindofseabirdlivingintheSouthPole.Itisfatandwalksinafunnyway.Althoughitcannotfly,itcanswimintheicywatertocatchthefish.,企鹅,WhenJackfirstheardaboutthesechildren,hewantedtohelpthem.OnceJackwenttomeetalittlegirlinAfrica.“WhenImether,Ifeltveryveryhappy.”Hesaid“AndIsawthatthemoneywasusedforagoodcause.IwanttodoeverythingIwanttogoonhelpingthosechildren.”65.Theunderlinedwords“foragoodcause”means“_”inChinese.A.施舍B.行善C.优惠D.赏赐,【剖析】单从cause一词很难判断，cause有“原因，理由，事业”，也有“使引起、使招致的意思。因为整篇文章说的是Jack给儿童的捐款行为。划线短语的句子的意思是：他看到这些钱用于”行善“，这给他带来很多快乐。,【考题再现】（2007重庆中考题）,（三）主旨题及解题技巧,主旨要义整体理解概括能力标志词有：“mainlyabout；mainlydiscuss；besttitle”等。,标题,主要的,讨论,技巧,注意首段和各段第一句话,将其含义连接成一个整体小心“首段陷阱”,不要一看开头就选择答案,常见提问：,1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?2.Whatistheauthorsmainpoint?3.Whatisthesubjectofthispassage?4.Themainpurposeofthepassage?5.Thetitleofthispassagewouldbe_.,中心思想,主题,作者的主要观点,目的,6.Thebesttitleofthispassagecould(would)be_.7.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?8.Thetopicsentenceofthepassageis_.9.Thewriterinthetextmainlytellsus_.10.Thepassageismainlyaimedto_.,主题句,目的在于,11.Paragraph1mainlytellsus_.12.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?13.Whichofthefollowingsentencecanbestdescribethemainideaofthepassage?,描述,短文,大意,InrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmostoverwhelmingbeatNosinglebeatischaracteristicofthemusictoday.ButeachsonghasaneasilyrecognizablerhythmAsyoulistentoasong，yourfootusuallystartstopickupthebeatBeforelong，yourentirebodyseemstobemovingwithitYourheadpoundswiththebeat，andthereisnoroomforthoughtOnlythesurgeofthemusicisimportantInitsownway，rockmusicisasdominantastherockGibraltar.Itsmessageisanever-growingemotionalone,在这一段文章中“Inrockmusicthereisadistinctandalmostoverwhelmingbeat.”为主题句。beat则是句子的信息核心。该词在第2、4、6句里重复出现，而第3句中的“rhythm”(节奏)跟“beat”(强烈的节奏)意思基本一致，这就保证了主题平稳而持续的发展。请注意：第8、9句作者重申并总结了主题句，而不是说段末是主题句。,例2Thevegetableandfruitandflowermerchantsaresurroundedbybasketsofpurpleeggplants,greenpeppers，stringsoftinysilveryonions，headsofbitterIndianspinachandadozenIndianvegetablesforwhichIdontevenknowtheEnglishnamesIhadforgottenabouttheprofusionoffruitinIndiaitisonlyduringthebriefintensesummerthatyouseemuchvarietyoffruitinMoscow.InRussia，aswinterapproachesallvegetablesexceptforpotatoesandthepervasivecabbageinsoupseemtodisappearfromthemenus,主题句在中间的第二句“IhadforgottenabouttheprofusionoffruitinIndiaitisonlyduringthebriefintensesummerthatyouseemuchvarietyoffruitinMoscow.”,Peopleliveincitiestodaythinkthatmeatissomethingthatcomeswrappedincellophane(玻璃纸)Fromthesupermarket，potatoescomebythepoundinplasticorpaperbags，andfeathergrowsinhats.Thecitydwellersviewsarequitedifferentfromtheviewsoftheirancestors,whoknewthat?meatishunteddownintheforest，potatoesareplantedandweeded，andonlybirdscanproduce1eathers.Yet,whetherpeopletodayrealizeitornot，theyarestillasdependentonanimalsandplantsfortheirexistenceastheirancestorswere主题句,关键-主题句,主题句：凡表述段落（或短文）主旨大意的句子。三个特点：（1）总领性强，概括性强（2）结构简单，不用难句（3）其他句子解释、支撑或扩展主题句，起服从、论证、补充的作用,实例,JoshuaBinghamstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HechangedtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchoolandlater,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyabusinesslawyerinMiami,Florida.从以上这个段落，我们发现没有一个句子可以单独陈述该段落的主题，那么，作者写这个段落的目的是什么呢？通过仔细阅读和理解每个句子的意思之后，我们便可领悟，作者想告诉读者的是：JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation.所以说这种文章（或段落）只能从文章的字里行间去理解作者的意图，这样才能推断出文章的主旨大意。,实例,Allstudentsofgeographyshouldbeabletoexplainaweathermapexactly.Weatherconditionisahugeamountofinformationaboutconditionatatimeofobservationoveralargegeographicalarea.Theyshowinafewminuteswhatotherwisewouldtakehourstodescribe.TheUnitedStatesWeatherOfficegivesoutinformationaboutcomingstorms,floods,freeze,dryness,andallclimaticconditionsingeneral.Twiceamonthitgivesouta30-day“out-look”whichisabasicguidetoweatherconditionslikelytohappenallovertheUnitedStates.,Question：Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?A.Weathermapsareveryimportanttostudentsofgeography.B.Weathermapscanhavea30-day“outlook”.C.Studentsofgeographyshouldbeabletomakeweathermapsexactly.D.Thosewhomajoringeographyshouldhavetheabilitytohaveagoodunderstandingofaweathermap.,（四）态度观点题及解题技巧,理解作者的意图,观点或态度的能力。标志词:attitude,purpose等。,态度,目的,技巧,态度词:Opposition反对，suspicion怀疑的，Approval支持，Optimistic乐观的，subjective主观的，objective客观的，pessimistic悲观的，biased有偏见的，impartial公正的，sensitive敏感的，indifference冷漠(一般不选)。不要搀杂自己的观点寻找文中具有感情色彩的词抓论述的主线及举例的方式,49.Whatdoyouthinkofthetaxidriver?_A.Hewasnotanhonestperson.B.Helikedtoworkveryhard.C.HewasgoodatdrivingD.Hewasakindandcleverman,选A.出租车司机在火车站在载了一名客人去一个很近的酒店，但他却绕路多赚车费。客人非常气愤地说：“What?Fifteendollars?DoyouthinkImafool?Onlylastweek,ItookataxifromtherailstationtothesamehotelandIonlygivethedriverthirteendollars.”从Whenthetaxidriverheardthat,hedidntfeelhappyanymore及Butsuddenly,hehadanidea.Hetookthepassengerthroughmanystreetsofthecity可知司机不诚实。诚实的人还用绕道吗？,（五）指代题及解题技巧,整体理解文章的能力，并推断出该处指代词所代表的含义。,技巧,返回原文，找出题的指代词找最近的名词,名词性词组或句子将找到的替换该指代词,看意思是否通顺找出最佳答案,Ifyouarevisitinganothercountryyoumayfeelthatyoudonthaveanyprivatespace.Hotelroomslookmuchthesameineverycountryintheworld.Alldaylong,yousharepublicspaceswithotherpeople.Youseethelocalpeopleintheirprivatespacesandyoufeellonelyand“outside”.Localpeoplecancreatetheirprivatespacesbytalkingaboutthingsyoudontknowabout.Andyouevenfeelthattheylikeyoutobeoutsidethemsothattheywillenjoybeinginsideevenmore!Thisisoneofthedifficultiesofbeingatraveler!Butifyouunderstanditthenithelpsyou.Haventyouenjoyedbeingpartofagroupand“owning”abitofspace?3.InParagraph4,thepronoun“themrefersto（所指）“_”.A.publicspacesB.privatespacesC.localpeople,典型例题分析根据内容，从短文后每题的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。MrBrownfirstwenttolookattheunderground-firewhenhewasseven.Throughthehole（洞）intheearthyoucouldseetheorangefire,butyouhadtolookfastbecauseitwassohot,saidMrBrown.In1898,hesawthefireoncemore（再一次）.Now,wecanonlyseethesmoke.ThefireMrBrownsawisnottheunderground-fire.Infact,thereare260coal（煤）firesintheworld.Theyareharmful（有害）anddangerous.Thenhowtoputthemout?Scientistshavetriedtoset（放置）firetoundergroundcoaltospeedup（加速）thefires.Inthisway,theburning（燃烧）ofundergroundcoalwouldbesoonfinished.（被烧完）。,1.MrBrownfirstsawtheunderground-fire_.A.attheageofsevenB.sevenyearsoldC.intheyearof1898D.morethan（超过）80yearsago2.MrBrownsaidthatwehadtotakeafastlookatthefirebecause_.A.itwasintheholeB.itwasveryhotC.itwasorangeD.itwasharmful3.Howmanycoalfiresarethereintheworld?A.Theresonlyone.B.Itshardtosay.C.Thereare260.D.Thearticle（文章）doesnttellus.,A,B,C,4.Whatsoneofthebestwaystoputout（扑灭）theundergroundfire?A.Tocover（覆盖）theholeswithstones（石块）.B.Tospeedupthefires.C.Toseethefiresburning.D.Todosomeexperiments（试验）.5.Whatisthebesttitle（标题）forthearticle?A.WatchingtheUnderground-Fire.B.AWaytoPutOuttheCoalFires.C.TheBurningEarth.D.CoalandCoalFires.,B,B,分析1.在文章的第一段的第一句里可以找到依据。attheageofseven等于whenhewasseven，故正确答案为A。2这一题可以在第一段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为B。3这一题可以在第二段里直接找到答案，属于直接回答题。正确答案为C。4在文章的最后一段提到了扑灭火的最好方法，那就是使火加速燃烧。正确答案为B。5完成这道题需作一定的归纳，因为文章中没有给出直接的回答。文章从MrBrown两次看火，然后说出地下火的危害，最后提出如何灭火的方法。文章的前两段是给为什么要灭火和如何灭火铺垫，如何灭火才是文章的中心。故正确答案为B。,阅读理解题型,tureorfause,A,B,CorD,Answerthequestions,一、根据文章内容判断正误Fredtelephonedhiswife.“Ivegottwofreeticketsforthetheatretonight,”hetoldher.“Meetmeoutsidetheoffice.Wellhavesomethingtoeatandthengoontothetheatre.”Fredswifewasverypleased.Theyhadntbeentothetheatreforalongtime.Shemetherhusbandashetoldher.Theyhaddinnerandgottothetheatrejustintime.AttheentranceFredtookouthiswallettogetthetickets.“Itsverystrange,”hesaid.“Theyarenthere!”“Tryyourpockets,”saidhiswife.Buttheticketswerentthere,either.ThenFredlookedveryembarrassed(尴尬).“Whatsthematter?”askedhiswife.“Well,”Fredsaid,“IrememberwhatIdidwithmytickets.Iputtheminmybag.ButbecauseIwasntgoinghome,Ileftitintheoffice!”,()1.Oneday,Fredwasgiventheticketsforthetheatre.()2.Fredandhiswifewenttothetheatrequiteoften.()3.Fredwantedtomeethiswifeinarestaurant.()4.Theyreachedthetheatreneitherlatenorearly.()5.ThenFredcouldntfindhisticketsandrememberedwhathehaddonewiththetickets.,1、T因为第一段中提到Fredtoldhiswife“Ivegottwofreetickets”“free”此处是免费的意思。2、F第二段中提到“Theyhadntbeentothetheaterforalongtime.”3、F第一段中Fred说“Meetmeoutsidetheoffice.”4、T第二段中“intime”是及时的意思。5T结尾处提到的。,DavidMcConnellsoldbooksfromdoortodoor.Housewives(家庭主妇)werenotinterestedinthebooks.Usuallybeforehehadenoughtimetosayanythingabouthisbooks,thewomenclosedtheirdoors.Buthedidntgiveup.McConnelldecidedtobringeachofthemapresent,asmallbottleofperfume(香水)madebyhimself.Hesoonfoundthatthewomenlikedtheperfumebetterthanthebooks.Hestoppedsellingbookstosellperfumeinsteadandstartedhisowncompany“Avon”,whichisagreatsuccess.Whenyoudonothing,youlearnnothing.Butwhenyoutry,eventhoughyouarenotsuccessful,youwilllearnwhatdoesntworkandthatputsyouclosertowhatwillwork.Itdoesntmatterhowmanytimesyouarenotsuccessful.Itdoesmatterthatyouwillbesuccessfuloneday.,Edisonwasnotonthewaytosuccessuntilpeopleboughthisfirstinvention.SuccessonceisenoughforEdison.Andthesameforyousuccessonceisenough.()1.McConnellwassuccessfulasabook-seller.()2.McConnellhopedthosewomenwouldbuyhisbooksifhebroughtthemeachapresent.()3.Ifyoudonothingatall,youwillneverbesuccessful.()4.Edisonwassuccessfulattheverybeginning.()5.Thewriterencouragedustotryasmuchaswecan.,FTTFT,1、F从第一段“Hestoppedsellingbookstosellperfumestead.”，可以判断出他在推销书方面并不成功。2、T第一段第三行提到“McConnelldecidedtobringeachofthemapresent,”。3、T这句是第二段前两句的解释。4、F最后一段，第一句说明Edison的发明被人们认可后才走上了成功之路。5、T第二段中作者提出了自己的观点。,Sociologists(社会学家),workinginwesterncountries,havefoundthatalargenumberofwomenwishedtheyhadbeenbornmen.Thenumberissaidtobeashighas60%inGermany.“Womenoftenwishtheyhadthesamechancesasmenhave,andthinkitisstillmensworld,”saidDrJamesHelen,oneofthesociologistswhodidthestudy.Manymensaythattheyhavemoredutiesthanwomen.Amanhastomakemoneytosupport(养活)hisfamilyandtomaketheimportantdecision,soitisrightformentobepaidmore.Someareevenagainsttheirwivesworkingatall.Whenwivesgoouttowork,theysay,thehomeandchildrencannotbe,takengoodcareof.Ifwomentakefull-timejobs,theywontbeabletodowhattheyarebestatdoing:makinganicehomeandbringingupthechildren.Somewomendisagree.Theysaytheywanttogetoutoftheirhomesandtohavefreedom(自由)tochoosebetweenworkandhomelife.Womenhavetherightofequalpayandequalchances(平等机会).AnneHarperhasaverygoodjob.Shealsobelievesin“WomensLiberation(解放).”“IdontwishIwereaman,”shesays,“andIdontthinkmanywomendo.ButIdowishpeoplewouldstoptreating(对待)uslikesecondclasspeople.,Atwork,forexample,weusuallydotheworkthatmendobutgetpaidless.Therearestillalotofjobsonlytomenusuallytheyarethebestones.Ifyouareaman,youhaveamuchbetterchanceoflivingawonderfullife.Howmanywomenscientistsarethereorengineers?”,()1.manymenthink_.A.womencantdowhatmencanB.menhavetoworkmuchharderthanwomenC.mencanmakemoneymoreeasilythanwomenD.womensdutyismainlytodohouseworkathome,1、D这是一道概括主旨的题，答此题的依据是