新职业英语土建英语Unit

,土建英语,新职业英语,Unit3DesigningaBuilding,EnglishforCivilEngineering,Warming-up,ReadingA,Listening,Speaking,4,1,2,3,ReadingB,5,Writing,6,VocabularyandStructure,8,Self-evaluation,7,Grammar,9,TheGreatestBuilding,10,Warming-up,Task1,Task2,Warming-up,Task1,Ateamofaconstructionprojectinvolvespeoplewhoplaydifferentroles.MatchthepeoplewiththeirChineseequivalents.,1.eriordesigner4.quantitysurveyor5.engineerincharge6.mechanicalengineer7.electricalengineer8.structuralengineer,A.结构工程师B.电气工程师C.室内设计师D.建筑师E.机械工程师F.（工时、造价等）估算员G.主管工程师H.土木工程师,Warming-up,Task2,MatchthephraseswiththeirChineseequivalents.,cessflowchart5.masterplan6.technicaldesign7.colorscheme8.workingdrawing,A.明细规范B.方案比较C.总体规划图D.初步设计E.色彩布局F.工艺流程图G.施工图H.技术设计,ReadingA,Task1,Text,Task2,Task3,Task4,ReadingA,Task1Beforereadingthepassage,seehowmuchyouknowaboutdesignproceduresbyansweringthefollowingquestions.1.Whatisanarchitecturaldesign?2.Whatfactorsshouldbetakenintoconsiderationbeforeadesigniscompleted?,ReadingA,声音,翻译,HowtoDesign,Thedesignofeachconstructionprojecthasitsownspecificcharacteristics,butthestepsorphasesthatareneededtobuildthestructurearesimilar.Thesestepsaremainly:,ReadingA,声音,翻译,StepOne:StudyPerformanceRequirementsThedesignermuststudytheperformancerequirementsthoroughly.Someoftheserequirementsincludematterssuchasloadintensitiesandtheirduration,andtheeffectsofdynamicaction.,ReadingA,声音,翻译,StepTwo:InvestigateLocalConditionsThedesignofanycivilengineeringstructureisgreatlyinfluencedbylocalconditions.Eveniftheperformancerequirementsarethesameandthesametypeofstructuresisselectedfordifferentlocations,eachstructurewillexhibitdifferencesindesignsoastocomplywiththelocalconditions.Siteelevations,foundationcharacteristics,watertables,immediatesurroundings,andtheenvironmentasawholearesomeofthelocalconditionsthatwillneedtobeinvestigated.,ReadingA,声音,翻译,StepThree:DrawaPreliminaryDesignSizeratiosdependonthetypeofstructures,Itsuse,andthemajordesignprocedurethatisadopted.Cross-sectionsofthearea,andtheuseofavailableempiricalrules,combinedwithsomeroughcalculationswillhelpthedrawingofapreliminarydesign.Preliminarysizesandsizeratios,havetobeassumedbeforeanyanalysiscantakeplace.,ReadingA,声音,翻译,StepFour:CarryoutaStructuralAnalysisThestresslevelstobeexpectedfromthepreliminarydesigncannowbedetermined.Inmostcases,strengthistheinitialdesigncriterion,whileallothercriteriaareusedforchecksatlaterstages.,ReadingA,声音,翻译,StepFive:SelectShapesandSizesTherevisedselectionofsizesandshapesandtheirratiostakesplaceafteranalysis.Thesearecomparedwiththoseinitiallyassumed.Toarriveataneconomicaldesign,itisusuallynecessarytorepeattheanalysiswiththerevisedsizesandshapes.Foranoptimumdesign,computerprogramscanbeusedtocarryoutthistrial-and-errorprocedure,whichtypicallyassumesdimensionsandcheckstheresultingstressesbymeansofanalysis.,ReadingA,声音,翻译,StepSix:DevelopaSecondaryDesignMostdesignsareinitiallybasedonthestrengthcriterion.Overallstructuralstability,deformations,dynamicbehavior,theoccurrenceofsecondarystressesduetotemperaturechanges,andthedesignandretentionofconnectionscouldallbeclassifiedassecondarydesigncriteria.Whenthesesecondaryeffectsareinvestigated,theymayprovetobemajoreffectsrequiringmodificationsorrevisionsoftheinitialdesign.Basedonexperience,theengineermaybeabletorecognizeatanearlystagehowrelevantanysecondarycriteriawillbeandwillincludetheseintheinitialdesign.,ReadingA,每个建筑项目的设计都有其具体的特点，必要的设计步骤大致相同。这些步骤主要有：,如何进行设计,ReadingA,第一步：研究性能要求设计者必须全面研究性能要求。这些要求包括负荷强度和持续时间，以及动态作用的影响。,ReadingA,第二步：考察当地条件任何一项土建工程的结构设计都极大地受到当地条件的影响。即使性能要求相同而且建筑类型也相同，如果建筑地点不同，每个建筑在设计上也会有所差异，从而与当地条件相适应。选址的海拔高度、地基特征、地下水位、周围事物以及整个环境等都是需要深入调查的当地条件。,ReadingA,第三步：做出初步设计大小比例取决于结构的类型、应用以及主要采用的设计程序。区域横截面，现有的经验法则结合一些粗略计算，都有助于做出初步的设计。,ReadingA,第四步：进行结构分析现在可以决定初步设计中预期的应力水平。在多数情况下，强度是初始设计标准，而所有其他标准则用于后期检验。,ReadingA,第五步：选择形状和大小经过分析，可以修正大小、形状和比例等，并与初始假设作比较。为了设计出一种经济的方案，通常都需要对调整后的大小和形状进行反复分析。为了达到最优化设计，可以利用计算机程序执行反复试验程序，这是一种典型的，用于假定大小并且检验由此产生的应力的方法。,ReadingA,第六步：进行二次设计大多数设计最初是基于强度标准。而整体结构的稳定性、变形、动力学行为和由温度变化引起的次应力、连接的设计和保留等都可作为二次设计标准。当深入研究这些影响后，就可能需对初步设计进行修改或修正。工程师可以根据经验，在早期发现这些二次标准的相关性并在初步设计时加以考虑。,ReadingA,characteristic,n.特征，特性,e.g.1.Theneedtocommunicatewithoneanotherisakeycharacteristicofhumansociety.人类社会的关键特性就是人们需要与其他人交流。2.BabblingremainsoneofJimslessendearingcharacteristics.唠叨一直是吉姆不太讨人喜欢的一个特点。,ReadingA,thoroughly,e.g.1.Imthoroughlyconfusedbyhiswords.我对他说的话感到非常困惑。2.Ithoroughlyenjoyedthedinnertonight.我非常喜欢今天的晚餐。,adv.完全地；极度地,ReadingA,influence,v.影响，起作用,e.g.1.Anumberofsocialfactorsinfluencelifeexpectancy.很多社会因素都会影响平均寿命。2.Dontletmeinfluenceyouridea.别让我影响你的想法。UsefulExpression：influencesb.todosth.影响某人做某事,ReadingA,complywith,服从，遵守,e.g.1.Thereareseriouspenaltiesforfailuretocomplywiththeregulations.不遵守规则将受到严重惩罚。2.Peoplewhorefusetocomplywiththelawwillbepunished.不遵守法律的人将受到惩罚。,ReadingA,investigate,v.查明；调查；审查,e.g.1.Theresearchersareinvestigatingtofindouthowtoimprovetheexistingproducts.研究者们正在调查找出改善现有产品的方法。2.Iheardanoiseandwentdownstairstoinvestigate.我听见响声，就下楼去看个究竟。,ReadingA,adopt,v.采用,e.g.1.Hehasadoptedaremarkablylight-heartedattitudetowardthesituation.在这种情形下他采取了一种异常轻松的态度来面对。2.Thecourtsaskedtoadoptamoreflexibleapproachtoyoungoffenders.法庭要求对年轻罪犯采用较灵活的处理方法。,ReadingA,empirical,adj.以经验为依据的,e.g.1.Empiricalstudiesshowthatsomeformsofalternativemedicineareextremelyeffective.科学研究显示一些替换性的药物是非常有效的。2.Researchershopetofindempiricalevidencetoconfirmtheirinvestigation.研究者们希望能找到实验依据证明他们的调查。,ReadingA,criterion,n.（尤指做出科学判断、决定的）标准，准则,e.g.1.Wearelookingforaveryspecificsortofpersonandthiswomanseemstofulfillallofourcriteria.我们正在找一个特别的人而这个女人正符合所有的标准。2.Whatareyourcriteriaforjudgingagoodperson?你判断一个好人的标准是什么？,ReadingA,economical,adj.经济的，省钱的，节约的,e.g.1.Whatsthemosteconomicalwayofheatingthisbuilding?给这栋楼供暖最经济的方式是什么？2.Asmallcarismoreeconomicalthanalargeone.小型汽车比大型的更省钱。,ReadingA,optimum,adj.最优的；最佳条件，最佳状况,e.g.1.Amixtureofselectedfundsisanoptimumchoiceforfuturesecurityandreturnoninvestment.对于将来投资回报的安全性，有选择性的基金的混合是最好的选择。2.Itistheoptimumconditionsforgrowingrice.这是种植水稻的最佳条件。,ReadingA,overall,adj.包括一切的，全部的,e.g.1.Theoverallreportisgood,despiteafewminorproblems.报告总体上好的，虽然有一些小问题。2.Whatstheoverallcostoftheproducts?这个产品全部的费用是多少？,ReadingA,deformation,n.变丑，畸形,e.g.1.Thedeformationoftheboneswascausedbypoordiet.骨骼的变形是由营养不良引起的。2.Thechangeofthetemperatureleadstothedeformationofthewoodendoor.温度的改变导致了木质门的变形。,ReadingA,duration,n.持续的时间，期间,e.g.1.Hewillbeinhospitalforthedurationoftheschoolyear.整个学前他都要住院。2.JackwasinternedandhadtostayintheUKforthedurationofthewar.杰克遭到扣押，在战争中不得不留在英国。,ReadingA,occurrence,n.发生的事，事件,e.g.1.Hurricaneinthisplaceisacommonoccurrence.这个地方刮飓风是常有的事。2.Laughterwasarareoccurrenceinherclassroom.她的教室里难得有笑声。,ReadingA,structure,n.结构,e.g.1.Thefinancialstructureisthekeyofthecompany.财务结构是组成公司的关键。2.Thestructureofthissentenceisverysimple.这个句子的结构非常简单。,ReadingA,Task2,Readthepassageandarrangethefollowingstepsintherightorder.,Thecorrectorderis_,ECDBFA,A.DevelopaSecondaryDesignB.CarryoutaStructuralAnalysisC.InvestigateLocalConditionsD.DrawaPreliminaryDesignE.StudyPerformanceRequirementsF.SelectShapesandSizes,ReadingA,Task3,Readthepassageagainanddecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).,T,T,F,F,F,F,T,F,Theperformancerequirementsarecarefullystudiedattheverybeginning.2.Thelocalconditionsmayaffectthedesignconsiderably.3.Siteelevations,foundationcharacteristics,etc.decidethesizeratiosinapreliminarydesign.4.Thestabilityisacriterionininitialdesign.5.Thesizesandshapesareselectedinthethirdstep.6.Foragooddesign,atrial-and-errorprocedureisconductedbyengineersthemselves.7.Secondarydesignconsiderationincludestructuralstability,deformations,etc.8.Temperaturechangesmayaffectthestabilityofabuilding.,ReadingA,Task4,Answerthefollowingquestionsbyfillingintheblanks.,1.Whatareperformancerequirements?Theyinclude_andtheirduration,and_.2.Whatarethelocalconditionsforcivilengineeringstructure?Theyinclude_,foundationcharacteristics,_andimmediatesurroundings,etc.3.Whatarecloselyrelatedtopreliminarysizes?Sizeratiosdependon_,itsuse,andthemajor_.,loadintensities,theeffectsofdynamicaction,siteelevations,watertables,thetypeofstructures,designprocedurethatisadopted,ReadingA,4.Whatismentionedasacriterionintheinitialdesign?Inmostcases,_istheinitialdesigncriterion,whileallothercriteriaareusedforchecksatlaterstages.5.Whatisinvolvedforanoptimumdesign?Foranoptimumdesign_,canbeusedtocarryoutthe_,whichtypicallyassumesdimensionsandcheckstheresultingstressbymeansofanalysis.,strength,computerprograms,trial-and-errorprocedure,Listening,Task2,Task3,Task4,Task1,Task5,Listening,Task1,Mrs.LiiscallingJohnforthenextmonthlymeeting.Listentotheconversationandcompletethefollowingstatements.,1.Thisconversationprobablytakesplacebetweena(n)_anda(n)_.2.Mrs.LiasksJohnto_and_.3.JohnpromisestorespondtoMrs.Lieither_or_.,manager,secretary,proofreadherplanforthemeeting,sendtheplantothearchitectsandcivilengineers,thisafternoon,thisevening,NewWordsworkableadj.可行的proofreadv.校对,Listening,Task1Script,Listening,Task2,ListentotheconversationinTask1againandcompletethefollowingnotepad.,Totalkaboutthenextmeeting,nextWednesday,the15th,Architectsandcivilengineers,Abouttheconstructionschedule,Purposeoftheconversation:_Timeforthemeeting:_Participantsofthemeeting:_Mainissueofthemeeting:_,Listening,Task3,Listentothearchitect,Mr.Holt,ashegiveshismonthlyprogressreportatthemeeting.Fillintheblankswithwhatyouhear.,Mrs.Li:Shallwestartourmeeting?OK.Gentlemen,thepurposeofourmeetingtodayistoreviewanddiscussthe1_ofthisproject.Mr.Holt,ourmain2_forthisproject,willgiveusanaccountoftheconstructionscheduleandrecentprogress.,progress,architect,Listening,Mr.Holt:Firstofall,Iwouldliketoexplainwhatwehaveachieved.Generallyspeaking,the3_activitieshavebeengoingsmoothly.Letmestartwiththediversionstructure.Wehaveplaced2,656cubicmetersofconcrete.Thisphasewillbecompletedtomorrowand4_.Next,Idliketodiscussthescheduledworkforthenextfourweeks.Weunderstandthattheweatherforecastis5_thattherainyseasonwillcomeearlierthanusual.Sowehaveconcentratedourmanpowerandequipmentonthe6_andontheconcreteplacement.,construction,onschedule,indicating,foundations,Listening,Task3Script,Listening,Task4,AnEnvironmentalInspector,Mr.Chen,ispayingavisittoMrs.Lisproject.Listentotheconversationandanswerthefollowingquestions.,1.WhatsthepurposeofMr.Chensvisit?2.Whatarethelocalresidentsfromnearbycommunitiesworriedabout?,Hisvisitistolearnhowtheenvironmentisbeingprotected.,Theyareworriedaboutthepossiblenegativeimpactontheenvironmentespeciallyduringtheconstructionphase.,NewWordsresidentn.居民contaminationn.污染,Listening,3.Whathasthecompanydonetoprotecttheenvironmentingeneral?4.Whatdoesthecompanydotoprotecttheriverfromcontamination?5.WheredoesMr.Chenwanttogoatlast?,Thecompanyhavestudiedtherelevantenvironmentalprotectionregulationsandfullycompliedwitheverything.,Theyclearawaythingslikeemptycementbagsandotherwastematerialsfromtheriverbankstwiceaday.,Hewantstogototheconstructionsite.,Listening,TaskScript,Listening,Task5,Listentoapassageaboutstructuraldesignandfillintheblankswithwhatyouhear.,1_isasignificantaspectofstructuraldesign.Itusuallystartswithabasicshapeandsize,andthentheratiosarechangedby2_Thisprocessisdynamic.Theadjustmentmaybe3_,oritmaybemodeledoncomputersbutthe4_areconstantlymonitored.Otherconsiderations,suchas5_,deformations,dynamicbehavior,arealsoimportantcriteriainastructuraldesign.,Theselectionofshapesandsizes,properadjustment,atrial-and-errorprocedure,resultingstress,overallstructuralstability,NewWordsadjustmentn.调整，调节constantlyadv.不断地，时常地,Listening,Task5Script,Speaking,Task2,Task3,Task4,Task1,Speaking,Task1,Workbyyourself.Readandlearnthefollowingexpressionsbyheart.,Speaking,Task2,Workinpairs.Supposeyouarearepresentativeforaconstructioncompanyandyouareholdapressconferenceaboutanewproject.Discusswhattypesofquestionsmayberaisedandhowyoushouldanswerthem.,Example:A:Goodmorning,everyone.ImJohnHopkins,fromTCTBuildingCompany.Anyquestions?B:Couldyousaytheinitialplanwasasuccessfromyourpointofview?A:_.B:Doyouhaveplansforfurtherimprovements?A:_.B:Onelastquestion:isittruethatyousaidyouexpecttogetapprovalofyoursecondaryplansinthenextmonthlymeeting?A:_.B:,Well,asIsaidbefore,theinitialplanservesasagoodbeginning,whichalsoneedsconstantmodification.Itwassuccessfulinasenseforitisaflexibleandopenplan.,Sure.Thefollowing-upplanhasbeendiscussedandwewillconsulttheexpertsinthisfieldinourmeetingstoensuretheplansuitsthepurpose.,Yes,sure.,Speaking,Task3,ManagerofTCTBuildingWorkinpairs.SupposeyouaretheSeniorCompany,whileyourpartnerisaninspector.Practicemakingaconversationwiththehelpoftheinstructionsbelow.,SeniorManagerwelcometheinspectorforhis/hervisitexplainthedesigndetailsintroducethequalitycontrolstrategiesInspectorchecktheplansanddesignscheckthequalityofbuildingmaterialsexpecttotalkwiththeengineersandworkers,Speaking,Task4,Workingroups.Supposeyouarechairingameeting.Practiceholdingadiscussionbyfollowingthestepsgivenbelow.,ReadingB,Task1,Task2,Text,Task3,ReadingB,BuildingA-B:GeneralOfficesandDepartmentalOffices,BuildingA-Bisalignedeast-westandissituatedatthenorthwestcornerofthesite.TheelevationsofBuildingsA-BandCarethesame.,ReadingB,BuildingA-Bcontainstwomainofficeareas,theGeneralOfficesandDepartmentalOffices.InordertoprovideeasycommunicationbetweenthesetwogroupstheyareplacedtogetherinonebuildingwiththeGeneralOfficestothesouthandtheDepartmentalOfficestothenorth.Theyshareasouth-facingmainentranceandareseparatedbyanopen-aircourtyard.AtthewestsideofthecourtyardisasharedExhibitionHallonLevel1andalargeMeetingRoomonLevel3.,ReadingB,AtthenorthandthesouthoftheExhibitionHallareasetofstairsandanelevator;thesetatthesouthisfortheGeneralOfficesandthesetatthenorthfortheDepartmentalOffices.Anadditionalsinglestaircaseattheeastsideofthecourtyardissharedbyboth.,ReadingB,WindowsonLevels1,2and3havewindowsillsat900mmabovethefloor,whilewindowsonLevel4arefloortoceiling.,ReadingB,Toreducesolarheatgainandglare:Theupperpartofthesouthfaadehasalargeroofoverhang.ThelowerfloorsofthesouthfaadeareshadedbyawallofivythatclimbsuptoalongcantileverbeamfromthefloorofLevel4.Thewest-facingwindowoftheExhibitionHall(Level1)is13.6meters.Thewindowslopesinwardtoreduceheatgainandtoprovideindirectlighttotheroom.Thewest-facingwindowofthelargeMeetingRoom(Level3)isprotectedbyaman-madewood,louveredscreen.,ReadingB,Exteriorwallfinishesaremainlyexteriorpaint.Exteriorwindowsillsarealuminum3mmthick.Theinteriorcourtyardwallsarecurtainwalls.Thecolumnsaroundthecourtyardsriseup3metersabovetheparapetwalls.Thetopofthecolumnsarelinkedbyaperimeterbeam.,ReadingB,A座和B座均为东西走向，位于建筑区西北角。A座和B座的楼高与C座一致。,A座和B座：行政办公区和教学办公区,ReadingB,A座和B座有两个主要办公区：行政办公区和教学办公区。它们同在一个建筑物内是为了方便沟通，其中行政办公去在南面，教学办公区在北面。它们还共用一个朝南的正门，并由一个露天的庭院隔开。在庭院西侧是一个共享的展览厅，该厅位于一层，以及位于三层的一个大会议室。,ReadingB,展览厅的北侧和南侧均有楼梯和电梯。南侧的楼梯供行政办公区使用，北侧的楼梯供教学办公区使用。另外，庭院东侧的单梯为共用梯。,ReadingB,一层、二层和三层的窗户有离地面900毫米的窗台，而四层的窗户则是从地板到天花板的落地窗。,ReadingB,为了减少太阳得热和刺眼强光：1.南立面上半部分屋顶有大的挑檐。2.南立面下半部分是靠爬到四层悬臂梁的常春藤遮盖。3.展示厅（一层）的西向窗户为13.6米。窗户向内倾斜减少日晒，并且为房间提供间接光照。4.大会议室（三层）的西向窗户有人造木质的百叶纱窗。,ReadingB,外部墙面装饰主要是外用漆。外窗台用铝来装饰，厚度为3毫米。内部庭院的墙壁为幕墙庭院周围的柱子高出女儿墙三米，柱子的顶端有圈梁相连。,ReadingB,Task1,Readthepassageanddecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).,F,T,F,T,T,T,1.BuildingA-Bissituatedatthesouthwestcornerofthesite.2.Thetwomainofficeareas,theGeneralOfficesandDepartmentalOfficesareplacedtogetherforeasycommunication.3.TheGeneralOfficesareatthenorthandtheDepartmentalOfficesareatthesouth.4.BoththeGeneralOfficesandtheDepartmentalOfficesshareamainentrancewhichissouth-facing.5.BoththeGeneralOfficesandtheDepartmentalOfficeshavetheirownelevators.6.WindowsonLevel4arelargerthanthoseonLevels1,2and3.,ReadingB,Task2,Readthepassageagainandchoosethebestanswertocompleteeachstatement.,1.TheExhibitionHallison_.A.Level1B.Level2C.Level32.Asetofstairsandanelevatorisat_oftheExhibitionHall.A.thenorthB.thesouthC.boththenorthandthesouth3.WindowsonLevel_arefloortoceiling.A.2B.3C.44.Theupperpartofthesouthfaadehas_largeroofoverhang.A.oneB.twoC.three,A,C,C,A,ReadingB,5.Thelowerfloorsofthesouthfaadeareshadedbyawallof_.A.glassB.stoneC.ivy6.Thewest-facingwindowoftheExhibitionHallis_meters.A.13.2B.13.4C.13.67.Exteriorwindowsillsare_3mmthick.A.stoneB.aluminumC.marble8.Thecolumnsaroundthecourtyardsriseup3_abovetheparapetwalls.A.metersB.decimetersC.centimeters,C,C,B,A,ReadingB,Task3,TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese.,Fourparallelwallsarethemajorelementsofthishouse.Becausethesewallsareindependentofthestructure,theopeningsarefreelyplacedaccordingtofunctionalneeds.Theinteriorvolumehasawhitemarblefloorandisfurnishedwithsteelwardrobesandmarbletables.Delicatestainlesssteelscreensthathangfromtheceilingdividethisvolumeintoanentrance,alivingroomandadiningroom.,四面平行墙构