how to develop a paragraph(1)段落的展开法1

2020/4/26,1,WaysofDevelopingParagraphs,ParagraphdevelopmentTopicsentence(controllingidea)Supportingdetails(major,2020/4/26,5,theypresentlybegantowhispertogether,thentheyapproachednearer,andstoppedagaintogazeandwhisper.Byandbytheygatheredcourageandbegantodiscusshimaloud.,2020/4/26,6,InthelifetheIndiantherewasonlyoneinevitableduty-thedutyofprayer-thedailyrecognitionoftheUnseenandEternal.Hisdailydevotionsweremorenecessarytohimthandailyfood.Hewakesatdaybreak,putsonhismoccasins(软拖鞋)andstepsdowntothewatersedge.Herehethrowshandfulsofclear,coldwaterintohisface,orplungesinbodily.,2020/4/26,7,Afterthebath,facingthesunastdancesuponthehorizon,andoffershisunspokenorison.Hismatemayprecedeorfollowhiminhisdevotions,butneveraccompanieshim.Eachsoulmustmeetthemorningsun,thenewsweetearthandtheGreatSilencealone.,2020/4/26,8,2.Orderofspace,Detailsarearrangedaccordingtotheirlocationunder,onacross,by,Toavoid“transitionsfortransitions”sake,2020/4/26,9,Example,WeenjoyedourvisittoDr.Hassanshouse.Thehousewasperchedhighuponahill.First,wewalkedupthelongdriveway.Thenweapproachedthehugebronzedoor.Abutlerwasstandingthere.Thenheusheredusandtheotherguestsintothehouse.Thefirstthingwepassedwastheoak-paneled(方格)library.Nextwewentbytheformaldinningroom.Finallywearrivedattheballroomwherethereceptionwasbeingheld.Therewerethreesparkling(闪烁)chandeliers(树枝型的吊灯).Morethanahundredpeoplewereenjoyingchampagne(香槟酒),andgoodconversation.(artificial),2020/4/26,10,Comparewiththeoriginalone,WeenjoyedourvisittoDr.Hassanshouse,perchedhighuponahill.Walkingupthelongdriveway,weapproachedthehugebronzedoor.Abutlerwasstandingintheopendoorway,usheringguestsintothehouse.Goingin,wepassedtheoak-paneledlibraryandformaldinningroombeforewearrivedattheballroom,wherethereceptionwasbeingheld.Underthreesparklingchandeliers,morethanahundredpeoplewereenjoyingchampagne,andgoodconversation.(morenatural),2020/4/26,11,3.General-specificorder(deductive),Thegeneralstatementcomesfirst,thenfollowedbymajorsupportingideasorminoronesifnecessarytoreinforcetheviewsexpressedinthegeneralstatement.Forexample:Thestateisarough-cutjewel-virtuallyallmountains.ThereareWestVirginianswhobrag(吹牛)thatifthestatewereflattened,shedrivalTexasinsize.CountlesstimesasIexploredherreaches,Iwouldpulltoa,2020/4/26,12,Continued,stoptocatchmybreathattheforestedspectacle(景观).OneautumnafternoonasIstoodoverlookingtheNewRiverGorge,aweatheredmountaineerturnedtomeandasked,”youeverbeentotheRockies(洛肌山脉)?”WhenIrepliedthatIhad,hecontinuedproudly,“well,sohaveI,anditaintnoprettierthanthis.”,2020/4/26,13,4.Specific-general(inductive),Thetopicsentencewithcontrollingideaisthefinalsentence.ForexampleYoungpeopledonotspendalltheirtimeinschool.Theirelderscommonlyspendnoneofitthere.Yettheireldersare,wehope,constantlygrowinginpracticalwisdom.Theyare,atleast,havingexperience.Ifwecanteachthemwhiletheyarebeingeducatedhowtoreason,theymaybeabletocomprehendandassimilatetheir,2020/4/26,14,Continued,experience.Itisagoodprincipleofeducationaladministrationbecauseacollegeoruniversityhasavastandcomplicatedjobifitdoeswhatonlyitcando.Ingeneraleducation,therefore,wemaywiselyleaveexperiencetolifeandsetaboutourjobofintellectualtraining.,2020/4/26,15,Example,AmericanmightbeembarrassedbecausetheirJapanesefriendsaresoformalwiththem.JapanesemightfeelinsultedbecauseAmericanacquaintancesgreetthemcasually.Still,theformsofgreetinginbothcountriesonlyshowrespectforothers.ItjusthappensthatAmericansandJapanesehaveadifferentwayoflookingathumanrelationshipsandthushaveadifferentwayofshowingrespects.,2020/4/26,16,5.Climax,Arrangethebasicmaterialsfromleasttomostimportant;withholdthemostcriticalfactorargumentuntillast.Thefollowingparagraphillustratesclimacticorderbasedonopinion.JamesB.Conantexpresseshisopinionfirstandthenquotesthatofanotherpersontosupporthiscontrollingidea.,2020/4/26,17,Example,Theenthusiasticspectatorsatschoolandcollegecontestsrarelyrealizehowcorrodingisthespiritgeneratedbytheirzealforwinningteams.Onehastovisithighschoolafterhighschool,asIhavedoneinrecentyears,toseehowmuchthepublicistoblameforsomeofthetroublesthatplagueourpublicschools.,2020/4/26,18,Continued,Timesandagain,attheendofvisit,afterdiscussingcurriculumsandteachingproblems,thesuperintendentwouldsaytome,“wehaventyettalkedaboutmychiefproblem.Which,tobequitefrank,istherecordofthehighschoolteams.LetsfaceitwhatthiscitydemandsisthatIgetcoacheswhoseteamswillwin,oroutIgo.”,2020/4/26,19,Practice,Whenwebeginwritingaparagraphwithsupportingdetailsarrangedinorderofimportance,weshouldmakelistoftheideasthatcometomindofourtopic;gothroughourlistanddecideonourpurpose;thenwriteatopicsentencewithcontrollingidea.Supposewearegiveninstructionslikethis:,2020/4/26,20,Writeaparagrapharrangedinorderofimportance.thetopicsentenceoftheparagraphhasbeengivenonthewritingpaper.,Topicsentence(No.1):Studentswithalertandcuriousmindsmaylearnagreatdealfromsourcesotherthantheirformalclasses.Detaillist:1.readingmaterials(No.2):books,newspaper,Atopicsentencethatexpressesthecentralideasupportingdetails;Closeconnectionbetweenthesentencesorders/sequencing,transitions,2020/4/26,23,PatternsofDevelopment,Towriteaparagraph,wehavealreadylearnedhowtoselectsupportingdetailsandinwhatwaytoarrangeoursentences.Sixbasicpatternsofparagraphdevelopment:1.narration,2.process,3.definition,4.classification,parisonStep2;Step3;Conclusion:Reviewstheprocessandnoteitssignificance,2020/4/26,29,Definition,Invariousways:1.thedictionarydefinition,whichprovidesasynonymorshowshowawordfitsintoageneralclass;2.usingaparagraphtodefineatermallowsforathoroughdiscussion;3.illustrationwithexamplestodiscussthewordsorigins,compareitwithsimilarone,ortotellwhatitisnot.,2020/4/26,30,Forexample:,Anatomissimilartoabiologicalcelloramicroscopicmodelofasolarsystem.Itisthesmallestunitofachemicalelement,composedofacentralnucleussurroundedbyelectronicallychargedparticles.Theword“atom”derivesfromaGreekworkwhich,inEnglish,means“indivisible”,butoneofthescientificbreakthroughsofthe20thcenturywasthesuccessfulattempttosplittheatom.Splittingatomsproducesenergy,providinguswithanalternatesourceofpowertoreducethedemandforexpensiveanddiminishingnaturalsourcesofenergysuchasoilandcoal.,2020/4/26,31,Thescheme,Topicsentence:Includestermstobedefined,formaldefinition,Classification:beginwithmanysmallobservationsandsortthemintocategoriesonthebasisoftheirsimilaritiesMostly,theyarecloselyrelatedprocesses.,2020/4/26,33,Forexample:,Everyeducatedpersonhasatleast2waysofspeakinghismothertongue.Thefirstisthatwhichheemploysinhisfamily,amonghisfamiliarfriends,andonordinaryoccasions.Thesecondisthatwhichheusesindiscoursingonmorecomplicatedsubjects,andinaddressingpersonswithwhomheislessintimatelyacquainted.Itis,inshort,thelanguagewhichheemployswhenheisonhisdignity,asheputsoneveningdresswhenheisgoingtodine.,2020/4/26,34,Theschemeofarrangement,Topicsentence:Namethecategories;statethesisBody:Firstcategory;Secondone;Thirdone;Conclusion:Reviewscategories;clarifiestheirrelationshiptoeachother,2020/4/26,35,Comparisonsometimesitonlyconcentratesoneffectsbecauseagivencauseclearlyexist,andtheonlyquestionistoask“Whathappenedasaresult?),2020/4/26,38,Forexample,TheblizzardlastMarchdisruptedmanypeopleslives.Thousandsofhouseholdswerewithoutpowerforhoursand,insomecases,days.Childrencouldnotgettotheirschools,andadultseithercouldnotgettotheirjobsorcouldnotgethomefromtheirjobs.Motoristswerestrandedonsnow-blockedroadsandhighways,andthemotelsinathree-stateareawerefilledtocapacity.Ittookroadcrewsandpowercompanycrewsthreeweekstoundowhatthethree-dayblizzardhaddone.,2020/4/26,39,Thescheme,Topicsentence:Identifieseffectsorcauses;statesthesisBody:Cause1oreffect1;Cause2oreffect2;Cause3oreffect3;Conclusion:Reviewscauses;establishestheirrelationshiptoeffectOr:Reconsiderseffects;connectsthemtocause,2020/4/26,40,Analogy(afigurativecomparison),Toexplainacomplicatedideabycomparingittoasimpleideaormoreconc