文化研究第五章

Culture,timeandhistory,2020/5/1,2,Introduction,Itstheme:timeandhistoryasculturalformations.Bythiswemeanthatourtemporalandhistoricalperceptionsareconstructedthroughculture.Twocommon-senseassumptions:1.Historyasalinearprogressionofevents.2.Timeasobjective,mechanicalclocktime.Historyisexperienceddifferentlybydifferentsocialgroups.Bothtemporalsenseandhistoricalsenseareachievedthroughculture.Ourperceptionoftimecomeswiththeculturewelive.Thekeypoint:NOW,THENANDIF/WHEN,Learningobjectives,Tolearnabouttherelationshipsbetweentimeandculture/historyandcultureTheconflictsovertimeastheyaremediatedthroughcultureHistoryasaculturalformationTheissuesofconflictanddifferenceinculturalhistory,2020/5/1,3,Now:modernityandthepresent,Oursenseofthepresent，itisofaproductofmodernity.Anobjective,scientificsenseoftimebecamethenormintheperiodknownasmodernity.,4,Modernity,ModernitybeganattheendoftheMiddleAges,anddatedfromtheReformation,theItalianRenaissanceortheriseofcapitalismintheplaceoffeudalism.Anobjective,scientificsenseoftimebecamethenormintheperiodknownasmodernity.,2020/5/1,5,Sixpointsofmodernity,Themodernsenseoftime:Linear,withapast,apresentandafuture.Thehegemoniccultureoftime:mechanicalclocktime.Aheightenedsenseofthepresent,NOW-TIME.Moreopen-ended,atimeofpossibility.Globalinitsimpact.Itispowerful,undercuttingpremodernculturesoftime.Notall-powerful.Differentsocialgroupsexperiencedifferenttemporalsenseswithmodernity.,6,Task-basedtimeandindustrialtime,2020/5/1,7,汤普森，英格兰(1924-1993)E.P.Thompson,Time,work-disciplineandindustrialcapitalism,Hedescribedthechangesintemporalunderstandingthatoccurredinthemodernperiodtime.Themoderntimeissystematizedintodisciplinedunitsbyweeks,days,hoursminutesandseconds.,英格兰人，独立的“马克思主义者”，主张“社会主义的人道主义”。,Industrialtime,Theindustrialrevolutionspreadthemodernsenseoftime.(thePuritantimeethic):“beusedwellandnotwasted,buildupprofitforthefuture”Thesuperiorcontrolthetimediscipline,andthelowerhierarchyhadtoarrangetheirtimeaccordingtotheconvenienceoftheirsuperiors.(socialconflict),2020/5/1,8,2020/5/1,9,Theubiquityofrailwaytimesignifiesthepressuretodisciplineandsystematisethecultureoftimethatisoneofthedefiningcharacteristicsofmodernity.Asymbolofindustrialtime,Timeanddifference,Thedominanceofmechanicaltime:24-hourworkschedules.Thedifference:allculturesrecognizethedifferencebetweendayandnight.(时差）Pre-industrailcultures:weeksthreedaystheMuysca,teninIncas.Socialfunction.Astronomicalfunction.Themodernseven-dayweek.Hebrewweek,2020/5/1,10,Theparadoxesofmoderntime,Timeisorganizedaccordingtoanobjective,scientificmodel,buteverydaylifefragmentsintomultipleculturesoftime.,2020/5/1,11,Revolutionarynatureofmodernity:sweepawayoldordersinthenameofnew,Creatingnewformsofculturewhichcontestasingle,normativestandard,MartinLutherKingDay,MayDay,TheEiffelTowerbyDelauney,12,Theparadoxofmoderntimeisdemonstratedmostclearlyin“modernist”artandliterature.,Frenchpoet,CharlesBaudelaire:moderntimeisthetransient,thefleetingthecontingent.StephenKern:newtechnologiesofspeed,steam,thetelegraphandthephonecreatasenseoftimeandspace.,TheEiffelTowerbyDelauney,2020/5/1,13,“Realistgaze”,Itisapowerfulsymbolofmodernculture,wherethepaintingrepresentsthetowerasifitwasbeingviewedfromseveralanglessimultaneously.,Mrs.Dalloway1925,14,Theparadoxesofmodernityisexpressedbythecontradictionbetweenthecarandthefragmentedperspective.Thecar:apowerful,homogenising,culturalforcethatradiatesoutthroughsociety.Thefragmentedperspective:severaldifferentviewsofsameevent.,Womenandtime,Theperspectiveontimeexperiencedbywomeninmodernity.FeministJuliaKristeva:Womensrelationshiptotimeis“diagonal”whichisspatialratherthantemporal.Womenaredefinedintermsofspacethantime.,2020/5/1,15,Feminism,2020/5/1,16,Moderntimevs.Traditionaltime,Europeansociety:modern,developed.Moderntime:thetimeofmodernity(writtencultureoftimeunderthecontrolofcentralizedstates),2020/5/1,17,Non-Europeansociety:primitive,traditionalTraditionaltime:thetimeisusedinnon-literateagriculturalsocieties.(1.oralhistoricaltime;2.cannotextendbackbeyondthreeorforgenerations,3.describingwhathavebeendone),G.W.F.Hegel:hedescribedAfricaaswithouthistory.E.P.Thompson:hedescribshowhethinksthetransitionfromatraditionaltoamoderncultureoftimewillberepeatedindevelopingnations.JuliaKristeva:shenuiversaliseswomenstimetonotincludeEuropeanandtheUnitedStatesbutalsoChina.,2020/5/1,18,2020/5/1,19,Itexploresthedifferentkindsofculturalpespectivesthatarisefromthesekindsofconflicts.LatinAmerican“magicalrealism”Twoworld-views:oneisasenseoftemporalprogression,theotheracycleofdeathandrebirth.,Thereisnopathofdevelopmentinmodernity.Differentcultureswilldevelopindifferentways.,conclusion,Thepersistenceofearliersensesoftime.Thedifferentexperiencesofmodernitybydifferentsocialgroups.Theemergenceinmodernityofnew,revolutionaryformsofconsciousness,whichfragmentasenseofhomogenisedobjectivetime.,2020/5/1,20,Then:historyandthepast,BriefIntroduction:Thepastandthedifferentunderstandingofhistory.Lookatthedifferencebetweentheideaofobjectivehistoryandthesubjectivehistory.Differenthistorytheories.ThedifferenthistoricalnarrativesTheexamplesinJudithWalkowitz.,2020/5/1,21,Conceptsabouthistory,History:aformofnarrativethatattemptstorepresentthetruthofthepast.LeopoldvonRanke:asitactuallyhappened.(modernhistoricalnarrativebymodernityparadoxicalcultureoftime)Anobjective,progressivemovement.Somethingthatisconstantlyintheprocessofbecoming.Evenwhereanobjectivehistoryisbelievedpossible,itisnoteasilyaccessible.(historyisfoughtoverbydifferentsocialgroups.),2020/5/1,22,Twoviews,Anobjectivehistory:realeventsthathappeninobjectivetime.“materialist”“real”“absolute”“objective”.Ansubjectivehistory:givingmoreweighttotheculturecontextinwhichhistoriesaremadeandtold.“idealist”“fictions”“relativist”“subjective”.,2020/5/1,23,Historyasfacts,2020/5/1,24,Factsalonearewantedinlife,Beliefinahardcoreofhistoricalfactsexistingobjectivelyandindependentlyoftheinterpretationofthehistorianisapreposterousfallacy,butonewhichishardtoeradicated.E.H.CarrCulturalcontext(examples)Culturalmeaningisalwaysamatterofinterpretation.,Marxismandhistory,Marxism:thereisarealhi