paraphrase-summarise(1).ppt

WRITINGTECHNIQUES,Paraphrasing&summarising,PARAPHRASE,Paraphrasingistheprocessofrestatinginformationindifferentwords.Whenweparaphrase,wemaintaintheoriginalmeaning,butwesayitinourownwords.Goodparaphrasingskillsarenecessarytocreateeffectivesummaries,preparefortests,answeressaytestquestions,andavoidplagiarismwhenresearchingreports.,TECHNIQUE,ReplacingdifficultvocabularywordsorphraseswithwordsthestudentunderstandsRewritinglengthyorcomplexsentencesintosimplersentences,orcombiningsimplesentencesintomoreinteresting,complexsentencesExplainingconceptsandabstractideasfromsentencesorpassagesusingmoreclearandconcisewordingTranslatingideasandinformationintostudentsownwords,TIPSFORPARAPHRASING,1.KnowhowtochooseanduseadictionaryandathesaurusChooseeditionswhichareappropriatetoyourreadinglevel.,2.UnderstandthecontextReadthewholesentenceorseveralsentencesofthepassagetohaveatleastageneralunderstandingofthecontextinwhichwordsarebeingused.Makesurethatthesynonymsyouuseinyourparaphrasedversiondonotchangethemeaningofthepassage.,3.Use“semantic”paraphrasing:wordforwordHowasynonymisusedcanchangethemeaningofthewordorsentence.Forexample:seek=findjob-seekersxjobfinders(betterequivalent:jobhunters)Cover=closeCoverlosses=compensateforlossespotential=possible,probable,likelypotentialcustomers=prospectiveclientsgrow=plantcompaniesneedtogrow=expand,Sometimesawordcanbereplacedbymorethanoneword:E.g.Workforce=peoplewhowork(staff)reduce=cutdownfamous=wellknowncontinuous=non-stop/on-goingtemporary=forthetimebeingdifferent=notthesamepunctual=ontimereliable=canbedependedupon(dependable/responsible),Rewritethefollowinginyourownwords:,fast-changingexcellentreputationgoingglobalbecomewidespreadbetter-madeproductsmovingintherightdirectioncounterattackworkingonatightdeadlinebringdramaticresultsrapidadvancesincreasingconflictsofinterestgrowingrestrictions,ANSWERKEY,Developingquickly/evolving/advancingVerygoodnameexpandinginternationallyBecomecommonImprovedgoodsTakingtherightdecisionFightbackworkingwithinashorttimelineAchievegoodperformanceQuickdevelopmentmoredisagreementsIncreasedlimitations/difficulties,Paraphrasethefollowingsentences:,Thisseemstobethewayforwardformostfirms.Offeringstaffopportunitiesfortraininghasapositiveimpactonmotivation.Highlycompetitivecompaniesdiscoveredthatbrandsmatteralmostasmuchasnewtechnology.Mobilephonesaretheworldsmostwidespreadcommunicationsdevices.ArevampedimagebreathedlifebackintotheGuccibrand.,6.TheInternetaccountsforonlyatinysliceoftheoveralladvertisingpie.7.Morethanhalfthebudgethasgonedownthedrain.8.Payalonerarelykeepspeoplewithanemployer.9.Theolddefinitionsofmanufacturingarenolongerworthmuch.10.Theworldisariskyplace,especiallyforpeopleconcernedwithbusiness.11.Employerswanttohireemployeesforalong-termcareerratherthanaparticularjob.,ANSWERKEY,Thisisprobablytheonlywayformostcompanies.Givingemployeestrainingopportunitiesprovidesgoodmotivation.Rivalcompaniesfoundthatbrandsarenearlyasimportantasnewtechnology.Mobilephonesarethemostcommonlyusedcommunicationtoolaroundtheworld.AnimprovedimagebroughtbackbusinessfortheGuccibrand.TheInternetisonlyasmallpartofadvertising.Mostofthebudgethasbeenwasted.Salaryalonedoesnotensurestaffloyalty.Oldmethodsofproductionarenolongerimportant.Therearelotsofchallengesforbusinessmen.Employerspreferstaffthatareloyaltowhattheycando.,4.Use“syntactic”paraphrasingInadditiontoreplacingkeywords,changethestructureoftheoriginalsentencesbyeitherinvertingtheorderofsentenceparts,breakingthemintoshortersentences,orcombiningsimplesentencesintocompoundandcomplexsentences.,5.RewritetheparaphrasedversionCombinethevariouschangesnotedaboveandrewritethepassageinyourownwords.,STRATEGIES,AvoidcopyingDonotcopylongphrasesandwholesentences.BeconciseDonotbelong-winded,leaveoutexampleswhicharenotrelevantDonotchangeoriginalideasDonotincludeownideas.Usediscoursemarkers/transitionlinkersAllowforsmoothflowofideasandsentences(cohesionandcoherence).Eg.First,second,then,next,therefore,asaresult,however,inaddition,finally,inbrief,thus,inconclusion,etc.,SUMMARISING,1.Listthewritersmainidea,Readthematerialanddistinguishthemainideasfromthedetails.,2.Paraphrase,Useyourownwordsasmuchaspossible.Donotaddyourideasandcommentstothosepresentedinthetext.,3.Focusonthemainpoints,Leaveoutirrelevantdetailssuchasexamples,statisticsandminordetails,wordyorunnecessaryexpressions.,4.Checkforcohesion,Turnthemainideasintosentencesandcombinethemintoaparagraphusingtransitionalwords.Usetransitionlinkerstomaintaincohesionandcoherence.Presentpointsinthesameorderoftheoriginaltext.Includeatopicsentence.,5.Keeptot