American-History.ppt

AmericanHistory,Chapter9AmericanHistory,I.AmericaintheColonialEraII.TheAmericanWarofIndependenceIII.TheAmericanCivilWarIV.Americainthe20thCenturyV.Americainthe21stCentury,Puttheseeventsinorder,ColonizationofNorthAmerica(1607-1776),Indians:The“firstAmericans”,TheDiscoveryoftheNewWorld,AmerigoVespucci,ChristopherColumbus,WhydidtheearlysettlerscometoAmerica?,OpportunityItdrewEnglishmerchantswhodreamedofestablishinggreatnewestatesoutofthewildness.Itdrewcarpenters,bakers,tailorsandotherskilledworkmenwhocouldnotfindjobinEngland.Itdrewthepoorandthehomelessfromfarmlandsandvillages.ItdrewmanyEnglishinsearchofreligiousfreedom.,In1620,atinyshipcalledthe“Mayflower”sailedfromEnglandfortheNewworld,with102passengers.50%werePilgrims.LandedinwhatisnowPlymouth,Massachusetts.,PilgrimFathers,ThePuritans,ThePuritanswerewealthy,well-educatedgentlemen.TheywantedtopurifytheChurchofEnglandandthreatenedwithreligiouspersecution,thePuritansleaderssawtheNewworldasthearefugeprovidedbyGodforthoseHemeanttosave.,TheFoundingofthe13Colonies,ThefirstEnglishcolonyinAmericawasfoundedatJamestown,Virginia,in1607;knownasthemotherstateBetween1607and1733theBritishestablished13coloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.,RelationsofAmericanIndianswithEuropeansettlers,friendship,hostility,AmericanIndianshelpedtheearlyEuropeanstosurviveThefirstThanksgivinginNorthAmerica.,AmericanIndianswerekilledanddriventomountainousandbarrenareasknownasIndianReservations,asaresultofinterestsinlandandculturalconflicts,TheAmericanWarofIndependence,WhatwerethecausesoftheWarofIndependence?BritainscolonialpolicyTheeconomyinthe13coloniesdevelopedveryfastTheBritishgovernmentwastobringthedevelopmentundercontrolandtocollectmoretaxesfromthecolonies.“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”(无代表，不纳税）,HowwastheWarofIndependencestarted?,The“BostonTeaParty”In1773,whenshipsofteareachedBostontobedistributed,severaldozenBostonresidentsboardedtheshipatnightandthrew$75,000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thiscametobeknownasthe“BostonTeaParty”.ThestartofthewarIn1775,about1,000BritishsoldiersweresentfromBostontoseizethemilitarysuppliesoftheAmericanmilitia.WhentheyarrivedatLexingtontheyweremetbythearmedmilitiamen.SuddenlyashotwasfiredandtheWarofIndependencebegan.,Wheretheresoppression,theresrevolution.,Boston,TheBattleofLexington(1775),Thefirstshotsstartingtherevolution,ThefirstContinentalCongress1774,Date:September1774Place:PhiladelphiaDelegates:from12coloniesexceptGeorgiaResult:passedDeclarationofRightsandGrievances,ThesecondContinentalCongress1775,Date:May,1775Place:PhiladelphiaResult:TheCongressfoundedaContinentalArmyunderthecommandofGeorgeWashington.TheDeclarationofIndependence,DeclarationofIndependence,OnJuly4,1776,theCongressformallydeclaredtheindependenceTheDeclarationstates:“Weholdthesetruthstoself-evident:Thatallmenarecreatedequal;thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights;thatamongthesearelife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness;thattosecuretheserights,governmentsareinstitutedamongmen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned;thatwheneveranyformofgovernmentbecomesdestructiveoftheseends,itistherightofthepeopletoalterortoabolishit,”,ThomasJefferson,“我们认为下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可让与的权力，其中包括生存权、自由权和追求幸福的权力。为了保障这些权利，人类才在他们中间建立政府，而政府的正当权力则是经被统治者同意所授予的。任何形式的政府一旦对这些目标的实现起破坏作用时，人民便有权予以更换或废除”,ThomasJefferson(17431826),Anti-FederalistsThechairmanofthecommitteeThethirdpresidentofU.S.A(1801-1809),TheDeclarationofIndependenceJuly4.1776,GeorgeWashington(1732-99),GeorgeWashingtonwasappointed(1775)commanderinchiefoftheContinentalarmy.Aftervictory(1783),hepresidedoverthecouncilwhichdrafted(1787)theU.S.constitution,andwasunanimouslyelectedpresident.,INGODWETRUST,TheBattleofSaratoga,Date:17thOctober1777Place:SaratogainNewYorkStateCombatants:BritishandGermantroopsVS.theAmericansResult:TurningPoint,TheBattleofSaratoga,TheBattleofYorktown,Date:October1781Place:VirginiaCombatants:AmericansandFrenchVs.theBritish,TheBattleofYorktown,WhatstheinfluenceoftheWarofIndependence?,Ithadgreatinternationalinfluence.ThecoloniesinSpanishAmericaroseuponeafteranothertooverthrowSpanishcolonialrules.TheFrenchRevolutionAftertheWarofIndependence,capitalismgotachanceforfreerdevelopment.Territorialexpansion,In1788,13coloniesbecometheUnitedStatesofAmerica,By1796,afewmorestateshavebeencreated.,AmericabuysLouisianafromFrancein1803,TheLouisianaPurchase（1803）,By1837,newstateshavebeencreatedaroundtheMississippi.,By1850,OregonandCaliforniabecomestates.,1843:OnethousandpeopletraveltoOregon1848:USAwinsTexasintheMexicanWar1849:Californiagoldrush1862:Anewlawgivesfreelandtosettlers,TheSituationBeforetheWarP120,ThreeGreatTides“WestwardMovement”TwoeconomicsystemsintheNorthandtheSouthNorthCapitalistEconomySouthPlantationTheGrowthoftheworkingclassUncleTomsCabin,UncleTomsCabin,1852HarrietBeecherStoweAnantislaverynovelwhichhadgreatpoliticalinfluence.Sothisisthelittleladywhomadethisbigwar.“-Lincoln,freeandslavestates(1860),TheCivilWar(1861-1865),AbrahamLincolnwaselectedpresidentandopposedtheexpansionofslavery.SomesouthernstatesformedtheConfederateStatesofAmericain1861.,“Republican”,UnionarmyVs.Confederatearmy,23states(3/4)IndustrialsuperiorityAbundantfacilitiesMerchantmarines,navyWealthy(2/3),11statesAgriculturalMilitary.Preparingforthewar.Superiormilitaryleadership.RobertE.LeeFightingonitsownsoil,FallofFortSumterStartedCivilWar,FortSumterAfortinCharlestonharbor,SouthCarolina,wherethetroopsoftheConfederacyfiredtheshots,thatbegantheCivilWar,UnionStatesandConfederationStates,TheCivilWar,EmancipationProclamation,-issuedbyPres.AbrahamLincolnthatfreedtheslavesoftheConfederacy.-ThistransformedthewarfromawartosavetheUnion,toawartoabolishslavery,HomesteadAct（1862）,FirstpageoftheHomesteadActof1862.Thelawwaspassed(1862)bythetheU.S.Congress,underwhichsettlersmighteachacquireupto64hectaresofpubliclandforanominalfee(10),onconditionoffiveyearsresidenceon,andcultivationof,theplotoftheland.,BattleofGettysburg(July1863),TheturningpointGettysburgAddress“GovernmentofthePeoplebythePeopleandforthePeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth”,民有、民治、民享的政府将不致从地球上消失,OCaptain!MyCaptain!,OCaptain!MyCaptain!ourfearfultripisdone;Theshiphasweatherdeveryrack,theprizewesoughtiswon;Theportisnear,thebellsIhear,thepeopleallexulting,Whilefolloweyesthesteadykeel,thevesselgrimanddaring:ButOheart!heart!heart!Othebleedingdropsofred,WhereonthedeckmyCaptainlies,Fallencoldanddead.,Reconstructionera(18651877)Southrespondedbycreatingwhiteterroristsociety-KKK(KuKluxKlan)The13thAmendment,ratifiedinDecember1865,endedslaveryintheUnitedStates.,TheGildedAge1865to1890,KKK,TheKuKluxKlanwasoriginallyfoundedbyveteransoftheConfederateArmyinthesouthernstatesaftertheCivilWartoopposesocialchangeandblackemancipationbyviolenceandterrorism.Membersdisguisethemselvesinwhiterobesandhoods,andoftenuseaburningcrossasasymboloftheirorganization.ItsmainpurposewastoresistReconstruction,anditfocusedonputtingdownthefreedslaves(奉行白人至上主义，美国种族主义的代表性组织),EconomicDevelopmentTheodoreRoosevelt“BigStick”WWIandtheUSTheUnitedStatesinthe1920sTheGreatDepressionandtheNewDealWWIIandtheUS,AmericanHistory(1900-1945),WorldWarl,1914-1918theCentralPowersVs.theAlliesNeutralityPro-AllypartialityCausesthatmadetheU.S.enterthewar(PP.121),TheFalseProsperityinthe1920s,1920s=boom,prosperity,isolationismaperiodofmaterialsuccessandspiritualfrustrationorconfusionandpurposelessness,TheGreatDepression,1930s=GreatDepression,theNewDealThestockmarketcrashin1929Massiveunemployment,factoryandmillclosings,andmortgageforeclosures,NewDeal,PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltTheaimwastosaveAmericandemocracyandthecapitalistsystemTheprogramsandpoliciestopromoteeconomicrecoveryandsocialreform,WWIIandtheUS,19391945Source;GermanytheAxispowersVs.theAlliesAmericanwartimeforeignpolicyIsolationistTheLend-Leaseprogramneutrality,AttackonPearlHarbor,In1941JapanattackedU.S.basesatPearlHarborThetwowararenas:EuropeanarenaPacificarena,ThePostwarAmerica,UN,1945TrumanDoctrine:ColdWarMarshallPlan:economicaidtoWesternEuropeancountriesNATO,1949,ThePostwarAmerica,TheKoreanWar(1950-1953)-TheKoreanWarwasanotherstepoftheUStocontainCommunistexpansion.TheVietnamWar(1950-1975)theanti-warmovementtheCivilRightsmovementthecounterculturemovementthefeministmovement,TheCivilRightsMovement,ItwasafightbetweentheWhiteandtheBlacksandthefightoftheBlacksforracialsegregationandracialdiscrimination.TheLittleRockIncidentIn1957,whenthecourtsordered12blackstudentsadmittedtothelocalhighschool,ArkansasgovernorusedStateNationalGuardtopreventtheadmissionofAfrican-AmericanstudentstoallwhiteschoolsinLittleRock.Inreturn,PresidentEisenhowersentUStroopstogiveprotectiontotheblackstudentsgoingtheschool.,TheCivilRightsMovement,MartinLutherKing,JrCivilRightsActof1964prohibiteddiscriminationinpublicfacilities,CountercultureMovement,amovementofrevoltinthe1960sagainstthemoralvalues,theaestheticstandards,thepersonalbehaviorandthesocialrelationsofconventionalsociety.Itsadherents,mostlywhite,young,andmiddleclass,adoptedalifestylethatembracedpersonalfreedomwhilerejectingtheethicsofcapitalismandexperimentingwithdrugs,rockmusic,racerelations,sexualmoralsandwomansrights.,USRelationswithChina,hostilitythere-establishmentofdiplomaticrelations“Ping-Pongdiplomacy”OnFeb.20,1972,PresidentNixonissuedajointcommuniqu.theestablishmentofdiplomaticrelationsin1979,WatergateScandalofNixon,PresidentRichardNixonin1972theillegallysabotageandespionageofNixonsCommitteetoRe-electthePresident.“TheWatergateScandal”Impeachment,AmericanHist