高考必考语法精讲精练专题十：名词性从句含解析.doc

高考必考语法精讲精练语法专题十：名词性从句 名词性从句是比较重要的语法项目。2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲附录语法项目表中对名词性从句列了四项：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。全国卷新课标对名词性从句的考查一般在语法填空和短文改错中，主要考查从句引导词的用法。 2015年高考全国卷没有考查名词性从句。 2016年高考全国卷第71题（短文改错）考查了宾语从句的引导词，My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live.本句中须将that改为where。2017年高考全国卷没有考查了名词性从句。在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。名词可以充当句子的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，因此，名词性从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句。What was most important to her was her family.(主语从句)I dont know what you want to say.(宾语从句)The good news is that we have won the game.(表语从句)The news that we have won the game is true.(同位语从句) 引导名词性从句的关联词：从属连词 that, because疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what,whether,if疑问副词 when, where ,why,how,缩合连接词whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever,however, whenever,wherever关联短语 as if ,as though注意：连词that在引导名词性从句时无词义，不充当句子成分，只起连接作用，在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不能省略，在引导宾语从句时，口语或非正式的文体中常被省去；疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接词以及关联短语在句中既保留自己的含义又起连接作用，在从句中充当成分。名词性从句一般都用陈述句的语序，即使从句表达的是疑问含义。例如： The problem is what he has done to the little boy. We all dont know when he will come.1. 主语从句在复合句中作主语的句子叫主语从句主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether 和连接代词what, who,which,whatever, whoever以及连接副词how,when,where, why等词引导。例如： That he stole a bike was true. What he wants to tell us is not clear. Who will win the match is still unknown. Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. Whether he can pass the exam depends on whether he study hard or not.Whatever you do is none of my business.Whoever comes to our library will be welcome.单个的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如果是两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如：Where and when he was born has not been found. When the person was murdered and why he was murdered are still unknown. 主语从句比较长的时候，为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it 代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名词 + 主语从句。例如：It is a fact that he has gone abroad. It is a pity that you missed the sports meeting last week.（2）It + be + 形容词 + 主语从句。例如：It is obvious that he told a lie.It is certain that he will win the game.（3）It + be + 过去分词 + 主语从句。例如：It is said that she will come to the party tomorrow.It has not been announced when the plane are to take off. （4）It + 不及物动词 + 主语从句。例如：It happened that the meeting was canceled that day.It occurred to me that I had forgotten to bring my wallet.注意:在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气 (should) +do，常用的句型是：It is necessary/important/natural/strange/essential, etc.) that 例如：Its necessary that you should study hard.It is strange that he should say that.It is essential that a college student should master at least a foreign language.2. 宾语从句在复合句中作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。例如：I want to know what he has told you.She always thinks of how she can work well. She will give whoever needs help a warm support.1).由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去。但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如： He has told me (that) he will leave Wuhan and that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 注意:在insist,suggest, advise,decide, demand, desire,require, request,order, command等表示“坚持、建议、决定、要求、命令”（“坚决要命”）等意义的动词后，宾语从句中谓语部分常用 虚拟语气，即should+ 动词原形。例如： I insist that she (should) do her work alone. The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 但是, 如果suggest作“表明、暗示”讲, insist作“坚持说、坚持认为”讲，则其后的宾语从句中用陈述语气。例如： The smile on his face suggested that he had passed the examination. The boy insisted that he had not stolen the money.2).用whether或if引导的宾语从句whether和if均可引导动词后的宾语从句，常可互换。但从句中有or not时或介词后的宾语从句中只能用whether连接。其它名词性从句，如主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中表示“是否”只用whether. 介词后的宾语从句一般不用which和if引导，要用whether和what。that也很少引导介词宾语从句，只在except, but, besides等之后才用。例如： I dont care about whether you have money or not. Everything depends on whether we have enough money. He seldom loses his temper except that you make a fool of him.3).宾语从句中的时态呼应 宾语从句的谓语动词时态受主句谓语动词的影响，如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句中的谓语动词可以用各种时态。 例如：I know that he studies English every day. I know that he studied English last term. I know (that) he will study English next year.We all know that he has studied English since 1998. 如果主句中的谓语动词用了一般过去时，则从句中的语动只能用过去时的某种形式，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等。 例如：We believed that he had earned enough money to build a house. The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America 当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。 例如：The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.4).当主句是I/ We think (suppose, expect, believe, guess, imagine) 时，其后的宾语从句如果是否定形式，常把否定词not从从句中转移到主句中成为否定的转移。例如： We dont believe that he will win the game. I dont think he will do so. 注意：doubt用于肯定结构时，后面用whether/ if 引导名词性从句；用于否定结构或疑问结构时，后面用 that 引导名词性从句。be sure 用于肯定句或疑问句时，后接 that 引导的名词性从句；用于否定句时，后接whether/if 引导的名词性从句。例如：I doubt whether he will come tomorrow.There is no doubt that he will come tomorrow.I am sure that he will win the game.I am not sure whether he will win the game.3. 表语从句在复合句中作表语的句子叫表语从句。表语从句常放在系动词之后。 引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if, because引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句 。 例如：The fact is that we have lost the game. Thats just what I want. This is where our problem lies. That is why he didnt come to the meeting. It looks as if it is going to rain. This is because he missed the train by one minute.注意：当主语是reason 时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning. 4. 同位语从句在复合句中作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。同位语从句用于解释说明其前面的名词的具体内容。 同位语从句一般跟在某些表示抽象概念的名词后,如 news, idea, information, fact, hope,thought, belief 等，用来说明名词所表示的具体内容，引导同位语从句的连接词通常有that, whether和连接副词when, where, why, how；连接代词who，what，whose，which也可以引导同位语从句。例如：The news that he won the first place was true.It is a question how he did it.The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.We havent settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.I have no idea when she will be back. The question who should do the work requires consideration. 同位语从句一般紧跟在被解释的名词之后，但有时候也可以分开，将从句放在句末。例如：The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule should be adopted.Word came that Mr. President would come and inspect our school.5.同位语从句与定语从句的区别（1）定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句解释说明先行词的具体内容，它与先行词是同位关系。TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforParis.（定语从句）Thefactthathehasdiedisquiteclear.（同位语从句）（2）定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应的句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that引导，在从句中不充当句子成分；where,when,how,who,whether,what等连词也可以引导同位语从句，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。Thenewsthathetoldmeistrue.（定语从句）Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.（同位语从句）Theproblemthatwerefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.(定语从句)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyishard tosolve.（同位语从句）Thequestionthatheraisedpuzzledallofus.（定语从句）Thequestionwhether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer.（同位语从句）（3）同位语从句与先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句则不能。如：The idea that we can ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.（同位语从句）Theideaisthatwecanasktheteacherforadvice.Thefactthattheearthmovesaroundthesunisknowntoall.（同位语从句）Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundthesun.Payattentiontotheproblemhowwecanprotectthewildanimals.（同位语从句）Theproblemishowwecanprotectthewildanimals.高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练名词性从句 考点规律分析:名词性从句短文改错改错考点主要涉及从句引导词的误用、缺失以及多余。语法填空主要涉及从句引导词的选择。名词性从句单句改错之真题训练：1.but it didnt matter that I would win or not. (全国卷)2.(2016全国卷)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live3.(2016全国)The summer holiday is coming.My classmates and I are talking about how to do during the holiday.4.Besides, I have few friends, I dont know that they dont like to talk with me. (全国卷)名词性从句单句改错之提升训练：1.Itsuncertainthattheexperimentisworthdoing.2.Thatishardistodogoodalloneslifeandneverdoanythingbad.3.Whattheboydidnttakemedicinemadehismotherangry.4.Whathereallymeansiswhathedisagreeswithus.5.If we canfinishtranslatingthebookdependsonthetime.6.ThatisthatLuXunoncelived.7.Thefactwhichshehadnotsaidanythingsurprisedallofus.8.There is no doubt whether he will come tomorrow.9.The reason why he was late was because he missed the train by one minute this morning. 10.That he wants to tell us is not clear. 名词性从句单句语法填空之真题训练：1.(2016全国，阅读B)We now realize _ important family is and how important to be near them, especially when youre raising children.2.(2016全国，阅读B)Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops._ finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.3.(2016全国，阅读D)The journey was intended to achieve more than _Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done.4.(2016北京，29)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is_one can be entirely dust.5.(2016四川，七选五)Scientists are still not exactly sure _genes influence aging, but they believe that they do.6.(2016江苏，21)It is often the case_anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.7.(2015湖南，26)You have to know _ youre going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.8.(2015北京，33)I truly believe _ beauty comes from within.9.(2015重庆，8)We must find out _ Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.10.(2015四川，8)The exhibition tells us_we should do something to stop air pollution.11.(2015安徽，25)A ship in harbor is safe, but thats not_ships are built for.12.(2014大纲全国，24)Exactly _ the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain，but it was probably around 1565.学习札记：参考答案及解析名词性从句单句改错之真题训练：1.that 改为 whether，whether 与 or not 搭配，表示“是否”2.thatwhere 考查从句连词。该句是宾语从句，意为“靠近我住的地方”，that改为where。3.howwhat考查疑问词的用法。我和同学们正在谈论假期里做什么。固定表达what to do，如何用how结构为how to do sth。4. that 改为 why，why 引导宾语从句，表示原因名词性从句单句改错之提升训练：1.that改为whether 考查宾语从句引导词，whether表示“是否”2.That改为What，表示“.的事情”，引导主语从句3.What改为that，引导主语从句，不翻译，无实际意义.4.第二个what改为that，引导表语从句5.If改为whether，表示“是否”，引导主语从句6.第二个th