上海牛津英语(第二课)初二

精品教育第二讲2012年秋季班八年级英语讲义（教师版）范围：八年级第一学期主要词汇、句型、语法及练习A.新世纪Unit One, Lesson One: ComputersB.牛津上海版Unit One: Penfriends说明：音标与词性缩写统一为牛津版格式一、Words 单词A.1. allow /lau/vt.允许，准许 If someone is allowed to do something, it is all right for them to do it and they will not get into trouble.e.g. The children are not allowed to watch violent TV programmes.Usage: 词组：allow sb. to do sth.2. relax /rlks/vi. & vt.放松；休息 If you relax or if something relaxes you, you feel more calm and less worried or tense. When a part of your body relaxes, or when you relax it, it becomes less stiff or firm.e.g.I ought to relax and stop worrying about it.Massage is used to relax muscles, relieve stress and improve the circulation.Usage: 派生词：relaxing（adj. 令人放松的），relaxed（adj. 放松的）3. advantage /dv:ntd/n.优势；有利条件；优点 An advantage is something that puts you in a better position than other people. Advantage is the state of being in a better position than others who are competing against you. An advantage is a way in which one thing is better than another.e.g.Having a driving licence can be a big advantage.Men have created a social and economic position of advantage for themselves over women.The great advantage of home-grown oranges is their magnificent flavour.Usage: 常见搭配：to ones advantage（对有利），have the advantage over sb.（胜过，优于），take advantage of sth.（利用），take advantage of sb.（占便宜；欺骗） 派生词：disadvantage（n. 不利条件；缺点；障碍）4. invention /nvenn/n.发明，创造；发明物 Invention is the act of inventing something that has never been made or used before. An invention is a machine, device, or system that has been invented by someone.e.g.Necessity is the mother of invention.Radio is a useful invention.Usage: 派生词：invent（vt. 发明），inventor（n. 发明家）5. connect /knekt/vi & vt.连接 If something or someone connects one thing to another, or if one thing connects to another, the two things are joined together.e.g.We will have to connect these wires to make the radio work.Usage: 派生词：connected（adj. 有关系的；有联系的），connection（n. 联系；关系） 常见搭配：be connected to（与连接在一起） e.g. The house is not connected to the mains water supply.6. enable /nebl/vt.使能够；使可能 If someone or something enables you to do a particular thing, they give you the opportunity to do it. To enable something to happen means to make it possible for it to happen. e.g.The new test should enable doctors to detect the disease early.The working class is still too small to enable a successful socialist revolution.Usage: 派生词：able（adj. 有能力的；能够的），unable（adj. 不能够的）7. envelop /envlup/n.信封 An envelope is the rectangular paper cover in which you send a letter to someone through the post. e.g.Address an envelop and put the letter in it.8. order /:d(r)/ vt. 订购；点（菜）；命令n.命令；（点菜的）份 When you order something that you are going to pay for, you ask for it to be brought to you, sent to you, or obtained for you. If a person in authority orders someone to do something, they tell them to do it. If someone in authority gives you an order, they tell you to do something. Someones order is what they have asked to be brought, made, or obtained for them in return for money. e.g.Iris finally ordered coffees for herself and Tania.Williams ordered him to leave.I dont take orders from him any more.The waiter returned with their order and Graham signed the bill.Usage: 常见搭配：in order to（为了；以便；目的在于）e.g. Most schools are extremely unwilling to cut down on staff in order to cut costs.B.1. table tennis /tebl tens/n.乒乓球运动 Table tennis is a game played inside by two or four people. The players stand at each end of a table which has a low net across the middle and hit a small light ball over the net, using small bats.e.g.I like playing football best, but occasionally I play table tennis, too.2. best /best/adj.最好的 If you say someone or something is the best, it means someone or something has the most positive qualities.e.g.Jim is the best student in our class.Usage: best是good和well的最高级，better是good和well的比较级。3. physics /fzks/n.物理学 Physics is the scientific study of forces such as heat, light, sound, pressure, gravity, and electricity, and the way that they affect objects.e.g.Besides chemistry we like to study physics.Usage: 以-ics结尾的单词当意思是学科时，我们认为是单数名词，谓语动词要使用单数形式；相对的，当他们不表示学科名的时候，我们认为他们是复数名词，谓语动词要使用复数形式。4. ambition /mbn/n.追求的目标；志向 If you have an ambition to do or achieve something, you want very much to do it or achieve it.e.g.Liu Xiangs ambition is to run fastest in the world.Usage: 常见搭配：be full of ambition（野心勃勃）e.g. He is always full of ambition. 派生词：ambitious（adj. 有雄心的；野心勃勃）5. maybe /meb/adv.或许；可能 You use maybe to express uncertainty, for example when you do not know that something is definitely true, or when you are mentioning something that may possibly happen in the future in the way you describe.e.g.Maybe she is in love.6. height /hat/n.（人的）身高；（物的）高度 The height of a person or thing is their size or length from the bottom to the top.e.g.I am 56 in height.7. dream /dri:m/n.梦想；理想 You can refer to a situation or event as a dream if you often think about it because you would like it to happen.e.g.My dream is to have a house in the country.8. probably /prbbl/adv.很可能；大概 If you say that something is probably the case, you think that it is likely to be the case, although you are not sure.e.g.The White House probably wont make this plan public until July.Usage: 辨析maybe, perhaps, possibly和probablymaybe: 普通用词，美国英语多用。指某事也许如此，含不能确定意味。 perhaps: 普通用词，多用于英国，与maybe同义。 possibly: 指客观上潜存着发生某种变化的可能。 probably: 一般指根据逻辑推理，估计有发生的可能，把握性较大，语气比possibly强。9. tie /ta/n.领带 A tie is a long narrow piece of cloth that is worn round the neck under a shirt collar and tied in a knot at the front. Ties are worn mainly by men.e.g.Jason had taken off his jacket and loosened his tie.10. roof /ru:f/n.顶部；屋顶 The roof of a building is the covering on top of it that protects the people and things inside from the weather.e.g.A timber fell from the roof.二、Phrases 词组A.1. stop sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事 If you stop somebody from doing something, you make him no longer do it.e.g.He stopped her from throwing those stones.2. help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事 If you help someone with something, you make it easier for them to do something.e.g.He has helped me a lot with my homework.B. 1. best wishes最好的祝福 If you express your best wishes towards someone, you are politely expressing your friendly feelings towards them and your hope that they will be successful or happy.e.g.Give him my best wishes.Usage: 常见搭配：best wishes for（为某事祝愿）e.g. Best wishes for your new home.2. by school bus乘校车 If you go somewhere by bus, you take a bus to go there.e.g.Tom goes to school by school bus every day.Usage: by 加交通工具表示乘坐此交通工具的意思，且交通工具前不加冠词。3. tell sb. about sth.告诉某人某事 If you tell someone about something, you give them information.e.g.Please tell me something abut your school life.4. enjoy doing sth.喜欢干某事 If you enjoy doing something, you find pleasure and satisfaction in doing it or experiencing it.e.g.I enjoying playing football.Usage: 接-ing形式的动词还有：finish, mind, practice等。 辨析like, love, enjoy和perferlike: 最常用词，往往只表不太强烈的兴趣或关注，不带强烈的感情，除非另加修饰语。 love: 不但表示强烈的喜欢，而且含依恋之情，因此多用于能激起深厚情感的人或物。 enjoy: 指对能提供感观或智力上满足或快乐的东西表示欣赏或喜爱。 prefer: 指有选择性或偏向性的喜欢。 5. speak English说英语 If you speak English, you know the language and are able to have a conversation in it.e.g.He doesnt speak English.Usage: 辨析say, speak, talk和tellsay: 最普通常用词，指用语言表达思想，着重所说的内容。 speak: 侧重于说话动作的本身，着重说话的能力而不在内容，可以是长篇大论的演讲，也可以是三言两语的交谈，甚至指简单的开口发声说话。 talk: 普通用词，侧重指与人交谈时的连续说话，可指单方面较长谈话，和speak一样，着重说活动作而不侧重内容。 tell: 普通用词，指把某事告诉或讲述给某人听，口语或书面语均可用。 三、Sentences 句型A.1. use for doing用来做e.g.We use it for typing in information.我们用它输入信息。We use a microwave oven for cooking.Usage: use for doing = use to do 但后接的动词形式不同。for后面接动名词，to后面接动词不定式。如：We use a microwave oven to cook.2. What can you do with/on ?用/在上你可以做什么？e.g.W: What can you do with a microwave oven?M: A lot. I can steam fish, warm rice and cook other food.3. Whats the use of ?有什么用？e.g. W: Whats the use of this robot?M: We can use it to clean our rooms.B.1. hope that希望e.g.I hope that you will write to me soon.我希望你尽快给我回信。I hope that you are OK.Usage: 辨析wish和hopewish: 语气较弱，多指难于实现或不可能实现的愿望。 hope: 指对愿望实现有一定信心的希望。 wish sb./sth. to do sth. 而hope不可以这样用。wish表祝愿可接双宾语，而hope不可以这样用。e.g. I wish you a merry Christmas.四、Grammar 语法A.1. Revision of modal verbs 情态动词是助动词的一种，在句子中不可单独使用，需要和其他动词（两个情态动词不可连用）连用。具体为情态动词其他动词原形。 情态动词给句子添加感情成份，表能力，猜测，命令，需求等 在情态动词后直接加not构成情态动词的否定形式；情态动词直接放到句首变疑问句。情态动词本身没有第三人称、被动、进行时、完成时等变化）B.1. Question Words 用疑问词what等开头，就某一具体部分提问的疑问句是特殊疑问句。 特殊疑问句基本结构：特殊疑问词一般疑问句。特殊的，对主语或者是主语的定语提问为特殊疑问词陈述句。 特殊疑问句不用yes或者no回答，直接回答答案。 对指物名词或者谓语动词提出疑问，用what。e.g. What do you usually do at weekends?What were the twins doing when their mother came in? 对名词的定语提出疑问，疑问词可用which，而且必须和名词连用。e.g. Which lady is your class teacher? 对物主代词和名词所有格提问用whose。e.g. Whose pen is it? 对具体时间提出疑问，疑问词用when；对具体几点提问，可以用what time，也可以用when。e.g. When does your mother get up every morning?What time is it now? 对具体地点提出疑问，疑问词用where。e.g. Where are you from? 对原因提问，疑问词用why。e.g. Why did you get up early this morning. 对方式或者程度提出疑问，疑问词用how。e.g. How do you go to school? 对数量提出疑问，疑问词用how many（可数）/how much（不可数）。e.g. How many friends do you have? 对价格提出疑问，疑问词用how much。e.g. How much did you pay for the sweater? 对时间长度提出疑问，疑问词用how long。e.g. How long have you been in Shanghai. 对时间频率提出疑问，疑问词用how often。e.g. How often do you go to the cinema? 对具体次数提问，疑问词用how many times。e.g. How many times did you call him yesterday? 对in + 一段时间提问，疑问词用how soon。e.g. How soon will Jane and her brother finish the work? 对距离提出疑问，疑问词用how far。e.g. How far is it from here to the country?五、Exercises 练习Part OneListeningI. Listen and choose the right picture1._2. _3. _4. _5. _6. _II. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear （ ） 1. A. 35 kilograms B. 100 kilogram C. 100 grams D. 34 grams （ ） 2. A. bears B. elephants C. camels D. bears and elephants （ ） 3. A. cotton B. wood C. the coat made of fur D. the coat made of wool （ ） 4. A. 5 hours B. 6 hours C. 7 hours D. 8 hours （ ） 5. A. Because it doesnt sound good. B. Because they dont like going skating. C. Because there is a wonderful film. D. Because its a little cold outside.III. Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are true or false （ ） 1. Mrs. Henry lost her cat on a hot morning. （ ） 2. The young cat was born about five years ago. （ ） 3. Mrs. Henry couldnt find her cat so she called the policeman. （ ） 4. Maybe Mrs. Henry felt angry when she heard the policemans words. （ ） 5. The policeman told her to put down the telephone because the cat would call her.IV. Listen to the passage and complete the following sentences1. In the zoo, there are many animals elephants, , giraffes, wolves, and other animals. 2. They are in danger because people like their fur and make from their bones.3. They are friendly towards each other and never people.4. giant pandas have one or two babies at a time.5. If this , then there will be no giant pandas in the world. Part TwoVocabulary & GrammarV. Choose the best answer1. _ boy in red is Dick, _ 8-year-old pianist.A. The, aB. A, anC. The, an D. The, the2. Mr. Wang has taught _ physics since last year.A. usB. weC. ourD. ours3. The new inventions are quite useful, _ ?A. arent thereB. are theyC. arent theyD. dont they4. The mouse makes it easy _ the computer.A. controllingB. controlsC. to controlD. control5. The children are _ the ball games very much.A. enjoying playingB. enjoy to playC. enjoy playingD. enjoying play6. - _ is it from your school to the nearest underground station. - About fifteen minutes walk.A. How longB. How farC. WhereD. How soon7. I like Jay so much, but _ of my parents likes him.A. bothB. eitherC. allD. neither8. Work hard while you are young, _ you wont be useful to help people in the future.A. andB. orC. butD. so9. Its very kind _ you. Thank you _ telling me about it.A. for, byB. of, forC. of, toD. to, for10. Have you finished _ the picture, Alice?A. drawnB. to drawC. drawD. drawingVI. Complete the following passage with the words or phrases in the box. Each can only be used oncedo well in, be keen on, enjoy playing, work as, come from, live with1. Michelangelo, who _ a poor family, was trained at an early age like any other craftsmen in Italy.2. Mike _ his grandparents and was brought up in a small village.3. Helen _ English. She always gets full marks in English tests.4. Mozart _ playing the piano very much when he was three years old.VII. Complete the sentences with the given words in their proper forms1. The sports meeting ended with the _ (close) speech by our headmaster.2. The internet can _ (able) people to get to know what has happened all over the world.3. The electric light is one of the greatest _ (invent) in the world.4. Its a _ (please) trip, isnt it?5. Jack found several _ (mouse) in that dirty room.VIII. Rewrite the following sentences as required1. I go to play badminton twice a week.（对划线部分提问）_ _ do you go to play badminton.2. Both of the twins are good at foreign languages.（否定句）_ of the twins _ good at foreign languages.3. He spent 100 dollars on the digital camera.（保持句意不变）The digital camera _ _ 100 dollars.4. If you are dishonest, I wont make friends with you.（保持句意不变）_ _ , or I wont make friends with you.5. He needed to set out so early.（改为否定句）He _ _ to set out so early.Part ThreeReading & WritingIX. Choose the best answerThe designer of Apple computer, Steve Jobs, was not quite successful in his early years. He was not among the best students at school, and from time to time he got into trouble with his schoolmates and teachers. But he was full of new ideas. Things remained the same when he went up to college and he dropped out halfway.Steven Jobs worked first as a video game designer at Atari. He worked there for only a few months, and then he set out to visit India. He hoped that the trip would give him more ideas and give him a change in life for the better.After he had returned from India, he began to live on a farm in California. And then, in 1975, Steve Jobs started to make a new type of computer. Along with his friend Stephen Wozniak, he designed the Apple computer in his bedroom and actually built in his garage. he chose the name “Apple” because it reminded him of a happy summer he once spent in an orchard.The Apple computer was a great success, and Steven Jobs soon became famous worldwide. Today he is a millionaire. He was many factories and research institutes.1. Steven Jobs was _ when he was young.A. not one of the best students at schoolB. not a clever student at schoolC. a poor student at schoolD. his teachers favourite student2. Which of the following is TRUE?A. Steven Jobs was full of new ideas, but they werent useful.B. Most of the teachers thought Stevens new ideas were valuable.C. Steven had a lot of new ideas, though he was not a top student.D. Steven Jobs didnt finish his college study because people didnt see the value of his new ideas.3. Steven took a trip to India, because _ .A. he didnt like the job thereB. he believed that a trip could make him more comfortableC. he enjoyed the trip to India.D. He wanted the trip to give him more ideas and make his life better.4. Steven Jobs made his first computer _ .A. in his garageB. in his bedroomC. in a workshopD. in an orchard5. Steven Jobs gave the name “Apple” to his computer because _ .A. he liked apples very muchB. it could remind him of a happy summer in an orchardC. his first computer looked like an appleD. he was eating an apple while he was designing this computer.X. Choose the words or expressions and complete the passageA teacher once told each of her students to bring a clean plastic bag and a bag of potatoes to school. There might be a person students didnt want to forgive in their lives. They chose a _ , wrote the persons name and the date on it and put it in the plastic bag. Some of their bags were very heavy. They were then told to carry this bag with them everywhere for one week. They would put it beside their bed _ , on the seat when sitting in a car or on a bus, and next to their desk at school. Days of carrying the bag around with them made students get to know the weight they were carrying in their minds. And they had to pay attention to it all the time so they didnt forget it or _ it in embarrassing places. As time passed by, the potatoes went bad and the time so they didnt forget i