语法专题复习二定语从句

TheAttributiveClause黄花桂,高考语法专题之,定义(Definition)：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。结构：,先行词关系词从句,限制性,非限制性,定语从句分为定语从句和定语从句,(1).限制性定语从句:对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切,不用逗号隔开,也不能省略,否则句意就不完整.,(2).非限制性定语从句:只是对先行词做补充说明,没有限定作用,与先行词的关系也比较松散,如果省略,原句意义仍然完整,常用逗号与主句隔开.,(1).限制性定语从句:对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切,不用逗号隔开,也不能省略,否则句意就不完整.TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft.,2).非限制性定语从句:只是对先行词做补充说明,没有限定作用,与先行词的关系也比较松散,如果省略,原句意义仍然完整,常用逗号与主句隔开,但作宾语的引导词不可以省略。Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago.注：下列场合下只用非限制性定语从句：1）在一定范围或前提下，所谈对象是唯一的；The29thOlympicGames,whichwasheldinBeijing,wascertainlyagreatsuccess.2）谈话双方皆知道的所指对象Maoisatthelibrary,whereweoftenborrowbooks.,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：,定语从句的相关概念：）先行词:被_所修饰的那个_或_，叫先行词）关系词：用来引导定语从句的那个词，叫关系词有_和_两种,定语从句,名词,代词,关系代词,关系副词,thatwhichwhowhomwhoseas,whenwherewhy(that有时可用做关系副词）,）关系词的作用：A.引导定语从句；B.代替C.在从句里,e.g.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves！,定语从句,先行词,先行词,担任成分,关系词在从句里当主语,(注意在从句中不要再重复先行词),1.Heisthemanlivesnextdoor2.Themanwehavejustseenisafamouswriter.3.Theycametoahousebackwallhadbrokendown.,who,whom,whose,关系代词做主语,关系代词做宾语,关系代词做定语,先行词,先行词,先行词,4.IwillneverforgetthedayImetyouforthefirsttime.5.ThisisthebeautifulvillageIspentmychildhoodhappily.6.Wedontknowthereasonheisabsent.,when,where,why,关系副词作时间状语,关系副词作地点状语,关系副词作原因状语,先行词,先行词,先行词,1).a.Thereason_hemissedthespeechisthatheforgotthetime.b.Thereason_hegaveussoundedreasonable.2).a.Illneverforgettheday_wespenttogetherinParis.b.Illremembertheday_westayedtogetheratthattime.,why,(which/that),when,(which/that),关系代词与关系副词的区别,定语从句高考考点清单,考点一：关系词的选用分析从句成分，根据关系词在从句中所担任的成分，从而确定用关系代词还是关系副词。从句缺主语，宾语或定语，选关系代词（who,whom,that,which,whose）；从句缺状语，选关系副词,（where地点状语，when时间状语，why原因状语）。然后再根据先行词，选定一个具体的关系词。,1.YesterdayIreceivedaletter_wasfromAmerican.,which/that,2.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears_Ilivedonthefarm_youvisitedlastweek.,when,which/that,3.August8,2008istheday_wellneverforget.4.August8,2008istheday_theOlympicGameswasfirstheldinChina.,which/that,when,5.Theboy_isinredcomesfromAmerican,who/that,3).a.Isthisthefactory_wevisitedlastyear?b.Isthisthehouse_Lincolnoncelived?c.Isthishouse_wevisitedlastyear?,(which/that),where,theone,考点二：thatPKwhich,关系代词that既可指人也可指物，which指物，当指物时，两者一般可以互换，但有些情况却只能用that或只能用which.,1在下列情况下只用that，不用which,先行词是all,everything,nothing,anything,little,much,theone等不定代词时或被all,any,every,no,some,little,much等词修饰时,Thereisnothing(that)Icando.,“that”,我的地盘!,Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme,.先行词是序数词或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,Thisisthefirstcomposition(that)hehaswritteninEnglish.,Itisthemostinterestingfilm(that)Ihaveeverseen.,先行词被theonly,thevery(正是,恰是),thenext,thelast修饰时,Thelastplace(that)wevisitedwasthehospital,Thisistheverybook(that)Iwanttofind,当先行词有两个或两个以上时,既有人又有物,定语从句用that引导,(that既可指人也可指物),Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschools(that)hehadvisited.,当主句是以which/who开头的特殊疑问句时，用that引导,Whichisthecarthatkilledtheboy?Whoistheboythathasbrokenthewindow?,2下列情况不能使用that,而使用which,that不能引导非限制性定语从句,Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.,Myglasses,_Iwaslikeablindman,felltothegroundandbroken.,that不能置于介词之后（介词后指物用which,指人用whom）,Theperson_IwastalkingjustnowisourEnglishteacher.,withoutwhich,towhom,考点三：whose的运用,whose表所属关系，相当于先行词的所有格，后接一名词，在从句中充当定语。,Whose（所属关系，指人或物作定语）=或,the+名词+ofwhich/whom,ofwhich/whom+the+名词,Thisisthebookwhosecover/(thecoverofwhich)isbroken.,+名词,Ivisitedascientist_nameisknowntoalloverthecountry,whose,Hehasafriend_fatherisadoctor.,whose,e.g.Theyliveinahouse,whosedooropenstothesouth.,Theylivedinahouse,ofwhichthedooropenstothesouth.Theylivedinahouse,thedoorofwhichopentothesouth.,考点四：先行词为way(方式，方法）时，关系词的运用,当先行词是way时，定语从句又缺状语，这时，定语从句可以用that或inwhich或省略关系词,先行词是way,且定语从句缺状语时，可以用that/inwhich引导定语从句，也可省略关系词,Idontlikethewayyoutalktomymother.,that/,inwhich,或不填,考点五：介词+which/whom/whose定语从句也可用介词+关系代词来引导表人用whom,表物用which，表所有格用whose,非限制性定与从句中，要表示先行词的一部分时，可用“some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few或数词+of+关系代词”的结构，如：e.g.Thereare50studentsinourclass,two-thirdsofwhomhavebeentoBeijing.,关系代词前介词的确定,1.根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系，请体会：e.g.Isthatthenewspaperforwhichyouoftenwritearticles?2.根据从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配，如：e.g.CanyouexplaintomehowtousetheseidiomsaboutwhichImsure.3.根据先行词与介词的搭配习惯，请体会：e.g.1949wastheyearinwhichtheP.R.C.wasfounded.,1.先行词为人,关系代词用介词+whom;先行词为物,关系代词用介词+which;表所有格用介词+whose2.固定的动词短语,如lookafter,bemadeof,takepartin,lookforwardto等,介词不能提前。例：Thebabies(who/whom)thenurseslookafterlookstrongandhappy.3.关系代词和关系副词有时可转换：where,when,why=介词+which,总结:,关系副词when,where,why也相当于介词(on,in,at,for)+whichIllneverforgettheyears_weworkedtogether.Illneverforgettheday_IjoinedtheParty.,inwhich/when,onwhich/when,Canyouworkthemout?,Fillintheblankswithproperprepositions:1.Thesungivesusheatandlight,_whichwecantlive.2.Thestudent_whomweweretalkingjustnowisthebeststudentinourclass.3.Illneverforgettheday_whichshesaidgood-byetome.4.Whocangivemethereason_whichhehasntturnedupyet?,for,about,on,without,考点6：where表抽象地点先行词是situation,case,point等词，从句中缺状语，用where引导定语从句。,Ivecometothepoint_Icantstandhim.,where,Weoftenfindourselvesinasituation_weorsomeoneelseneedshelp.,where,考点7：as与which的区别,两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但有时不能替换，主要区别如下：,1.which的先行词可以是名词，也可以是句子的一部分或代替整个句子；which从句不能放句首;,2.as一般代替整个句子,从句则可以放句首,句中或句尾,表示“正如”，“或像一样”。例如：asisknown,aseveryoneknows,asissaid,asoftenhappens,asyoucansee,asitis;当先行词前有as,so,such,thesame修饰时,关系代词常用as。,moreexamples:ThisisnotsuchabookasIexpected.Iliveinthesamebuildingashe(livesin).Hereissobigastoneasnomancanlift.,as引导非限制性定语从句时通常出现在一些固定短语之中，如：1ashasbeensaidbefore如上所述2asmaybeimagined正如可以想象出来的那样3asiswellknown众所周知4aswasexpected正如预料的那样5ashasbeenalreadypointedout正如已经指出的那样6asweallcansee正如我们都会看到的那样,考点8：定语从句的主谓一致,定语从句中的主谓一致定语从句中的谓语动词的人称和数与先行词保持一致。,1.Herearesuchsentencesasareoftenusedbythestudents.(as指代sentences,谓语动词用are)。2.I,whoamaPartymember,shouldworkhardforourcountry.(who指代I,谓语用am.)。,3.Hewasoneofthestudentswhowerepraisedforit.(who指代thestudents)他是被表扬的学生之一。4.Hewastheonlyoneofthestudentswhowaspraisedforit.(who指theonlyone)他是唯一被表扬的学生。,oneof+名词复数，谓语动词用复数theonlyoneof+名词复数，谓语动词用单数,高考链接,2011年全国高考定语从句真题,1、(2011全国卷I)31.Theprizewillgotothewriter_storyshowsthemostimagination.A.thatB.whichC.whoseD.what2、（2011全国卷II）7.TedcamefortheweekendwearingonlysomeshortsandaT-shirt,_isastupidthingtodoinsuchweather.A.thisB.thatC.whatD.which,3、（2011北京卷）26.MarywasmuchkindertoJackthanshewastotheothers,_,ofcourse,makealltheothersupset.A.whoB.whichC.whatD.that4、(2011上海卷)39.Youllfindtaxiswaitingatthebusstation_youcanhiretoreachyourhostfamily.A.whichB.whereC.whenD.as,5、（2011山东卷）32.Theoldtownhasnarrowstreetsandsmallhouses_arebuiltclosetoeachother.A.theyB.whereC.whatD.that6、（2011江西卷）34.Sheshowedthevisitorsaroundthemuseum,theconstruction_hadtakenmorethanthreeyears.forwhichB.withwhichC.ofwhichD.towhich,7、（2011江苏卷）24.Betweenthetwopartsoftheconcertisaninterval,_theaudiencecanbuyice-creamwhenB.whereC.thatD.which8、（2011安徽卷）28.Whateverisleftovermaybeputintotherefrigerator,_itwillkeepfortwoorthreeweeks.A.whenB.whichC.whereD.while,9、（2011浙江卷）8.Englishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiversecultures,eachof_usesitsomewhatdifferently.A.whichB.whatC.themD.those10、（2011浙江卷）10