欧美文化选读

LectureABriefIntroductiontoBritishLiterature,TheOriginofEnglishLiterature,TheEnglishBibleThefirstcompleteEnglishBiblewastranslatedbyJohnWycliffeandhisfollowers.In1611AuthorizedVersionappeared,madeundertheauspicesofJamesIandsowassometimescalledtheKingJamesBible.About93percentofthe6,000wordsusedinitarethemainwordsofnativeEnglishTheGreekandRomanMythology,LiteraturebeforeShakespeare,TheSongofBeowulf(writtenatthebeginningofthe10thcentury)：NationalepicoftheEnglishpeoplewithover3,000linesIntroduction:Hrothgar,Heorot,Grendel,She-Monster,firedrake,RomanConquest(AD43-AD335)Effects:thebringingofRomancivilizationtoEngland;thegrowthofnationality;thenewlanguageandliterature,TheRomance,ThemostprevailingkindofliteratureinfeudalEnglandwastheromance.Itwasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.Thecentralcharacterofromanceswastheknight,amanofnoblebirthskilledintheuseofweapons.Hewascommonlydescribedasridingforthtoseekadventures,takingpartintournaments,orfightingforhislordinbattle.Hewasdevotedtothechurchandtheking.Thecodeofmannersandmoralsofaknightisknownaschivalry.,KingArthurandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable;SirGawainandtheGreenKnightTheEnglishBalladsTheRobinHoodBalladsGeoffreyChaucerHisworks:AboutFrench:RomanceoftheRoseAboutItalian;TroilusandCressieAboutEnglish:theCanterburyTales,TheEnglishRenaissance,startedinItalyin11thcentury,painting,sculptureandliterature-spreadtotherestofEurope,popularin14-16inEnglandRepresentativeBritishhumanistsThomasMoreandhisUtopiaFrancisBacon(1561-1626)ChristopherMarlowe(1564-93)WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616),The17thCentury(ThePeriodoftheEnglishBourgeoisRevolution),JohnMiltonShortpoems:LAllegro,Penseroso,Lycidas,ComusPamphlets:AreopagiticaorspeechforthelibertyofUnlicensedPrinting,Eikonoklastes;DefensefortheEnglishPeopleOnHisDeceasedWife(1658)ParadiseLostandParadiseRegainedJohnBunyan:ThePilgrimsProgress,The18thCenturyTheEnlightenment,TheRiseoftheEnglishNovelAdventurenovels:Defoes“RobinsonCrusoe”wasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglishrealisticnovel.T.G.Smollet:TheAdventuresofRoderickRandom;TheAdventuresofPeregrinePickleSamuelRichardson:Pamela,Clarissa;TheHistoryofSirCharlesGrandisonJonathanSwift:GulliversTravelsOliverGoldsmith:TheVicarofWakefield,Sentimentalism,LaurenceSterne:TristramShandy,SentimentalJourneyThomasGray:Elegy,WritteninaCountryChurchyardO.Goldsmith:TheDesertedVillageGeorgeGrabble:TheVillage,GothicNovels,HoraceWalpole:TheCastleofOtrantoAnnRadcliff:TheMysteriesofUdolphoAddison,Steele(TheSpectator)andPopebelongedtotheschoolofclassicism,DramaandSheridan:ASchoolforScandalWilliamBlake:SongsofInnocence,SongsofExperienceRobertBurns:PoemsChieflyinScottishDialect,RomanticisminEngland,DefinitionamovementintheliteratureofvirtuallyeverycountryofEurope,theUnitedStates,andLatinAmericathatlastedfromabout1750toabout1870,characterizedbyrelianceontheimaginationandsubjectivityofapproach,freedomofthoughtandexpression,andanidealizationofnature.,PassiveRomanticpoets,WilliamWordsworth:LyricalBalladsSamuelTaylorColeridge:TheRimeoftheAncientMariner,KublaKhanRobertSouthey:JoanofArc,WatTyler,TheFallofRobespierce,AVisionofJudgement,ActiveRomanticpoets,GoergeByron:ChildeHaroldsPilgrimage,DonJuanPercyByssheShelley:QueenMab,TheRevoltofIslam,PrometheusUnbound,TheMasqueofAnarchy,WestWindJohnKeats:Isabella,TheEveofSt.Agnes,Lamia,Prose,CharlesLamb:TheEssaysofEliaWilliamHazlitt:TheSpiritoftheAge,TheCharactersofShakespearesPlays,TableTalkHenryJamesLeighHunt:ImaginationandFancy,WitandHumorThomasDeQuincey:TheConfessionsofanEnglishOpium-EaterWaltScott:ThelayoftheLastMinstrel,TheLadyoftheLake,Waverley,RobRoy,Ivanhoe,TheVictorianAge(CriticalRealism),SocialBackgroundThePassageofthePoorLawChartistMovementCriticalRealism:thecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandgreatartisticskillthechieftraitsoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint.,novels,CharlesDickens:DavidCoopperfield,OliverTwist,AtaleoftwocitiesThePosthumousPapersofthePickwickClub,ThePickwickPapersBleakHouseTheOldCuriosityShop,LittleDorrit,GreatExpectations,OurMutualFriendWilliamMakepeaceThackeray:VanityFair,GeorgeEliot:TheEssenceofChristianity,ScenesofClericallife,AdamBede,TheMillontheFloss,SilasMarner,MiddleMarchJaneAusten:NorthangerAbbey,SenseandSensibility,PrideandPrejudice,MansfieldPark,Emma,Persuasion,BronteSistersCharlottebronte:PoemsbyCurrer,EllisandActonBell,Professor,JaneEyre,Shirley,VilletteAnne:AgnesGrey,TheTenantoftheWildfellHallEmily:WutheringHeights,Poems,Alfred,LordTennysonQuotations:andthestatelyshipsgoonTotheirhavenunderthehill;ButOforthetouchofavanishedhand,Andthesoundofavoicethatisstill-Break,Break,Break,Poems,RobertBrowningDramaticmonologueShehadahearthowshallIsay?toosoonmadeglad,Tooeasilyimpressed;shelikedwhateverShelookedon,andherlookswenteverywhere-MyLastDuchessGodsintheheaven-Allsrightwiththeworld!-PippaPasses,Poems,ElizabethBarrettBrowningHowdoIlovethee?Letmecounttheways.IlovetheetothedepthandbreadthandheightMysoulcanreach,whenfeelingoutofsightFortheendsofthelevelofeverydaysMostquietneed,bysunandcandlelight.-SonnetsfromthePortuguese,Naturalism,NaturalismisaliterarytrendprevailinginEurope,especiallyinFranceandGermany,inthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury.Accordingtothetheoryofnaturalism,literaturemustbetruetolifeandexactlyreproducereallife,includingallitsdetailswithoutanyselection.Naturalistwritersusuallywriteaboutthelivesofthepoorandoppressed,ortheslumlife,butgivingallthedetailsoflifewithoutdiscrimination,theycanonlyrepresenttheexternalappearanceinsteadoftheinneressenceofreallife.GeorgeGissing-NewGrubStreet,CharlesDickens:ACriticalStudy,Neo-Romanticism,itisaliterarytrend,whichlaysemphasisupontheinventionofexcitingadventuresandfascinatingstoriestoentertainthereadingpublic.RobertLouisStevenson:TreasureIsland,Kidnapped,TheBlackArrow,TheMasterofBallantrae,StrangeCaseofDr.JekyllandMr.Hyde,Aestheticism,OscarWilde;fairystoriesTheHappyPrinceandOtherTales,AHouseofPomegranatesNovelThePictureofDorianGrayComediesLadyWindermeresfan,AwomanofNoImportance,AnIdealHusband,TheImportanceofBeingEarnest,20thcenturyliterature,HistoricalandsocialbackgroundColonialexpansion,theBritishEmpiretheleadingimperialistLabororganizations:theSocial-DemocraticFederation,theFabianSociety,theIndependentLaborPartyWorldWar,WorldWar,Realists,SamuelButler:Erewhon,ErewhonRevisitedGeorgeMeredith:TheEgoisHerbertGeorgeWells:TheTimeMachineThomasHardy:UndertheGreenwoodTree,FarfromtheMaddingCrowd,TheReturnoftheNative,ThemayorofCasterbridge,TessoftheDUrbervilles,JudetheObscure,realists,JohnGalsworthy:TheIslandofPharisees,TheManofProperty,InChancery,TheForsyteSagaRudyardKipling:th