戏剧简介(英文)ppt课件

Drama,熊梦蕴,1,Drama,Dramaisthespecificmodeoffictionrepresentedinperformance.ThetermcomesfromaGreekwordmeaningactionwhichisderivedfromtodo.Theenactmentofdramaintheatre,performedbyactorsonastagebeforeanaudience,presupposes(预先假定)collaborative（合作的）modesofproductionandacollectiveformofreception.,Thestructureofdramatictexts,unlikeotherformsofliterature,isdirectlyinfluencedbythiscollaborativeproductionandcollectivereception,2,HistoryofWesterndrama,ClassicalAtheniandrama,WesterndramaoriginatesinclassicalGreece.Thetheatricalcultureofthecity-stateofAthensproducedthreegenresofdrama:tragedy,comedy,andthesatyrplay(【古希腊】森林之神滑稽短歌剧,萨堤罗斯滑稽剧).Theiroriginsremainobscure,thoughbythe5thcenturyBCEtheywereinstitutionalisedincompetitionsheldaspartoffestivitiescelebratingthegodDionysus（狄俄尼索斯：酒神和宗教狂欢庆祝大自然权力和丰饶之神）.,3,Satyrplay,SatyrplayswereanancientGreekformoftragicomedy,similarinspirittoburlesque(讽刺作品).Theyfeaturedchorusesofsatyrs,werebasedonGreekmythology,andwererifewithmockdrunkenness,brazensexuality,pranks,sightgags,andgeneralmerriment.SatyricdramawasoneofthethreevarietiesofAtheniandrama,theothertwobeingtragedyandcomedy.ItcanbetracedbacktoPratinasofPhlius,circa500BC.,Papposilenusplayingthecrotals,theatricaltypeofthesatyrplay,4,Romandrama,FollowingtheexpansionoftheRomanRepublic(50927BCE)intoGreekbetween270240BCE,RomeencounteredGreekdrama.FromthelateryearsoftherepublicandtheRomanEmpire(27BCE-476CE),theatrespreadwestacrossEurope,aroundtheMediterraneanandreachedEngland;Romantheatrewasmorevaried,extensiveandsophisticatedthanthatofanyculturebeforeit.,WhileGreekdramacontinuedtobeperformedthroughouttheRomanperiod,theyear240BCEmarksthebeginningofregularRomandrama.,ThefirstimportantworksofRomanliteraturewerethetragediesandcomediesthatLiviusAndronicuswrotefrom240BCE.,Medieval,IntheMiddleAges,dramainthevernacular(本地语言)languagesofEuropemayhaveemergedfromreligiousenactmentsoftheliturgy(礼拜仪式).Mysteryplayswerepresentedontheporchofthecathedralsorbystrollingplayersonfeastdays.,5,ElizabethanandJacobean,OneofthegreatfloweringsofdramainEnglandoccurredinthe16thand17thcenturies.Manyoftheseplayswerewritteninverse,particularlyiambicpentameter(抑扬格五步音).,InadditiontoShakespeare,suchauthorsasChristopherMarlowe,ThomasMiddletonwereprominentplaywrightsduringthisperiod.,Asinthemedievalperiod,historicalplayscelebratedthelivesofpastkings,enhancingtheimageoftheTudormonarchy.AuthorsofthisperioddrewsomeoftheirstorylinesfromGreekmythologyandRomanmythologyorfromtheplaysofeminentRomanplaywrights.,Modernandpostmodern,Thepivotalandinnovativecontributionsofthe19th-centuryNorwegiandramatistHenrikIbsenandthe20th-centuryGermantheatrepractitionerBertoltBrechtdominatemoderndrama;eachinspiredatraditionofimitators,whichincludemanyofthegreatestplaywrightsofthemodernera.,6,Dramaticstructure,Dramaticstructureisthestructureofadramaticworksuchasaplayorfilm.Manyscholarshaveanalyzeddramaticstructure,beginningwithAristotleinhisPoetics.,ExpositionorIntroduction,Theexpositionprovidesthebackgroundinformationneededtoproperlyunderstandthestory,suchastheprobleminthebeginningofthestory.,Risingaction,Thebasicinternalconflictiscomplicatedbytheintroductionofrelatedsecondaryconflicts,includingvariousobstaclesthatfrustratetheprotagonistsattempttoreachhisgoal.,Climax,Thethirdactistheclimax,orturningpoint,whichmarksachange,forthebetterortheworse,intheprotagonistsaffairs.Ifthestoryisacomedy,thingswillhavegonebadlyfortheprotagonistsfirstly;andthenthingswillbegintogowellforthem.Ifthestoryisatragedy,thingswilgofromgoodtobadfortheprotagonists.Simplyput,thisiswherethemostdramaticpart.,7,Fallingaction,Summary:Thefallingactionisthatpartofthestoryinwhichthemainparthasfinishedandyoureheadingtotheconclusion.,Dnouement,Thednouementservesastheconclusionofthestory.Thecomedyendswithadnouementinwhichtheprotagonistisbetteroffthanatthestorysoutset.Thetragedyendswithacatastropheinwhichtheprotagonistisworseoffthanatthebeginningofthenarrative.Moremodernworksmayhavenodnouement,becauseofaquickorsurpriseending.,8,Classificationofdrama,Thetwomasksassociatedwithdramarepresentthetraditionalgeneric（通称）divisionbetweencomedyandtragedy.TheyaresymbolsoftheancientGreekMuses（缪斯，司文艺、音乐、美术的女神）,Thalia（赛利尔，喜剧的女神）andMelpomene（黑尔波墨涅，司悲剧之缪斯）.ThaliawastheMuseofcomedy(thelaughingface),whileMelpomenewastheMuseoftragedy(theweepingface).,9,Tragedy,Tragedyisaformofartbasedonhumansufferingthatoffersitsaudiencepleasure.Tragedyreferstoaspecifictraditionofdramathathasplayedauniqueandimportantrolehistoricallyintheself-definitionofWesterncivilisation.themasterpiecesoftheartofdrama,ThemasterpiecesofTragedies:TheclassicalAtheniantragedies:,Aeschylus（埃斯库罗斯）:ThePersians波斯人SevenagainstThebes七将攻拜忒TheSuppliants乞援者TheOresteia俄瑞斯忒亚Agamemnon阿迦门农TheLibationBearers奠酒人TheEumenides复仇女神PrometheusBound普罗米修斯,Sophocles（索福克里斯）：OedipustheKing,俄狄浦斯王Antigone安提戈涅,Euripides（欧里庇底斯）：medea美狄亚TheTrojanWomen特洛伊妇女,10,Theearlymoderntragedies:IntheEnglishlanguage,themostfamousandmostsuccessfultragediesarethoseofWilliamShakespeareandhisElizabethancontemporaries.Shakespearestragediesinclude:,AntonyandCleopatra安东尼与克莉奥佩克拉Coriolanus科里奥兰纳斯Hamlet哈姆雷特JuliusCaesar朱利叶斯凯撒KingLear李尔王Macbeth麦克白Othello奥赛罗RomeoandJuliet罗密欧与朱丽叶TimonofAthens雅典的泰门TitusAndronicus泰特斯安特洛尼克斯,Themoderntragedies:,ChristopherMarlowe:TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustusTamburlaine,JohnWebster:TheDuchessofMalfiTheWhiteDevil,11,Comedy,Comedyasapopularmeaning,isanyhumorousdiscourseorworkgenerallyintendedtoamusebycreatinglaughter.,Aristophanes(阿里斯托芬):Comedystartedfrom425BCE,Aristophanes,acomicplaywrightandsatiricalauthoroftheAncientGreekTheaterwrote40comedies,suchasTheFrogs,11ofwhichsurviveandarestillbeingperformed.,Comediesusuallyalsohaveelementso