高等学校研究生英语综合教程 上Unit 8

.,高等院校研究生英语系列教材,综合教程（上）INTEGRATEDCOURSE,.,Unit8,SmarterTransportation,.,Content,StartingoutReadingFocusReadingMorePracticalTranslationFocusedWritingFinalProject,.,Task1Workinpairs.ChooseyourfavoritecarfromthecarsgivenonP220andtellyourpartnerwhyyoulikeitbest.,StartingoutTask1,.,Task2Roleplay.Workoutaconversationwithyourpartnerinwhichoneofyoudreamsofhavingacarandliststhebenefits,whiletheotherplaystheopposingroleandcomplainsaboutthedamagecausedbycars.,StartingoutTask2,.,Usefulwordsandexpressions:Benefits:convenient,comfortable,luxurious,enjoyfreedom,higherstandardofliving,privacy,independence,takebettercareoftheyoungandtheaged,protectedfrompickpockets,Shortcomings:jamtheroads,energy-consuming,highcost,emissions,airpollution,theftfromcarparks,breakdowns,stressfuldriving.,StartingoutTask2,.,Startingout-Task2,Task3Discusswithyourgroupmembershowtosolvetheproblemoftrafficcongestionincities?Youmaygivesomesuggestionsonhowtoimprovetheroadsandtrafficregulationsandhowtomakecarssmartertoavoidbeingcaughtintrafficjams.,.,GPS(GlobalPositioningSystem)guidesdriverstotherightplacewithoutwonderingaboutonthestreets.Carscanbemadesmaller,too.Thelatestconceptcarsarefoldableinordertosaveparkingspace.,Startingout-Task2,.,TheHiddenDangerofSeatBelts,ReadingFocus,.,ReadingFocus,.,Itiswell-knownthatseatbeltisoneofthesafetymeasuresaimingtosavelives,preventinjuries,andreducecarcrashes.Whydoesthewritersaythereare“hiddendangers”causedbybucklingseatbelts?Wouldyougiveanexampletosupportthisstatement?,BackgroundInformation,.,ReadingFocusGlobalUnderstanding,Itscommonknowledgethat_.But,accordingtoJohnAdams_.Adamsexplainshisresearchintermsof_.Forexample,seatbeltsmaycause_,andthusposerisksto_.Therearemanyfactorsthataffectrisk,including_.,Completethefollowingextract.,seatbeltsdecreaseour,.,riskofdyinginanaccident,therealityismessierandmorecomplicated,thanthat,riskcompensation,peopletodrivemorerecklessly,otherpassengersorpedestriansaswellasthemselves,financial,physicaloremotionalrewards,.,Task2,Choosethesentencethatbestexpressesthemeaningofthesentencefromthetext.,Key:2345678910,A,B,A,A,B,B,A,B,B,A,ReadingFocusDetailedInformation,.,CriticalThinking,ReadingFocus,.,StepOneInthetext,theauthorsaid:,Seatbeltsmayactuallycausepeopletodrivemorerecklessly.Seatbeltssavelives.Ayoungmanis100timesmorelikelytobeinvolvedinaseverecarcrashthanisamiddle-agedwoman.,ReadingFocusCriticalThinking,.,StepTwoDiscussingroups:,ReadingFocusCriticalThinking,Whatsafetymeasureshavebeenincludedincardesigns?WhydoesJohnAdamssaythatdrivingat3:00a.m.onaSundayoneismorethan100timesmorelikelytodiethansomeonedrivingat10:00a.m.?Canyouexplainthissituationaccordingtotheriskcompensationtheory?,.,1.Seatbeltsstilldecreaseourriskofdyinginanaccident,butthestatisticsarenotallblackandwhite.(Para.1)blackandwhite:1)(ofaphotograph,film,televisionprogramme,orillustration)inblack,white,shadesofgrey,andnoothercoloure.g.oldblack-and-whitemovies2)(ofasituationordebate)involvingclearlydefinedopposingprinciplesorissuese.g.Itwasallgreyareas;noblack-and-whitecertainties.,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,2.Whathefoundwasthatcontrarytoconventionalwisdom,mandatingtheuseofseatbeltsin18countriesresultedineithernochangeoractuallyanetincreaseinroadaccidentdeaths.(Para.2)mandate:require(something)tobedone;makemandatorye.g.Thegovernmentbeganmandatingbettercarsafety.,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,3.Ifheiswearingaseatbeltandhiscarhasfrontandsideairbagsandanti-skidbrakestoboot,hemayinturndriveabitmoredaringly.(Para.3)toboot:usedattheendofalistofremarkstoemphasizetheme.g.1)Heiskind,handsomeandwealthytoboot.2)Shewasagreatsportswoman,andbeautifultoboot.,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,4.Inthecaseofseatbelts,insteadofasimple,straightforwardreductionindeaths,theendresultisactuallyamorecomplicatedredistributionofriskandfatalities.(Para.4)redistribute:v.togivesomethingtoeachmemberofagroupsothatitisdividedupinadifferentwayfrombefore再分配，再分发e.g.:Theirprimaryconcernwastoredistributeincomefromrichtopoor.,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,5.Consequently,anysinglemeasurementassignedtotheriskofdrivingacarisboundtobeonlytheroughestsortofbenchmark.(Para.5)benchmark:somethingthatisusedasastandardbywhichotherthingscanbejudgedormeasured基准e.g.1)Thevaluationbecomesabenchmarkagainstwhichtojudgeotherprices.2)Testsattheageofsevenprovideabenchmarkagainstwhichthechildsprogressatschoolcanbemeasured.,ReadingFocusLanguagePoint,.,Keytostep11-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-,Task1Step1Matchthewordsintheleftcolumnwiththeircorrectmeaningsintherightcolumn.Notethateachwordhasmorethanonemeaning.,e,m,c,j,b,q,g,n,a,f,l,h,i,k,o,d,p,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,boot,bound,fatal,negotiate,net,theodds,reward,vacuum,.,Step2,Fillineachoftheblankswithanappropriatewordorphraseandwritedownthecorrespondingmeaning(markedaqinthetableabove)attheendofeachsentence.Changetheformifnecessary.,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,Keytostep21-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-,boot(m),vacuum(p),rewarded(o),reward(k),net(f),negotiating(n),odds(h),odds(i),Fatal(b),negotiations(g),.,Task2Fillineachoftheblankswithanappropriatewordorphrasefromeachgroup.Changetheformifnecessary.,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,1.blackandwhiteinblackandwhiteA.Partoftheproblemisthatweonlyseetheissuesas_.B.Onceitsdown_,youcantforgetit.C.Istillgetathrillseeingre-runsofold_moviesonSaturdayafternoontelevision.,blackandwhite,inblackandwhite,black-and-white,.,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,2.onthescenebehindthescenessetthesceneA.Theaccidentvictimdiedbeforetheambulancearrived_.B.Foster_beforetheperformancesothattheaudienceknowswhattoexpect.C.Womenmaketheircontributionintheworldeitherinhigh-profileor_.,onthescene,setthescene,behindthescene,.,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,3.makeadifferencemakeallthedifferencemakeanydifferencemakenodifferenceA.Hetoldmeheshouldhavebeenmorecareful,butthatitwould_.B.Thelightingwill_tohowwellpeoplecanseethepicture.C.Willexercise_tomychancesofgettingfat?D.Afewkindwordsattherighttime_.,makenodifference,makeadifference,makeanydifference,makeallthedifference,.,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,4.workonworkoutworkagainstA.Ifyou_itsteadilyyoushouldwinthroughintheend.B.Criticisingthesecurityproceduresusually_makingthemeffective.C.Whydontyouleavehimheretillyouseehowthings_?,workon,workagainst,workout,.,ReadingFocusVocabularyinAction,5.spreadoutspreadthroughspreadtoA.Buddhism_ChinafromIndia.B.Felixwatchedhismen_tocoverthewholearea.C.Amassmovementagainstforcedlabor_thestate.,spreadto,spreadout,spreadthrough,.,PracticalTranslation,.,翻译词汇时最忌讳的可以说是一个词对应一个词地“死译”,即不考虑词的深层含义以及词在短语中的含义，而是生搬硬套地逐词翻译，从而曲解了原文。翻译一个词，必须先理解它在上下文中所处的地位及与其他词的搭配关系再进行贴切的翻译。,翻译词汇应注意如下三方面的问题：1.一词多义：有时单词在不同的上下文中含义不同，应注意利用上下文加以区别2.短语的含义：在一些固定搭配的短语里，词义也会相应地发生变化，应注意积累这一类短语。3.两种语言的文化背景差异,词汇的翻译,.,Sometimes,psychographicprofilescanbequitedetailed.TaketheAccord.HondaMotorreportsthatthecarsownersliketovacuumtheirgarages.Youcantsaytheyrenotclean.有时候，心理剖析可以非常详细。以“雅阁”为例，本田汽车报告称，“雅阁”汽车的主人喜欢用吸尘器打扫他们的车库。你不能说他们不干净。,点评：在翻译专有名词时，使用其约定俗成的名称。,TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese.,.,2.Wealsofoundthatsometimesmessagessentoutbyseeminglysimilarcarscanbequitedifferent.ConsidertwopremierBritishluxurysedans:BentleysArnageandRollsPhantom.Botharestatelyandfast,buteachoneattractsadifferentkindofcustomer.我们还发现，有时看上去类似的汽车可能传达了完全不同的信息，比如英国最好的两种豪华轿车：宾利公司的“雅致”和劳斯莱斯公司的“幻影”，两者都是高贵而快捷，但它们却各自吸引了不同类型的客户。,点评：在翻译专有名词时，使用其约定俗成的名称。,.,3.TheBentleybuyerwantsanunderstatedheirloomthatheorshecanpassdownthroughthegenerations;over80%ofallBentleysevermadearestillontheroadtoday.ThePhantombuyer,ontheotherhand,islookingforinstantrecognition.Thecarhasapresencethatreallydemandsattentionwhereveritgoes.宾利的买主想要的是低调的、但是可以在几代人之间世代相传的传家宝；有史以来所生产的宾利，80%以上至今仍跑在路上。然而，“幻影”的买家却期盼一夜成名，该车的外表使得它所到之处无不引人注目。,点评：这里，将instantrecognition译为“一夜成名”，使译文更加简洁。,.,ABibliography,FocusedWriting,.,Thereareanumberofdifferentstylesofbibliographyoftenusedfordifferenttypesoftext,asfollows:*APA:forpsychology,education,andothersocialsciences.*MLA:forliterature,arts,andhumanities.*AMA:formedicine,health,andbiologicalsciences.*Turabian:designedforcollegestudentstousewithallsubjects.*Chicago:usedwithallsubjectsinthe“realworld”bybooks,magazines,newspapers,andothernon-scholarlypublications.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,Thereisaclearformattofollowinanystyleofbibliography.Takeforexample,rulesoftheChicagostyle:,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,*Listentriesinalphabeticalorderdonotnumberthem.*Ifthenameoftheauthorisunknown,usethetitletoalphabetize.Besuretoignorethewords“The”,“A”and“An”ifthetitlebeginswiththem.Forexample,“TheSinkingoftheTitanic”,ifithasnoauthor,shouldbealphabetizedunder“Sinking”.,.,*Keepcapitalizationconsistent.Capitalizeeachwordinatitle,evenifthetitleintheoriginalarticleisnotcapitalized.*Doublespacebetweensources,singlespacewithineachentry.*Indentthesecondandallsucceedinglinesforeachentry.*Use“n.p.”toindicate“noplace”whenthereisnolocationgivenforthepublisher.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,Someparticularrulesofcitingdifferentsources:Citingaprintedbook,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,*Authorslastname,firstname,followedbyaperiod*Titleofthebook,italicizedorunderlined,followedbyaperiod*Cityofpublication,followedbyacolon*Nameofthepublisher,followedbyacomma*Dateofpublication,followedbyaperiod.,.,Forexample:Waterman,Jonathan.ArcticCrossing:AJourneyThroughtheNorthwestPassageandInuitCulture.NewYork:AlfredAKnopf,2001.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,CitinganonlinebookAuthorslastname,firstname,followedbyaperiodTitleofthebook,italicizedorunderlined,followedbyaperiodCityofpublication,followedbyacolonNameofthepublisher,followedbyacommaDateofpublication,followedbyaperiodThewords:“Availablefrom”:andthetitleofthesite,followedbyacommaHostAccessdatewithinparenthese,followedbyaperiod,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,Forexample:Honey,Maureen.BitterFruit:AfricanAmericanWomeninWorldWarII.Columbia,MO:UniversityofMissouriPress,1999.Availablefrom:PeninsulaLibrarySystemNetLibrary,(accessed22March2005).,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,CitingaprintedencyclopediaTitleofencyclopediainitalics,followedbyaperiodandaspaceEditionifknown,abbreviated,followedbyaperiodandaspaceTheletterss.v.(meaning“undertheword”)followedbyaspaceTheheadingfortheencyclopedicentry,followedbyaperiodandwithinquotationmarks.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,Forexample:WorldBookEncyclopedia.2003ed.s.v.“IndustrialRevolution.”EncyclopediaofModernAsia.Ed.DavidLevinson,KarenChristenson(NewYork:CharlesScribnersSons,2002).s.v.“Indo-ChinaWar.”,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,CitinganonlineencyclopediaTitleofencyclopediainitalics,followedbyaperiodandaspaceEditionifknown,abbreviated,followedbyaperiodandaspaceTheletterss.v.(meaning“undertheword”)followedbyaspaceTheheadingfortheencyclopedicentry,followedbyaperiodandwithinquotationmarksThewords“Availablefrom”followedbyacolonIfapaidsubscription,providethenameofthesponsoringorganization(abbreviateLibraryasLib.)URLofsponsoringorganization,oroffreeonlineencyclopedia,withinbrackets,followedbyaspaceAccessdatewithinparentheses,followedbyaperiod.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,Forexample:EncyclopediaBritannicaOnline.s.v.“JohnLennon.”Availablefrom:MenloSchoolLib.(accessed8December2005).,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,Citingaprintedperiodical*Authorslastname,firstname,followedbyaperiod*Titleofarticle,inquotationmarks,followedbyaperiod*Nameofperiodical,italicized,followedbyaspace*Volumenumber(ifavailable)inArabicnumerals,followedbyacomma*Datepublishedinparentheses,followedbyacolon*Pagesused,followedbyaperiod.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,Forexample:Gorman,Christina.“TheAvianFlu:HowScaredShouldWeBe?”Time166,no.16,(17October2005):30-34.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,CitingaspeechAuthorslastname,firstname,followedbyaperiodandaspaceTitleofspeech,followedbyaperiod,inquotationmarksTypeofspeech(lecture,keynoteaddress,etc.),followedbyacommaandaspaceCircumstancesofspeech(annualmeeting,boardpresentation,governmentproceedings,etc.),followedbyacommaandaspaceLocationofspeech,includinginstitutionifavailable,followedbyacommaandaspaceDate(speechwaspresented),followedbyaperiod.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,Forexample:Schafer,John.“2025.”Lecture,MenloSchool,Atherton,CA,3December2005.,FocusedWritingWritingSkill,.,CitingawebpagewithanauthorAuthorslastname,firstname,followedbyaperiodTitleofwebsiteinquotationmarks,followedbyaspaceWebsitecreationdateinparentheses,followedbyaperiodandaspaceThewords“Availablefrom”,followedbythe