基础口译课-《尤利西斯》

Styleintranslationswithtranslatorsfingerprints,UlyssesandtwoChinesetranslations,1,authorialstyletracesoftranslatorsstyletranslatorsfingerprints.(Baker),2,Ulysses,Publishedin1922WWIendedin1918PreviouslycolonizedbyEngland,IrishFreeStatewasestablishedonDecember6th,1922,3,Author:JamesJoyce,IrishModernistwriterInteriorityasagoodformtoexplorethethemeofthealienatedindividualintheradically,disastrouslyalteredworldduringandafterWWI.InfluencedbySigmundFreudspsychologicalanalysisStylisticexperimentalism,4,StylisticexperimentalisminUlysses,Ulyssesisthemostcreativeworkoffictionofitsage,regardedbycriticsasthekaleidoscopeofstyle.AnarrativestyleFreeindirectspeechAstream-of-consciousnessstyleInteriormonologue,5,StylisticexperimentalisminUlysses,FromthestandpointofpureArtonemightalmostestablishtheaxiomthatthereisnosuchthingassubject,styleinitselfbeinganabsolutemannerofseeingthings.(qtd.inEllmanandFeidelson1965:126)InUlysses,Joycedisplaystoadvantagehismasterfulabilitytocomposeasimplestoryelaborately,toexploittheEnglishlanguagecreatively,andtoexpresshisdeepconcernforhisIrishmotherlandthroughmaskandmockery,makingthenovelanationalisticepicinprose.,6,StylisticexperimentalisminUlysses,“.bydisruptingtheconventionsofwordformationandsyntax,Joycebeginshisrevolutionoftheword.(Butler1990:261)Heissettingoutwithanadventureofwords.(Bulson2008:71-72).Subtlelexicalandsyntacticstyles,incompletespellings,ungrammaticalspeeches,numerouswordplaysnon-punctuated,page-longsentences.,7,OneversionbyXiaoQianandWenJieruo.AnotherversionbyJinDi.,TwoChinesetranslations,8,Compareanddiscuss,BLOOM(hecheersfeebly):HurrayfortheHighSchool!THEECHO:Fool!(U15.3336-3338)布卢姆：(他有气无力地欢呼。)好得很，高中时代!回声：傻瓜!（萧译）布卢姆：(他作无力的欢呼)万岁，高中呵!回音：糊涂虫呵!（金译）,9,style,“Aliterarystyleistheauthorsmotivatedprominence(Halliday1973).Aviewpointoffunctionalstylistics,Styleisaprominentfeatureinatextthatisrelatedtotheintentionofthelanguageuser.,10,WhatisJoycesintentionalitybehindUlysses?,ItisoneofrevengeonEnglandscentury-longintrusionandculturalnationalism.(Gibson2002:13)Joyceclaims,ItismyrevoltagainsttheEnglishconventions,literaryandotherwise,thatisthemainsourceofmytalent.IdontwriteinEnglish.(Gibson2002:4),OneexampleYes,bronzefromanear,bygoldfromafar,heardsteelfromanear,hoofsringfromafar,andheardsteelhoofsringhoofringsteel.(U11.112-113),11,12,Style,TheearlieststudyinliterarystyleinChineseliteratureisrecordedinDragon-CarvingandtheLiteraryMind,aclassicliterarycriticismcomposedbyLiuXie(465-521),inwhicheightstylesaredifferentiated:theelegant,therecondite,theplain,theornate,thesublime,theexotic,andthefrivolous(刘勰2003:391，YangGuobinstranslation).,13,LeechandShortdistinguishonlytwostyles:transparentstyleandopaquestyle.Theformershowsthemeaningofthetexteasilyanddirectly(LeechandShort1981:19),andthelattermeansthatthemeaningofthetextisobscuredbymeansofforegroundinganditsinterpretationishenceobstructed(ibid:29).,14,Definition,Aconsistentandstatisticallysignificantregularityofoccurrenceintextofcertainitemsandstructures,ortypesofitemsandstructures,amongthoseofferedbythelanguageasawhole.MalmkjxrandCarter(2002:510)Styleisseenastheprominentfeaturesmotivatedbythecontextorsituation,ormotivatedprominenceasHallidaycallsit.,15,Achecklistofstylemarkers,Lexicalcategories:general,nouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbs,Grammaticalcategories:ClausestructureNounphrasesphrasesOtherphrasetypesWordclassesGeneral,16,Achecklistofstylemarkers,FiguresofspeechGrammaticalandlexicalschemesPhonologicalschemesTropes(比喻),Contextandcohesioncohesioncontext,17,ATug-of-war,TranslationofsenseTranslationofstyleThetriumphofsenseoverstylesofar信达雅,18,ThegreatBuddhisttranslatorsofthe3rdtothe7thcenturytookcareofthesenseoftheoriginalandtoagreatextentletthestylesofthetranslationtakecareofthemselves。(QianZhongshu2005:39),19,YanFuwasunsatisfiedwithtranslatingthesensealone.Hejustifiedhisadvocacyoneleganceofstyle(LianShuneng2009:4):.Besidesfaithfulnessandexpressiveness,Ialsoaimatelegance.Istriveforelegancenotjusttomakemytranslationstravelfar,buttoexpresstheoriginalwritersideasbetter,forIfindthatsubtlethoughtsarebetterexpressedinthevocabularyandsyntaxofpre-Hanprosethanthoseofthevulgarwritingsoftoday.,20,Thenativegrassesandweeds,thescatteredpatchesofgorse,contendedwithoneanotherforthepossessionofthescantysurfacesoil;theyfoughtagainstthedroughtsofsummer,thefrostsofwinter,andthefuriousgaleswhichswept,withunbrokenforce,nowfromtheAtlantic,andnowfromtheNorthSea,atalltimesoftheyear;theyfilledup,astheybestmight,thegapsmadeintheirranksbyallsortsofundergroundandovergroundanimalravagers.(Huxley:EvolutionandEthicsandOtherEssays),21,.怒生之草，交加之藤，势如争长相雄，各据一抔壤土。夏与畏日争，冬与严霜争，四时之内，飙风怒吹，或西发西洋，或东起北海，旁舞交扇，无时而息。上有鸟兽之践啄，下有嶙蚁之啮伤。憔悴孤虚，旋生旋灭。菀枯顷刻，莫可究详。(Yanstranslation),22,Styleexertsitseffectsupontranslationinatleastthreeways,Firstly,intheactualprocessoftranslation,thewaythestyleofthesourcetextisviewedwillaffectthetranslatorsreadingofthetext.Secondly,thetranslatorsownstylewillbecomepartofthetargettext.And,thirdly,thesenseofwhatstyleiswillaffectnotonlywhatthetranslatordoesbuthowthecriticoftranslationinterpretswhatthetranslatorhasdone.(Boase-Beier2006:1),23,Boase-Beiersremarksthatthetranslatorsownstylewillbecomepartofthetargettext:(a)thetranslatorschoiceconstitutesastyleofhisown;and(b)thestyleofthetargettextistheoutcomeofboththeauthorandthetranslator.,24,Lookingfortranslatorsfingerprints,Whatifthestylesareinconflict?(Thatoftheauthorandthatofthetranslator)Howclosecanatranslationbetoitsoriginalinstylisticeffect?Forexample:istheelegantwritingstyleHuxleysorYans?,25,Hereisnomasterofeffectiveassertion,nogladiatorofpen,andaboveallnoDarwinsbulldog,butasweetlyreasonablegentlemanpersuadinginmellifluousandjeweledphrases.OfHuxleysunmistakablehardringthereisnotatrace;wefindonlysubtleovertonestomakefortheotherharmonyofprose.(Qian:Zhongshu,2005:37-38),26,How?,BasedontheTranslationalEnglishCorpus(TEC),whichconstitutesthetranslationsalone,withouttheirsourcetexts,Bakerinitiatesacomparativestudytolookfortranslatorsfingerprints.,27,ThehypothesisthatBakerpositsisthataliterarytranslatormightconsistentlyshowapreferenceforusingspecificlexicalitems,syntacticpatterns,cohesivedevices,orevenstyleofpunctuation,whereotheroptionsmaybeequallyavailableinthelanguage(Baker2000:248).,28,BakerstudiesthreenovelsandtwobiographiesandautobiographiestranslatedbyPeterBush,andanotherthreenovelstranslatedbyPeterClark.Theresearchitems:thetype-tokenratio,meansentencelength,andreportingstructures.,29,Valuableissuesraisedfromtheresearch:,(a)Isatranslatorspreferenceforspecificlinguisticoptionsindependentofthestyleoftheoriginalauthor?(b)Isitindependentofgeneralpreferencesofthesourcelanguage,andpossiblythenormsorpoeticsofagivensociolect?(c)Iftheanswerisyesinbothcases,isitpossibletoexplainthosepreferencesintermsofthesocial,culturalorideologicalpositioningoftheindividualtranslator?,30,Lexicaldiversity,1,2,Personalcollocations,3,Syntax,Translatorsstylemanifestedin,31,1,LexicalDiversity,Translatorsstylemanifestedin,32,Lexicaldiversitydiscloseshowcreativeatranslatorisathisliteraryrepresentation.,33,lexicalsimplification,Definedastheprocessand/orresultofmakingdowithlesswordsBlum-KulkaandLevenston,sixprinciplesorstrategies:1)useofsuperordinatetermswhentherearenoequivalenthyponymsinthetargetlanguage;2)approximationoftheconceptsexpressedinthesourcelanguagetext;3)useofcommon-levelorfamiliarsynonyms;4)transferofallthefunctionsofasource-languagewordtoitstarget-languageequivalent;5)useofcircumlocutionsinsteadofconceptuallymatchinghigh-levelwordsorexpressionsespeciallywiththeological,culture-specificortechnicalterms,and6)useofparaphrasewhereculturalgapsexistbetweenthesourceandthetargetlanguages.,34,Ifthetranslatorisveryproficientinhismothertongue,hewillnotlikelytofallbackonthelexicalsimplificationstrategies.YanFustranslationasacaseinpoint.,35,TTR(Type-tokenratio)类型符比comparison,WiththehelpofWordSmithToolsAstatisticthathelpstocalculatethelexicaldiversityinatext.Type:differentwordsusedToken:orthographicrunningwordformsThetype-tokenratio:therelationshipbetweenthenumberofdifferentwordsusedandthetotalnumberofrunningwordsinacorpus.Alowertype-tokenratiomeansmorerepetitionandthereforelessvarietyinvocabulary.,36,Thetype-tokenratioissensitivetothecorpussize.Thereforestandardizedtype-tokenratio(standardizedTTR)thetype-tokenratioiscalculatedforthefirst1,000wordsandthenforeverysubsequent1,000words.,37,Table4.1Standardizedtype-tokenratiosoftranslatedtextsofUlyssesTextstokenstypesstandardizedTTRXiaostranslation273,14223,40355.27Jinstranslation279,00824,80354.36,38,Table4.2Standardizedtype-tokenratiosofXiaostranslationandhiswritingTextstokenstypesstandardizedTTRXiaostranslation273,14223,40355.27Xiaoscomposition148,49913,29850.02,39,Conclusion,Blum-KulkaandLevenstonsstatementandpositthatnotalltranslatedtextsuselessvarietyofwordsthannon-translatedtextsisnotcompletelytrue.Theindividualssemanticcompetenceinhismothertonguemaynotbethesoledeterminantfactorfortranslationstrategies.,40,Adiscussionquestion,Theconclusiongoesagainstlexicalsimplification.WhycanXiaoshowmorediversityofvocabularyintranslationthaninfreewriting?,41,Xiaosnovelandshortstories,Averynarrowcircleoflifedepicted.Almostallhiswritingsarebasedonhisboyhoodexperiences.Asketchyportrayalofhisheroesandheroines.Thenarrowscopeofwriting,therepeatedthemeofmaternalloveandboyhoodmemoriesresultinthehigherverbalrepetition.JoycesUlysses,anovelwhichisembracing,all-inclusive,andkaleidoscopic.,42,Therefore,itfollowsthatitisthedisparityinthescopeofsubjectmatterthatdeterminesthevarietiesofvocabularyusedinXiaostranslationandcomposition.,43,Whatwordsarerepeatedlyusedbyanyparticularindividual?Whetherthereisanypatterntobefoundinhislexicalrepetition?“Keyword”functioninWordSmithToolscanperformthistask.,44,Translatorslexicalidiosyncrasy,Lexicalidiosyncrasyreferstoindividualized,habitualuseofwords.Suchlinguisticpreferenceconstitutespersonalstyle.Anindividualsbiasforawordorlexicalizedexpressionmayworkoutanunconscious,almostautomaticresponseintranslation.,45,46,47,48,49,ThestudyonemotionalwordsinTable4.3and4.5revealsthatemotionalwordsareusedmorefrequentlyinXiaostranslationthaninhiscompositionorinJinstranslation.XiaoexpresseshiswishtomaketheChineseUlyssesascolloquialaspossible.Byaddinganemotionalwordthetranslatorinvestsatonetoanutterance,makingitemotiveandcolloquial.,50,InChinese,moodsinwrittenlanguagehavetobedependentonemotionalparticles(情感小品词),awordclassthatisnotfoundintheEnglishlanguage.Emotionalparticlesexpressanindicative,interrogative,imperativeorexclamatorymood.,51,4.1a走。4.1b走吧。4.1c走嘛。In4.1anospecialemotionalparticleistagged,butsincethewordissoshortandabrupt,thereadercansenseahiddenthreatorangerordecisivenessthataccompaniestheword“走”.In4.1banemotionalparticle“吧”isused,whichsoftensthetoneofthesentencetoaconsultativelevel.The“嘛”in4.1cisusuallyusedbyachildorayoungfemale,indicatingapersuasivetoneutteredinasweetlyaffectedway.,52,Differencesinthepreferredverbsillustratedpointtoasimilartendencyofcolloquialism.踱：towalkinaslow,leisurelywaybydictionarydefinitionXiaolikestouseitinamuchbroadersense.Thefollowing4occurrencesaretakenfromXiaoswriting,inwhichtheverb“踱，doesnotmeantowalkinaslow,leisurelyway.,53,4.2我急速地来回踱着。4.3那个穿黑坎肩的向远处打了一个呼哨，一部备就的敞篷马车就冲开人群踱到我们面前了。4.4他沉重地顿了一下脚，跄踉地踱下土坡。4.5沿着马路旁的便道，我踉跄地向前踱着。“踱”doesnotmeantowalkinaslow,leisurelyway.,54,Substituting“踱”with“转”(4.2)，“来”(4.3),or“走”(4.4,4.5)maysuitthecontextbetter.Xiaospersonalpreferenceforthiswordisamanifestationofhispeculiaridiolectinwriting.InhistranslationofUlysses,hebringsthispreferencealong,usingthewordin72instancesasequivalentsfor24differentEnglishwordsinJoyceswriting,displacinganevidentidiolectaltendency.Table4.7demonstratestheEnglishverbswhicharetranslatedbyXiaointo“踱”.,55,56,Ofthese24wordsstrollandsauntercanbetranslatedproperlyinto“踱”，asXiaodoesinthefollowing:4.6他漫步朝门道踱了出去。Hestrolledouttothedoorway.(U1.494)4.7她面泛轻蔑神色款款踱开，嘴里哼着唐乔万尼中的二重唱。Indisdainshesauntersaway,hummingtheduetfromDonGiovanni.(U15.352),57,Twoinstances4.22and4.23alsoshowXiaosidiosyncraticuseoftheverb,becauseitisveryuncommonwhenthisverbisusedtomodifythemovementofadogorahorse.4.22一只能叼回猎物的狼狗，鼻子贴地嗅着，踱了过来。Theretrieverapproachessniffling,nosetotheground.(U15.247)4.23母马一颠一摇地向前踱着。对情绪亢奋的博伊兰，急不可待的博伊兰来说，真是太慢了。TooslowforBoylan,blazesBoylan,impatienceBoylan,joggledthemare.(U11.765-66),58,Itisuncommonbecauseofthe500lineswith“踱”asthenodewordintheCCLcorporadevelopedbyPekingUniversity,only8occurrencesofthewordarerelatedtoanimals,includingcattle(4),pigeons(2),sparrows(1)andapregnantcat(1).丽日晴空，牧场青翠，奶牛悠闲踱步。鸽子在中心广场踱来飞去，自由自在地觅食几只麻雀在草丛里踱来踱去，青草茁壮成长有一只怀孕的猫在巷口蹒跚地踱过。,59,Conclusion,Intransferringauthorialideastothereadersofthetargetlanguage,thetranslatorconsciouslyorsubconsciouslyrevertsbacktohisownlanguagehabits.,60,ThetranslationofHyponyms（上下义词）,WhetherXiaoandJinuseaChinesesuperordinateasamake-doequivalenttoahyponymintheoriginallanguage,whichBlum-KulkaandLevenston(1983)asserttobeatranslationuniversaloflexicalsimplification?,61,Joyceusesavastrangeofwordstoexpressthedifferentwaysthecharacterswalkinthenovel.ThedifferentexpressionsmanifestJoyceslexicaldiversityandhavetheirstylisticsignificance.,62,63,64,Itcanbeseenthat,inamajorityofthecases,thesingleEnglishwordsaretranslatedintoadverbialphrases,andthestructureistypicallyapre-modifierindicatingtheparticularwayofwalking,followedbythesuperordinateverb“走”.,65,Conclusion,ItconfirmswhatBlum-KulkaandLevenston(1983)havefoundaboutlexicalsimplification:thesubstituteinthetargetlanguageofsuperordinatesforhyponymsinthesourcelanguage.However,thetranslatorsunderstudydonotsimplyuseonesuperordinatetermtocoverallhyponyms;instead,theyusemodifyingwordstoconstrictthesuperordinate,sothattheoriginalmeaningofthehyponymsarenotlostthroughtranslation,thoughtheversionisnotasconciseastheoriginalexpression.,66,1,Lexicaldiversity,2,PersonalCollocations,Translatorsstylemanifestedin,67,Translatorsstylemanifestedinpersonalcollocations,Inlinguistics,individuallexicalacollocationistypicallydefinedasthehabitualco-occurrenceofitems(Crystal,qtd.inNewmark2001:212).Newmarksummarizesthehigh-frequencycollocationsthatusefullyaffecttranslation(Newmark2001:212):1)Adjectiveplusnoun:heavylabor2)Nounplusnoun:nervecell3)Verbplusobject:winamatch,68,Twotypeinclassfication:GeneralorusualcollocationE.g.heavylabor,nervecell,winamatchTechnicalorpersonalcollocation,69,BobCowleysoutstretchedtalonsgripedtheblackdeep-soundingchords.(U11.998-99)Thisasentencedescribingafamiliaractivityofplayingthepiano.Thestrangenessliesinthecollocationofthewords:Talon,usuallyco-occurringwithabird,istransplantedherebyJoycetorefertothehandofthepianist.Inplayingthepiano,thehandisputonthekeys,buthereitgripedtheblackchords,anextensionofthealludedbirdstalonsonitsprey.Suchcreativecollocationsofanauthorareinvestedwithstylisticfeatures.,70,71,MutualInformation(MI)score,MIscore=TheObserved/TheExpectedTheObserved:howmanyinstancesoftheco-occurringwordarefoundinthedesignedspanofthenodewordTheExpected:howmanyinstancesoftheco-occurringwordmightbeexpectedinthatspan,giventhefrequencyoftheco-occurringwordinthecorpusasawholeAscoreof3orhighercanbetakentobesignificant,72,WhenthecollocationsofthenodetalonsaresearchedinthecorpusofUlysses:,73,Thefiguresshowthatthewordtalonshasastrongercollocationwithgriped,sharpened,vulture,outstretchedandparted,butaweakercollocationwiththepersonalpronounssheandhe.Sincethefrequenciesofthesetwopronounsinthecorpusarequitehigh一she1085,andhe3701一itcanbesafelyconcludedthattocollocatetalonswithahumanbeingisaverypersonalandcreativecollocationofJoyce.,74,Laugh,smilehowcreativelyJoycecollocatesthesetwowordswithadverbsinUlysses,andwhethersuchverbplusadverbcollocatesarerepresentedwiththeiroriginalityinXiaosandJinsChinesetranslations.,75,76,Analysis,Appreciativewords:heartily,richlyandkindly(3ofthe13)Neutralwords:loudlyPejorativewords:guardedly,nervously,derisively,mockingly,emptily,immoderately,77,“Laughguardedly”Thiscollocationrunscountertoonesnormalexperiencesinsocio-culturalcommunication.Ifonelaughsheissupposedtoberelaxed,thereforelaughingguardedlywouldbeaveryrarecaseofcollocation.,78,ThefrequencyoflaughingguardedlycanbecheckedagainstCorpusofContemporaryAmericanEnglish(COCA)andBritishNationalCorpus(BNC),thetwolarge-scalereferencecorpora.,79,Searchingresultanddiscussion,Thereisnohitofthiscollocationinthe100-million-wordBNCandonlyonehitinthe400-million-wordCOCA.,80,5.1aHaines,whohadbeenlaughingguardedly,walkedonbesideStephenandsaid:.(U1.603-04)Context:thephraseisusedtodepictHaines,anEnglishstudentatOxfordUniversitywhohasbeenstudyingforawhileattheMartelloTowertostudyIrishpeopleandcultureand,havingbroughtunspeakableannoyancetoStephen,isrelegatedbythelatterasanintruder.Byusingaqueeradverbguardedlytogowiththewordlaugh,JoyceintendstoexpresshisdisdainonthedualityofHeinessresponsetoMulligansblasphemoussong,TheballadofJokingJesus:,81,5.1aHaines,whohadbeenlaughingguardedly,walkedonbesideStephenandsaid:.(U1.603-04)5.2aSheraisedhersmallglovedfist,yawnedeversogently,tiptappinghersmallglovedfistonheropeningmouthandsmiledtinily,sweetly.(U10.125),82,5.1b海恩斯一直谨慎地笑着，他和斯蒂芬并肩而行，说:5.2b她举起戴着手套的小拳头，十分文雅地打了个哈欠，用戴了手套的小拳头轻轻碰了碰启开的嘴，甜甜地泛出一丝微笑。5.1c海因斯听着，发出了一种有所戒备的笑声。他和斯蒂汾并排走着说:5.2c她只是非常非常轻柔地打了一个哈欠，举起戴着手套的少手，捏成一个少小的手套拳头，轻轻地在张开的小嘴上敲击，同时露出了纤细的，甜丝丝的笑容。,83,泛出一丝微笑ThepersonalcollocationsinXiaosoriginalwritingUnlikeJoycewhoseverbplusadverbcollocationconstitutesadistinctivefeature,Xiaocreatesinthisnovelaromanticallyartisricatmospherethroughthepersonalcollocationofverbplusobjectandquantifierplusnoun.,84,Verbplusobjectcollocations,Thecollocation“泛出”with“微笑InhistranslationofUlysses,Xiaodoesprefertousetheverb“泛”，becausethefrequencyoftheirco-occurrencetotalsashighas21times,eveniftheEngl