中国文化翻译解读.ppt

Translation,二十四节气中国古代的先民们，根据太阳在黄道（即地球绕太阳公转的轨道）上的位置，将一年均分为二十四个等分，并分别赋予具有特定含义的专有名称，如春分、清明等，这便是二十四节气。二十四节气以黄河流域气候为背景，把自然季节现象与农事活动的相互联系作为内容列入历法，用以指导农业生产。它是中国古代先民们发明的一种独特而伟大的历法。,The24SolarTerms,TheancientChinesedividedayearinto24equalsegmentsaccordingtothepositionsofthesunontheecliptic.Namesweregivenwithspecialconnotationsforthesesegments;suchasvernalequinox(occursonMarch20or21)andpurebrightness(occursonApril4,5,or6);andhencetheyarecalledthe24SolarTerms.OriginatingfromtheReachesoftheYellowRiver,the24SolarTermsarebasicallyacalendartogovernagriculturalarrangementswhichtakesintoaccountthechangesinclimateandpracticalagriculturalneeds.The24SolarTermsareconsideredagreatanduniquecreationoftheancientChinese.,瓷器是中华民族对世界文明的伟大贡献。早在八千年前的新石器时代，中国的先民就发明使用了陶器。商代（前1600-前1046）中期创造出了原始瓷器。汉代（前206-公元220）末期烧制出成熟的青瓷。以后瓷器由中国传播到世界各地，中国也博得了“瓷之国”的称号。英文中“瓷器(china)”一词已成为“中国”的代名词。,ChinesePorcelain,PorcelainisregardedasoneofChinasoutstandingcontributionstotheworldscivilization.AsearlyastheNeolithicAgeabout8,000yearsago,theChineseancestorsinventedandbegantousepottery.Proto-porcelainwasinventedinthemid-ShangDynasty(1600BC-1046BC).CeladonwasmoldedinthelateHanDynasty(206BC-220AD).Fromthenon,porcelainwasintroducedbyChinatotherestoftheworld.Chinawasthereforedubbedthe“porcelaincountry.”InEnglish,theword“china”hasbecomeawordthatrepresents“China.”,对联对联又称楹联或对子，是以中文语言一字一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。中国对联的哲学渊源及深层民族文化心理，乃是古代中国人把握和认识事物的阴阳二元观念。对联的特征是“对仗”：字数相等，词性相当，平仄相合，内容相关，节奏相应。对联习俗多样，有春联、婚联、寿联、挽联、茶联等。,Theantitheticalcouplet(alsocalledduilian)isalsoknownasyinglianorduizi.Anantitheticalcoupletisakindofnationalwritingstyle,whichiscomposedbytheskillfulmanipulationofthecharacteristicoftheChineselanguagethatonecharactercorrespondswithonesyllable.Thephilosophicaloriginandnationalculturalpsychologyoftheantitheticalcoupletarethenotionofyin-yangduality,accordingtowhichtheChineserecognizeandmasterthings.Thefeatureoftheantitheticalcoupletisan“antithesis”:equalcharacters,thesamepartofspeech,thelevelandobliquefittingwitheachother,thecontentbeingrelated,andtherhythmscorresponding.Therearemanytypesofantitheticalcouplets,suchasSpringFestivalcouplets,marriagecouplets,birthdaycouplets,elegiaccouplets,andantitheticalcoupletsabouttea,etc.,剪纸,剪纸又叫刻纸、窗花或剪画。剪纸在纸的发明之前就已经流行，当时人们运用金箔、绢帛、皮革等片状材料，通过镂空雕刻的技法制成工艺品。汉代（前206-公元220），纸张的发明促使了剪纸的发展与普及。民间剪纸的题材多来源于现实生活，充满纳福迎祥的主题，表达对美好生活的向往。,Paper-cutting(otherwiseknownasjianzhi)isalsocalledkezhi,chuanghuaorjianhua.Papercuttingwaspopularevenbeforepaperwasinvented.Whentherewasnopaper,peoplecarvedongoldleaf,silk,feathers,andsoon,withacarvingtechniqueknownashollow-cuttingtomakehandicrafts.IntheHanDynasty(206BC-220AD),theinventionifpaperpromotedthedevelopmentandpopularityofpaper-cutting.Thefolkthemesofthepaper-cuttingarerootedinreallife,filledwiththethemesofenjoyingalifeofeaseandcomfort,andexpressingthedesireforahappylife.,中国古典文学名著,中国古典文学包括诗歌、散文、小说以及词、赋、曲等多种文体，艺术表现手法丰富各异。而小说中的三国演义、水浒传、西游记、红楼梦则被称为中国四大古典文学名著，至今在国内外都有着广泛而深远的影响。研读四大名著能够了解中国传统人文社会、民俗之心理，是汲取古代文明精粹、处事为人策略与智慧的重要途径。,Chineseclassicalliteratureincludespoetry,prose,fiction,andci(newlyricswrittentopre-existingtunes),fu(“descriptivepoems”ofprose-poetry),qu(freerformbasedonthenewpopularsongsanddramaticarias),andmanyotherstyles.Itsartisticexpressionsarevariousintechnique.FourclassicsofChineseliteratureareRomanceoftheThreeKingdoms,WaterMargin,JourneytotheWest,andDreamofRedMansions,whichhaveextensiveandfar-reachingsignificancebothonanationalandinternationallevel.Throughreading“thefourfamousnovels”carefully,youcanexperiencetraditionalChinesesocietyandhumanculture,andfolklorecustoms.AnditisanimportantwaytoabsorbthequintessenceoftraditionalChinesecultureaswellastopickupstrategiesandwisdomonhowtogetalongwithothers.,京剧,京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。,ChineseBeijingOpera,Praisedas“OrientalOpera”,BeijingOperaisagenuinenationalquintessenceofChina.Itoriginatedfrommanykindsofancientlocaloperas,especiallyhuibaninsouthernChina.Attheendofthe19thCentury,BeijingOperaevolvedandtookshape,becomingthegreatestkindofoperainChina.BeijingOperaisablendofperformingarts-song,speech,performance,acrobatixfightinganddance.BeijingOperaportraysandnarratestheplotandcharactersthroughstylizedacting.ThemaintypesofrolesinBeijingOperaaresheng(male),dan(youngfemale),jing(paintedface,male),andchou(clown,maleorfemale).,围棋,中国古代四大艺术“琴棋书画”的“棋”特指围棋。围棋可谓中国的国棋。故称为弈，别称坐隐，手谈。围棋规则简单而玄妙无穷。棋盘方圆不及二尺，有十九纹棋路，三百六十一枚棋子。表面上对弈双方是对黑白棋子的排布，实则是个人心智、胆识、耐力的比拼。国棋象征宇宙天地，包含了象数易理，兵法策略、治国安邦等无穷的哲理，充分体现了中国文化中的智慧与灵性。,ThefourartformsinancientChinaareguqin,chess,penmanship,andpainting.AndchessparticularlyreferstoChineseWeiqi.WeiqicouldbecalledthenationalchessofChina.Inancienttimes,Weiqiwascalledyi,withthealternativenamesZuowenandShoutan.TheregulationsofWeiqiarebothsimpleandcomplexatthesametime.Afullweiqisethas361playingpiecesandisplayedonaboardwitha19by19grid.Thecircumferenceoftheboardislessthan2/3metre.PlayingWeiqimaylooklikeanarrangementoftwosidesblackandwhitepieces.,However,itisactuallyacompetitionbetweentwoplayersanditteststheirwisdom,courage,andpatience.WeiqisymbolizesHeavenandEarth.Itcontainsphilosophicaltheories,suchasthetheoriesembodiedintheimage-numerologyinTheBookofChanges,theartofwar,andtheoriesonstateadministrationandnationalsecurity,whichembodiesthewisdomandthespiritofChineseculture.,印章,印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。,Asealcanalsobedefinedasastamp.BoththeChineseofficialandprivatesealofvariousdynastieshavedifferenttitles,suchasstamp,zhunote,contract,fu,leaseandothers.ThesealsusedbytheemperorsofancientChinawerecalledxi,yin,bao,etc.Accordingtohistoricalrecords,sealswerewidelyusedduringtheWarringStatesPeriod(475BC-221BC).Themakingofasealistoengravefonts,suchassealcharactersandofficialscriptandsoon;orimagesintheformofintaglioandembossmentintotheseal,basicallyshapedasroundorsquare.Coveredwithavermilionoverlay,theChinesesealisnotonlyusedindailylife,butitisalsousedtorepresentsignaturesonpaintingsandcalligraphies.ItisgraduallybecomingoneofChinasuniqueartworks.,中国传统节日,中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首为春节，俗称“过年”，有祈年等多种习俗，是中国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其它主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、端午节、七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。每个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗习惯。农历节日和农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现。,TraditionalChinesefestivalsareusuallyfixedaccordingtotheLunarcalendar.January1stonthelunarcalendarhasbeendesignedastheSpringFestival(generallyreferredtoasguonian).ThereareseveralcustomsduringtheSpringFestival,suchasprayingforagoodharvest,etc.TheSpringFestivalisthemostceremonioustraditionalfestivalinChinaandsymbolizesunityandprosperity.SomeotherChinesefestivalsincludetheLanternFestival,thePureBrightFestival,theDragonBoatFestival,theDouble-SeventhFestival,theMid-AutumnFestival,theDouble-NinthFestival,theWinterSolstice,andtheEighthDayoftheTwelfthLunarMonth,etc.Eachfestivalhasitsownuniqueoriginandcustom.TheseChinesefestivalsthatfollowtheLunarcalendararedifferentfromthe24SolarTermsintheLunarcalendar.TheyembodyChinascohesionandvitality.,中国茶文化,茶是中华民族的举国之饮，发端于神农，兴盛于唐宋（618-1279）。开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶，是中国人日常生活的写照。茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申与概括。中国的茶道精神将儒释道三教融入其中，其主要目的是借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心，体悟大道，提升人生境界。,TeacultureofChina,AsatraditionaldrinkforChinesepeople,Chineseteaisbelievedtohavefirststartedwit