沈阳师范大学主讲人闫怡恂欧洲历史与文明导论HIstoryandPPT课件

沈阳师范大学主讲人：闫怡恂,欧洲历史与文明,导论HIstoryandGeography,第二节地理与文化GeographyandCulture,Overview,1.Plantsandanimals2.Cartographyandmaps3.Geographicaldeterminism4.Summarization5.Questionstoponder6.Terms,1.Plantsandanimals,Geographicdistancesanddiversityofclimatehavealsoproduceddifferencesinflora（植物群）andfauna（动物群）,andhenceintheplantsandanimalsuponwhichhumansaredependent.,Wheat（小麦）becamethemostusualcerealintheMiddleEastandEurope;Millet(小米)andriceinEastAsia;Sorghum(高粱)intropicalAfrica;Maize（玉米）inpre-ColumbianAmerica.,Thehorse,firstdomesticatedinnorth-centralAsiaabout4500yearsago,wasforcenturiesamainstayofEuropeandAsiaformusclepower,transportation,andfighting.,Thecamel（公元前3000年人类已经开始驯养骆驼。阿拉伯骆驼，驮运400磅，每天走上40英里，连续走4天。）wasadoptedlaterinthemiddleeastandtheAmericanslonghadnobeastsofburdenexceptthellama(美洲驼，无峰驼，驮载100130磅).,Newdiscoveriesandcalculationsarealwaysdisplacingolderhypotheses,paleontologists（古生物学家）studyingplantandanimalsfossils(includinghumanones)haveusedtechniquessuchasradiocarbondating(碳同位素年龄测定，放射性碳定年法)totransformourknowledgeoftheearthandoftheearliesthumanbeings.,Ingeography,aerialandsatellitephotographyandcomputertechnologyhaveenabledustorefineolderconceptionsofcontinentsandoceans.,2.Cartographyandmaps,Cartography（地图学）theartandscienceofmapmakingTheEuropeansdesignedourmostcommonlyusedmaps,whichareorientedNorth-South,andWest-Eastfromfixedpointsintheirhorizons,andwhichthereforereflecttheirownEuropeanculturalassumptions.,TheChineseforcenturiesdefinedandvisualizedthecountryasthe“MiddleKingdom”.IntheearlymoderncenturiesmapsdrawninIndiatypicallyrepresentedSouthAsiaasformingthemajorpartoftheworld.,ThisdemonstratestheAustralianperspectivefrom“downunder”,showingSouthAfricaatthetopofthemapandCapetownattheverytip.,3.Geographicaldeterminism,Theclimateandtheenvironmentsettinglimits,orprovidingopportunities?Geographydestinyornot?Itdependson:applicationofknowledgeanaturalresourcesthestateoftechnologythepossibilitiesofeconomicexchange,3.Geographicaldeterminism,Disadvantages?(oceans)Oceansdividehumanbeings,butahighwayforthePortuguese(麦哲伦MagellanFerdinand),Spanish(克里斯托弗哥伦布ChristopherColumbus),Dutch,French,andEnglish.ChineseandArabSailorsuseoceansfortrade.,4.Summarization,Geographicdistancesanddiversityofclimatehavealsoproduceddifferencesintheplantsandanimalsuponwhichhumansaredependent.TheEuropeansdesignedourmostcommonlyusedmaps.Geographicdeterminism,5.Questionstoponder?,Howdoyouunderstandtherelationshipbetweengeographyandculture?Whatisgeographicdeterminism?,6.Terms,MiddleKingdom(中央王国；中王国时代，古埃及十一王朝时期。虽然人