高英第一册的修辞手法

精品教育Figures of speech -可编辑-Simile(明喻) Metaphor(暗喻) (隐喻) Metonymy(转喻) (借代)Personification（拟人）Euphemism（委婉）Hyperbole（夸张）Contrast（对照）Antithesis（平行对照）Parallelism（平行）Repetition（反复）Oxymoron（矛盾修饰）Irony（反语）Climax（层递）Anticlimax（突降）Onomatopoeia（拟声）Alliteration（头韵）pun（双关）transferred epithet(移就)一 Simile(明喻)Simile：(明喻)It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as.as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other.Simile is a comparison between two different things that resemble each other in at least one way. In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation, comparing an unfamiliar thing to some familiar thing (an object, event, process, etc.) known to the reader. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.1. Simile通常由三部分构成：本体（tenor or subject）,喻体（vehicle or reference）和比喻词（comparative word or indicator of resemblance）。eg: My love is like a red red rose. tenor comparative word vehicle2.句型（1）.like型A联系动词（以to be 居多）+likeEg: Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.生活没有目标犹如航行没有指南针The children went from adult to adult like buckets in a fire brigade.实意动词+like。They will never be able to save money to buy a new housethey both spend money like water. as 型as在明喻句中用作介词，后跟名词。也可用作连词，后跟状语从句，表示动作或行为的方式。此外，还有两个常用句型，即asas和asso。英语里有不少含有明喻的成语，其结构为as+形容词+as+名词（第一个as可省略）。例如：(as) firm as a rock 坚如磐石(as) light as a feather 轻如鸿毛(as) close as an oyster 守口如瓶(as) mute as a fish 噤若寒蝉(as) strong as a horse 强壮如牛(as) cool as a cucumber 泰然自若(as) sober as a judge 十分清醒(as) sure as a gun 千真万确虚拟句型最常见的是as if/though，另外还有其他一些形式。Eg: He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Vealsquez.这匹马真雄俊，看起来仿佛是从一副维拉斯奎兹的油画里跑出来的一样。The dogs were in full cry, their noses down, their tails up, so close together that might have been one great yellow and white moving carpet.那群狗吠叫着追猎，低着头，翘着尾巴，一条挨一条，看上去就像一块行进的黄白交织的大地毯。He woke them both up getting to bed, but when they tried to wake him up afterwards they might as well have tried to wake the dead.他去睡觉的时候把他们两个都弄醒了，但是后来他们想唤醒他时，简直就像唤死人一样。 what型A. A is to B what X is to YEg: Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.阅读之于思想，如同锻炼之于身体。Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers.明智的表扬对于孩子的作用，就像阳光对于花朵的作用。B What X is to Y, A is to B. Eg: What salt is to food, that wit and humour are to conversation and literature.妙语与幽默对于会话与文学，恰似盐对于食物一样。What blood vessel is to a mans body, that railway is to transportation. 铁路对于运输，好比血管对于人体一样。二、Metaphor(隐喻)(暗喻)Metaphor：(暗喻)It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.For example, the world is a stage.Metaphor compares two different things by speaking of one in terms of the other. Unlike a simile or analogy, metaphor asserts that one thing is another thing, not just that one is like another. Very frequently a metaphor is invoked by the to be verb: Metaphor is compressed simile(简缩了的明喻)。在实际运用中Metaphor有时仅出现喻体，本体需要从上下文中分析推敲出来。英语Metaphor的运用格式灵活多样，它可以体现在任何句子成分上，如主语、谓语、表语、定语、宾语或状语。在表达上它可以是一个单词、一个词组或一个句子，甚至是一个段落。以下为英语Metaphor的常见运用格式：名词型最常见的句式是“甲是乙”，喻体一般体现在句子的表语部分。All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players.整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。Money is a bottomless sea, in which honour, conscience, and truth may be drowned.金钱是无底的海洋，荣誉、良心和真理都可以淹没在其中。动词型The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it.那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested 。书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。 形容词型She has a photographic memory for detail.她对细节有照相机般的记忆力。The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship.山一般的巨浪吞没了那艘航船。Mark Twain succumbed to the epidemic of gold and silver fever in the west.三、Metonymy(转喻) (借代)Metonymy (转喻) It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance,. Beneath the rule of men entirely great The pen is mightier than the sword.该修辞故意不用需要说明的人或物的本称，而是借与该人或该物密切相关的事物名称来代替，即借乙名代甲称。Metonymy的运用基础是联想，两个相互借代的事物必然紧密相关，存在某种现实的联系。如：What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave(幼小所学，终生不忘)，句中的the cradle与the grave是跟birth与death密切相关的事物，因此两者之间形成了借代关系。：以事物的特征代替事物本身A thousand mustaches can live together, but not four breast.千条汉子能共处，两个婆娘难相容。以工具代替动作或行为者A hundred bayonets were marching down the street.100把刺刀正沿街前进。以容器代替其中内容。Whenever my husband has a bad day at the office, he hits the bottle.每当我丈夫在办公室不顺心，他就会喝得酩酊大醉。以人体器官代替其功能The practiced ear can recognize a classic flavour.有音乐修养的人能够听出古典音乐的韵味。She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful.她有审美眼光。I have an opinion of you, sir, to which it is not easy to give the mouth.我对你有一个意见，先生，不过很难用话语表达出来。以人或动物代替其特性There is still much of the schoolboy in him.他身上还有许多小学生的气质。The wolf and the pig mingled together in his face.凶残与贪婪交织在一起，浮现在他的脸上。以原材料代替制成品The 25th Games in Barcelona saw 4golds and 5 silvers in swimming fall into Chinas pockets.在巴塞罗那举行的第25届奥运会上，游泳项目有4枚金牌、5枚银牌落入了中国队的囊中。And as he pluckd the cursed steel away, 当他拔出那可恶的凶器的时候Mark how the blood of Caesar followed瞧，恺撒的血是怎样跟着它流出来以作者或生产者代替作品或产品The captainhad fallen in possession of a complete Shakespeare.船长得到了一整套的莎士比亚作品。We drove a Ford to Hyde Park.我们驾驶一辆福特到海得公园去。以具体事物代替抽象事物Although his plan had not completely succeeded, she gave him a pat on the back for having tried so hard.尽管他的计划未获完全成功，但她对他作出的努力表示赞许。His pen would prove mightier than his pickax for making money.以抽象事物代替具体事物In the present instance, it was sickness and poverty together that she came to visit.在目前这种情况下，她一并前来探望的是病人和穷人以事物活动的处所代替事物或活动者She is an ageing opera singer who has retired from the stage to teach.她是一位年迈的歌剧演员，现已退出舞台从事教学。地名或建筑物名可借以代称设于那里的机构。如：Kremlin(克林姆林宫，俄罗斯政府) The Pentagon(五角大楼，美国国防部) Hollywood(好莱坞，美国电影业) Downing Street(唐宁街，英国政府) Foggy Bottom(雾谷，美国国务院) Buckingham Palace(白金汗宫，英国皇室) 等等。五、Personification（拟人）Personification: (拟人)It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.Laziness travels so slowly, that poverty soon overtakes him.懒惰缓慢而行，贫穷迎头赶上。.Liquor talks mighty loud when it gets loose from the jug.酒一从酒壶里溜出来就会大言不惭。.It is useless for the sheep to pass resolutions in favor of vegetarianism while the wolf remains of a different opinion.当狼依然持有不同意见之时，群羊要通过赞成素食主义的决议案也是无济于事的。.Mosquitoes were using my ankles for filling stations.蚊子把我的脚脖子当作了加油站。.Time is like a fashionable host, that slightly shakes his passing guest by th hand; and with his arms stretched, as he would fly, grasps in the comer. The welcomes ever smile, and farewell goes out sighing. （William Shakespeare）时间正像一个趋炎附势的主人，对于一个临去的客人不过和他略微握一握手，对于一个新来的客人，却伸开了双臂，飞也似地过去抱住他。欢迎是永远含笑的，告别总是带着叹息。.A lie can travel half way around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes. ( Mark Twain)当真理刚刚穿上鞋子，谎言就可能已经走了半个世界。Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year! (John Milton)时间，这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷，盗窃了我二十又三年飞走了。六Euphemism（委婉）Euphemism: (委婉) It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to die as pass away.Euphemism（委婉）， 以文雅、悦耳或温婉来代替粗野、刺耳或直露。借助语音、语法、词汇，表达生活中使人尴尬、惹人不快、招人厌恶或令人恐惧的事物。Euphemism又叫sweet talk（甜言蜜语），gilded words（镀金的字眼）或cosmetic words（化装词）有关疾病、残疾、衰老、死亡疾病Look off colour（气色不好，指身体有病）under the weather（在恶劣天气条件下，指健康欠佳）not all there（神志不清，实指患精神病）long illness（久病，实指癌症）social disease（实指艾滋病）。替代illness或disease婉称疾病的词有condition, disorder, problem, trouble等。残疾Disabled（丧失能力的）handicapped（受到障碍的），,inconvenienced（行动不便的）,hard of hearing（听觉困难的），auditory-impaired（听觉损伤的）表示“耳聋的“；sight-deprived（被剥夺视力的）visually retarded（视力上有障碍的）指“失明”。衰老 “衰老”的委婉说法Advanced in age（年岁上先行的）past ones prime（已过壮年）feel one age（感觉上了年纪）golden age（金色岁月）sunset years（日落之年）表示“老人”senior citizen（资深的公民），the longer living（生活经历较长者）。.死亡多达上百条。如，go west（西去），be at rest（安息），be asleep in the Arms of God（安睡在上帝的怀抱中），go the way of all flesh（走众生之路），join ones ancestors（加入祖先的行列），return to dust（归之尘土），breathe ones last（作最后一次呼吸），pass away（离去），run ones race（跑完自己的赛程），be no longer with us（与我们永别了）。以下为一些实际用例，部分出自名家笔下，堪称巧用英语委婉的典范。And, it being low water, he went out with the side.正是退潮的时候，他跟潮水一道去了。*作者用“驾潮而去”表示“溺水而死”，话说得哀婉动人。If you will allow me , I will call your carriage for you .如果你愿意的话，我去给你叫辆车。*以“去给你叫辆车”委婉地下达了逐客令，却礼貌、得体。The boy used to take things without permission and has just been out of the rehabilitation home in the country. 那男孩以往常不经允许拿走东西，他刚从乡间的康复中心出来。 *“不经允许拿走东西”实际指“偷窃”，“康复中心”实际是“劳教所”的婉称。He pardoned us off-hand, and allowed us something to live on till he went the way of all flesh.他轻易地就原谅了我们，并且直到他逝世为止还一直供给我们生活费。Im afraid she cant act that part she is a little on the plump side.恐怕她扮演不了那个角色她有些发福。The reactor began to run out of control “above critical” in the parlance of the nuclear engineer.反应堆开始失控或者用核工程师的话来说：处于临界点之上。*above critical实际为“核反应堆泄露”。政府在处理核事故时用词尤慎，惟恐引起民众恐慌或愤怒。He was both out of pocket and out of spirits by that catastrophe, failed in his health and prophesied the speedy ruin of the empire.经过这次灾难，他手头拮据，总是无精打采，身体也不好，时常预言大英帝国不久便会垮台。*作者用委婉语out of pocket 代替poor或bankrupt这类羞于启齿之词，而且与out of spirits 同一结构，相映成趣。七、Hyperbole（夸张）Hyperbole: (夸张) It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis.a conscious exaggeration fot the sake of emphasis. Not intended to be understood literallyFor example:a) The wave ran mountain high. b)America laughed with Mark twain. c)His speech brought the house doen. d)All the perfunmes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. For instance, he almost died laughing.特点是对表达对象进行有违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写，以此来取得强烈的修辞效果。比较：(1) He ran down the avenue, making a loud noise.(2) He ran down the avenue, making a noise like ten horses at a gallop.例句（1）为一般性描写，而（2）则属夸张性描写，有如临其境、如闻其声 Hyperbole多见于文学作品中，但日常口语里也常有运用。如： Havent seen you for ages. I could sleep for a year. Were all tired to death.英语夸张可分为两类，即扩大夸张( Extended Hyperbole)和缩小夸张(Reduced Hyperbole)。前者将描写对象的形象、数量、作用、程度等特征的东西说得特别高、特别大；后者正相反，即把描写对象的形象、数量、作用、程度等特征性的东西说得特别低、特别小。比较下列例句可看出两者的特点：His eloquence would split rocks! (Extended Hyperbole)他的雄辩之威之利，能劈磐石。It is the last straw that breaks the camels back. (Reduced Hyperbole)骆驼能负载过重，加根草就能压死。Hyperbole按构成方式分为五类，举例如下：用数词表示This made him roar like a thousand bulls.这使他像千牛怒吼一般咆哮起来。One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters.一个父亲的作用大于100个教师。She is sitting here, but her mind is a thousand miles away.用其他词汇表示除数词外，英语夸张也常借助其他各类词来表示，或用动词，或用名词，或用形容词，灵活多样，并无定式，但不少词汇都有极限意义。A.动词In its wake, budget cuts and food shortages have hit the new nation of Russiaand prices have shot out of this world.随其（指前苏联）解体后，预算缩减和食品短缺已经沉重地打击了俄罗斯这个新生国家而且物价高涨，直冲九霄。We not only saw but heard it: the report positively reverberated down the Rhine.我们不仅看见了，而且听见了。这个报告简直响遍了整个莱茵河。B.名词Its a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day.今天阳光明媚，躲在家中实在太遗憾了。*a crime=a great pity，表示“遗憾之极”。Falstaff: I saw beaten myself into all the colours of rainbow福斯塔夫：我自己也给他打得五颜六色，浑身挂彩呢C.形容词Everyone bowed, including the Westerners. After three days in Japan, the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible. 每个人都鞠躬，连在场的西方人也不例外。在日本只需要呆3天，脊椎就变得异常灵活。She has that everlasting rotation of tongue, that an echo must wait till she dies before it can catch her last words.由于她的话真是说个不停，连回声也得等到她死才可以抓到她的最后的话。八、Contrast英语Contrast（对照）是一种表现力颇强的常用修辞手法。它将两个相反的事物或同一事物的正反两面并列在一起，使之相互衬托，形成鲜明对照，更加突出地表现事物的本质。Contrast与Antithesis有相似之处，即都把意义相反的语言单位并列在一起加以对照、比较；但也有相异之处，主要在于Contrast不像Antithesis那样要求结构相同或相似。试比较以下例句：(1) United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do (John F. Kennedy)若能团结，许多合作的冒险计划没有不能成功的。倘使分裂，则无所作为。(2) Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of laboring those problems which divide us.让双方一起探讨什么问题能使我们团结，而不要在使双方分裂的问题上耗费心力。不难看出，（1）不仅语义相反而且结构相似，比较工整、对称，应算做Antithesis；而（2）尽管语义相反，但结构不同，并不对称，应视为Contrast。运用Contrast可使对立事物的矛盾鲜明突出，揭示其本质，或使正反互衬，相映成趣，加深读者印象。Caesar. Cowards die many times before their death; The valiant never taste of death but once (William Shakespeare: Julius Caesar)凯撒 懦夫在未死之前，就已经死过好多次；勇士一生只死一次Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. (John F. Kennedy)让我们永不因畏惧而谈判，但让我们永不要畏惧谈判。They are wonderful when they are good, he thought. There is no people like them when they are good and when they go bad there is no people that is worse. 他想，他们好的时候真了不起。他们好的时候，谁也比不上他们；他们坏的时候，可谁都不如他们恶毒。 To be prepared for war is one of the most effectual means of preserving peace. (George Washington) 准备战争是维护和平的一种最有效的方法。 Men always want to be a womans first love; women have a more subtle instinct; what they like is to be a mans last romance. 男人老想当上女人的第一个情人；女人则具有更微妙的本能，她们喜欢的是成为男人追求的最后一个对象。 To be , or not to be: that is the question: whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take arms against a sea of troubles by opposing end them (William Shakespeare: Hamlet) 生存还是毁灭：这是一个值得考虑的问题：默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，还是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵 Technological progress has merely provided us with more efficient means for going backwards. 科技上的进步，只不过为我们提供了向后倒退的更有效的手段而已。 *作者在这里指的是科技用于战争，引起灾祸，导致文明倒退的情况。 A mother takes 20 ytears to make a man of her boy, and another woman makes a fool of him in 20 minutes.做母亲的要费20年工夫把她的男孩子养大成为男子汉，到了别的女人手中，只要20分钟就会把他化为一条笨汉。 Are not there little chapters in everybodys life, that seem to be nothing, and yet affect all the rest of the history? (William M. Thackeray: Vanity Fair) 人生一世，总有一些片段当时看着无关紧要，而事实上却牵动了全局。 A man will joyfully pay a lawyer 500 dollars for untying the knot that he begrudged a clergyman 50dollars for tying. 当牧师为他结合姻缘时舍不得付50块钱的人，却为了要律师解开这个而会高高兴兴地付上500元。 A bank is a place where they lend you an umbrella in fair weather and ask for it back again when it begins to rain. 银行，是在天晴之时借伞给你，到了下雨之时就催你还回去的地方。九、Antithesis（对偶，对仗） Antithesis: (对偶) It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.The setting of contrasting phrases opposite each other for emphasis. In true antithesis the opposition between the elements is manifested through parallel grammatical structureAntithesis指把意义相反或相对的语言单位组织排列在平行、对称的结构里，以求取一种匀称的形式美和强烈的对照感。Antithesis有两个特点，一是语义上的对照性，一是结构上的对称性。该辞格可看作是parallelism（平行）和 contrast（对照）的结合。Antithesis的运用可增强语势，突出事物的矛盾对比及本质特征。其结构匀称，排列整齐，对照鲜明，寓意深刻，具有很强的修辞效果。体现Antithesis的语言单位可分为四个层次，即单词、短语、从句和句子。 （1）单词Knowledge make humble, ignorance make proud. （2）短语One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. （3）从句 The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. （4）句子 A miser grows rich by seeming poor. An extravagant man grows poor by seeming rich. 由于Antithesis能揭示事物的矛盾性，这类语句往往说得巧妙、机智、隽永，蕴涵着某种人生的哲理或真谛，加之结构整齐、匀称、音韵铿锵，故运用频繁，常见于英语谚语、演说、报刊文章及文学作品中。Money is a good servant but a bad master.金钱是个好仆人，但却是个坏主人。Work has a bitter root but sweet fruit.工作之根苦，工作之果甜。The life of the wolf is the death of the lamb让狼活着，羊就得死。Short accounts make long friends.勤算帐才能交情长。They that sow in tears shall reap in joy.流泪撒种的，必欢呼收割。Life can only be understood backwards, but it must be lived forwards.只有向后看才能理解生活，但要生活好必须向前看。The young physician starts life with 20 drugs for each disease, and the old physician ends life with one drug for 20diseases.年轻的医生开始行医时以20种药治一种病，年老的医生结束医业时以一种药治20种病。A pessimist is one who makes difficulties of his opportunities; an optimist is one who makes opportunities of his difficulties.悲观的人把机会变成困难；乐观的人将困难化为机会。*这个例子体现了一种特殊的Antithesis，即在句中采用“交错配列法”(chiasmus)，倒装前一语言单位的某些词序，使句子前后对照，相映成屈，寓意深刻，发人深思。下面三例属于同样用法。Ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country. (John F. Kennedy)不要问国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们能为国家做些什么。Where theres marriage without love, there will be love without marriage哪里有无爱情的婚姻，哪里便有无婚姻的爱情。What between the poor men I wont have and the rich men who wont have me, I stand as a pelican in the wilderness. (Thomas Hardy)一边是我不欲与之为伍的穷人，一边是不欲与我为伍的有钱人，我像一只伫立在荒野的塘鹅。If the economy stays down, can conservatives stay up?如果经济下降，保守党人还能呆在上面吗？*此例摘自英国泰晤士报，stay down与stay up 巧妙并列一句，形成对照，说明执政的保守党人的地位取决于国家经济的兴衰，言语机智、犀利，一针见血。It is customary fate of new truths to begin as heresies and end as superstitions.开始被视为异端，最后被一味迷信，这正是许多新真理的共同命运。We find ourselves rich in goods , but ragged in spirit, reaching with magnificent precision for the moon, but falling raucous discord on earth.我们物质丰富，却精神贫乏；我们以卓越的准确登上了月球，但地球却陷入一片混乱。If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in doubts; but if he will be content to begin with doubts, he shall end in certainties. (Francis Bacon)治学之人，若一开始就确信既定的结论，他必将终止于怀疑；但如果他宁从怀疑开始，他终会止于确定的结论。An estimated 500 million people around the worldwatching a live television broadcastsaw Armstrong step onto