1 汽车专业英语课件-汽车基础知识部分-section 1汽车专业英语2版ppt课件--20180227Chapter 7 EV

,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles,中国人的骄傲,2015年，美国加州长滩市向比亚迪采购了60辆比亚迪K9纯电动大巴。目前，比亚迪纯电动大巴已经占据了美国纯电动大巴80%以上的市场份额,来源于搜狐网2017-12-22文章并截图,卢森堡的出租车长的是这个样子比亚迪e6纯电动车,来源于搜狐网2017-12-22文章,国产新能源跑车长城前途K50（尚未投产）,国产新能源车北汽EU400续航里程长：60km/h等速续航里程超过460km，按80%用电量计算得出；快速充电：快充48分钟，电量可从30%充至80%，相当于一顿饭的功夫增加续航368公里；,特斯拉电动轿跑,备受关注的特斯拉,特斯拉电动轿跑,技术领先的混动车,丰田普锐斯,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles,ElectricVehicles(EV)：BEVBattryFCEVFuelCellHEVHybridHybridElectricVehicles(HEV):Petrol-electricHybridDiesel-electricHybridPlug-inHybridFCHEV,学习内容,本次课学习内容、目标和重点难点,学习目标,难点重点,ElectricVehicleclassificationElectricVehiclestructureHybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),1.掌握电动汽车的分类、主要组成；2.掌握燃料电池电动汽车、混合动力电动汽车主要组成、工作原理,1.重点：英文专业术语、部件英文名称2.难点：需要记忆的专业词汇词组偏多,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles,ElectricVehicles(EV)：BEVBattryFCEVFuelCellHEVHybridHybridElectricVehicles(HEV):Petrol-electricHybridDiesel-electricHybridPlug-inHybridFCHEV,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,NewWordsandPhrases,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,Vehicleswithelectricdrives,consistingofbatteriesorfuelcellsasthepowersourceandelectricmotorsastheprimemover,haveattractedconsiderableattentioninrecentyears，seeFigure7-1.,Figure7-1Overviewofcomponentsfittedtoanelectricvehicle1-electricmotor2-batterypack3-motorcontroller4-contactor5-fuse6-vacuumpump7-DC/DCconverter8-instrumentation9-powersteeringpump10-batterycharger,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,BatteryElectricVehicles(BEVs)Teslaisthefirstlithiumbattery-poweredcar.Itisapureelectricroadstervehicle.Thismagnificentedificewasfirstunveiledtothepublicin2006.TheTeslaroadstercantraveladistanceof244milesonlithium-cobaltbatterypackandisabletoaccelerateto60mphin4s.Teslahasmaderemarkableprogressbetween2009and2016.ThecompanycurrentlyproducesModelS,ModelXandModel3.TheModelSisdesignedtoacceleratefrom0to60mphinaslittleas2.5s.Italsocomeswithautopilotcapabilitiesdesignedtomakehighwaydrivingsaferandstressfree.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,TheChinesecompanyBYDCOin2009attheNorthAmericanInternationalAutoShowexhibitedanelectriccarE6whichhadadrivingrangeof250milesgotlotsofattentionfromthemediaandthegeneralpublic.Thecompanywasabletoproduceitsownlithium-ionbattery.Thebatterywasdesignedtohavealifetimeof10yearsandcanbechargedto50%ofitscapabilitieswithin10min.ForBEVs(alsocalledpureelectricvehicles，pureelectrics，SeeFigure7-2),thepowerstoragedevice,theelectrochemicalbatterygenerallydeterminestheperformanceandoperatingrangeofthevehicle.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,Therearethreetypesofbatteryavailableforuseinelectricvehicles:lead-acidbattery,nickel-based(nickel-cadmiumornickel-metalhydride)battery,andlithium(lithium-ionorlithium-polymer)battery.Thelead-acidbatteryislessexpensivethantheothertwotypesandiswidelyusedinindustrialtrucks.Thenickel-basedbatteryandlithiumbatteryareincreasinglybeingusedinelectricroadvehicles.Becauseofitshigherenergyandpowerdensity,andlongerservicelife,thenickel-metalhydridebatteryisincreasinglybeingusedinelectricorhybridpassengercars.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,Newtypesoflithiumbattery,includingoneusinganadvancedelectrodemadeofnano-structuredlithiumtitanate,arebeingdeveloped.Itspowerdensitycanbeashighas3kW/kg.Itcanreleasealargeamountofelectricityquicklywithoutoverheatingorcausingdamagetoitsinternalstructureandrechargeinafractionofthetimeneededforstandardrechargeablebatteries.Thedrivetrainofanelectricvehicleconsistsofthreemajorcomponents:powercontroller,electricmotor,andtransmission.Thepowercontrollerregulatesthemotorcurrentandvoltage,andhencetheoutputtorqueofthemotor.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,Thetransmissionbetweenthemotorandthedrivewheelsusuallyhasoneortwostagesofreductiongear.Formostcurrentelectriccars,thetransmissionhasasingle-stagereductiongeartoprovidethevehiclewiththerequiredhill-climbingcapabilityandthedesiredmaximumspeed.Twotypesofelectricmotorsarecommonlyusedinelectricvehicles:thedirectcurrent(DC)motorandthealternatingcurrent(AC)motor.SynchronousorasynchronousACmotorsarenowthenormastractionmotorsforpassengervehicles.ToconvertDCsuppliedbythebatterytoAC,aninverterisrequired.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,Thesynchronousmotorwithhighdensity,rare-earthpermanentmagnetsmountedontherotoriswidelyusedinelectricorhybridpassengercars.Forinstance,thetractionmotorsoftheToyotaPrius,CamryHybrid,andHighlanderHybridarepermanentmagnetsynchronousACmotors.CharacteristicsofthepermanentmagnetsynchronousACmotorapproachthoseoftheidealpowerplantforapplicationtomotorvehicles.Thisalsoallowstheuseofasingle-stagereductiongearinthedrivetrain.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,Fig.7-2SchematicdiagramofpowertrainofBEV,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,FuelCellElectricVehicles(FCEVs)AsshowninFigure7-3,Fuelcellelectricvehicles(FCEVs)havesimilarpowertrainslikeBEVbutitsenergysourceisafuelcellstack.AnFCEVisdrivenusinghydrogenproducingonlywaterandheathencethereisnoexhaustpollutant,thusitsrecognizedaszeroemissionvehicle.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,Fig.7-3SchematicdiagramofthepowertrainofFCEV,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,Oneofthemaincharacteristicsoffuelcellsisthatthereactantsarefeddirectlyfromexternalsourcesunlikebatterieswhichstorethereactantsinternally.Theelectrodesinfuelcellsarealsonotconsumed.Fuelcellsareoftencategorizedaccordingtothetypeoftheelectrolytebeingused.Theprotonexchangemembranefuelcellisthecommontypeoffuelcellsinusetoday.Itisoftenmadeofasolidpolymerasitselectrolyteandaporouscarbonelectrodescontainingplatinumasitscatalyst.Thecatalystcouldalsobeanalloy.Hydrogenissuppliedfromanexternalsource,keptinatankorareformerisusedasitscontinuousfuelsource.Themembraneismadeinsuchawayastobeonlypermeabletoprotonsbutnottoelectrons.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.1ElectricVehicles（EVs）,HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs)Vehicleswithhybriddrives,consistingofanICengineasonepowersourceandelectricmotorsastheotherone，arecalledhybridelectricvehicles.Theyarecurrentlymassproducedandinpracticeuse.Somehybridcars(e.g.,fuelcellhybridelectricvehicles,namelyFCHEVs)havenoICE,buthavebothbatteriesandfuelcells,andaredrivenbyelectrictractionmotor.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),NewWordsandPhrases,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),NewWordsandPhrases,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Vehicleswithhybriddrives,consistingofanICengine(orfuelcell)asonepowersourceandanenergystoragesystems(e.g.,battery,ultracapacitor,flywheelandsoon)astheotherone,arecalledhybridelectricvehicles.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),GeneralOperationofHybridElectricCarsThehybridcarsexposethepossibilityoftheengineandelectricmotorsworktogetherindifferentcircumstancestogivethebestpossiblemileagefromhybridvehicle.Whendrivingawayandupto15mph,thevehicleoftenuseonlyelectricalmotorormotorstopowerthecar,drawingonthebatteryforthepower.Duringheavyacceleration,boththeengineandelectricmotorsworksimultaneouslytoincreasepowertothewheels.Thepetrolenginealsopowersthegeneratorwhiletheelectricmotoruseselectricityfromthebatteryandgeneratorasneeded.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Whencruisingnormally,thepetrolengineisusedanditoperatesmostefficiently.Itisalsopossiblefortheenginetopowerthegeneratorwhilecruisingtoproduceelectricitythatcanbestoredinthebatteryforlateruse.Whenslowingorbraking,hybridcarscanrecovertheenergyofmotionbyusingacleversystemcalledregenerativebraking.Asthecarnolongerneedstoapplypowertothewheels,itallowsthespinningwheelstopowerthevehiclesgeneratorwhichproduceselectricityandstoresitinthebatteryforlateruse.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),ClassificationsofHybridElectricVehiclesThetypesofhybridelectricvehicles(HEVs)includeseries,parallel,andseries-parallel(ormixed)designs.Inaseries-hybriddesign,solepropulsionisbyabattery-poweredelectricmotor,buttheelectricenergyforthebatteriescomesfromanotheron-boardenergysource,suchasaninternalcombustionengine.Inthisdesign,theengineturnsageneratorandthegeneratorcaneitherchargethebatteriesorpoweranelectricmotorthatdrivesthetransmission.Theinternalcombustionengineneverpowersthevehicledirectly,seeFigure7-4.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Figure7-4Aseries-hybriddesign,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Theengineisoperatedonlytokeepthebatteriescharged.Therefore,thevehiclecouldbemovingwithorwithouttheinternalcombustionenginerunning.Series-hybridvehiclesalsouseregenerationbrakingtohelpkeepthebatteriescharged.Inaparallel-hybriddesign,multiplepropulsionsourcescanbecombined,oroneoftheenergysourcesalonecandrivethevehicle.Inthisdesign,thebatteryandenginearebothconnectedtothetransmission.SeeFigure7-5.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Figure7-5Aparallel-hybriddesign,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Thevehicleusingaparallel-hybriddesigncanbepoweredbytheinternalcombustionenginealone,bytheelectricmotoralone(fullhybridsonly),orbyacombinationofengineandelectricmotorpropulsion.Inmostcases,theelectricmotorisusedtoassisttheinternalcombustionengine.Oneoftheadvantagesofusingaparallel-hybriddesignisthatbyusinganelectricmotorormotorstoassisttheinternalcombustionengine,theengineitselfcanbesmallerthanwouldnormallybeneeded.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),TheToyotaandFordhybridsareclassifiedasseries-parallelhybrids(alsocalledmixedhybrids)(Figure7-6)becausetheycanoperateusingelectricmotorpoweraloneorwiththeassistoftheICE.Series-parallelhybridscombinethefunctionsofbothaseriesandaparalleldesign.Theinternalcombustionenginemaybeoperatingeventhoughthevehicleisstoppediftheelectroniccontrollerhasdetectedthatthebatteriesneedtobecharged.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Figure7-6Aseries-parallelhybriddesign,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),LevelsofHybridElectricVehiclesThetermhybridreferstoatypeofvehicle.However,therearedifferentlevelsofhybridizationamonghybridsonthemarket.Differentvehiclemanufacturersusevarioushybridtechnologies.Amildhybrid,alsocalledamicro-hybrid,willincorporateidlestopandregenerativebrakingbutisnotcapableofusingtheelectricmotortopropelthevehicleonitsownwithouthelpfromtheinternalcombustionengine.Amildhybridsystemhastheadvantageofcostingless,butsaveslessfuelcomparedtoafullhybridvehicleandusuallyusesa42-voltelectricalmotorandbatterypackage(36-voltbatteries,42-voltcharging).Thefuelsavingsforamildtypeofhybriddesignisabout8%to15%.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Amediumhybriduses144-to158-voltbatteriesthatprovideforenginestop/start,regenerativebraking,andpowerassist.Likeamildhybrid,atypicalmediumhybridisnotcapableofpropellingthevehiclefromastopusingbatterypoweralone.ExamplesofamediumhybridvehicleincludetheHondaInsight,Civic,andAccord.Thefueleconomysavingsareabout20%to25%formediumhybridsystems.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Afullhybrid,alsocalledastronghybrid,usesidlestop,regenerativebrakingandisabletopropelthevehicleusingtheelectricmotor(s)alone.Eachvehiclemanufacturerhasmadeitsdecisiononwhichhybridtypetoimplementbasedonitsassessmentofthemarketnicheforaparticularmodel.ExamplesofafullorstronghybridincludetheFordEscapeSUV,ToyotaHighlander,LexusRX400h,LexusGS450h,ToyotaPrius,andToyotaCamry.Thefueleconomysavingsareabout30%to50%forfullhybridsystems.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Plug-InHybridElectricVehicleAplug-inhybridelectricvehicle(PHEV)isahybridelectricvehiclethatisdesignedtobepluggedintoanelectricaloutletatnighttochargethebatteries(Figure7-7).Bychargingthebatteriesinthevehicle,itcanoperateusingelectricpoweralone(stealthmode)foralongertime,therebyreducingtheuseoftheinternalcombustionengine(ICE).ThelesstheICEisoperating,thelessfuelisconsumedandthelowertheemissions.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Figure7-7Aplug-inhybridcar,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),FuelCellHybridElectricVehicle(FCHEV)TheFCHEVinvolveshybridizationofbatteryandfuelcell.Figure7-8showsafuelcellhybridelectricvehicleschematic.Thefuelcellgenerateslowvoltage,whichismadeusablebytwoDC/DCconverters.OneconvertersendspowertotheauxiliaryloadswhiletheotherconvertertransferspowertotheinputDCbusofthetractionmotorinverter.AbidirectionalconverterisinterfacedtotheDCbusbythebatterysystem.ThetractionmotorinvertergeneratesACfromtheDCpowersuppliedbyFCandbatteryandthetractionmotorusestheACpowerinproducingmechanicaloutputusedtomovethewheelsofthevehicle.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Thebatteryequallyfunctionsasthepowersourceduringthestart-upofthefuelcellinitially.Whenthefuelcelliswellheatedup,thebatterysupplyisturnedoffandthesystemoperatesonthefuelcellalone.Thistypeofsystemdoesnotutilizeultra-capacitor(UC),butacombinationoffuelcell(FC)andbattery(Figure7-9).Dependingonthepowerconversionstagesoffuelcellvehiclepropulsionsystem,theconfigurationcanbesub-categorizedintotwotypes:multiplestagepowerconversionandsinglestagepowerconversion.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Figure7-8FordFocushybridcar,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.2HybridElectricVehicles(HEVs),Figure7-9AFCHEVutilizingacombinationoffuelcellandbattery,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.3ToyotaHybridSystems,NewWordsandPhrases,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.3ToyotaHybridSystems,TheToyotaHybridSystem(THSI)TheToyotaHybridSystem(THS),asusedinthefirst-generationPrius,consistsofoneplanetarygearsetandtwoelectricmachines,andisaseries-parallelhybridsystem.Theplanetarygearsetisknownasapower-splitdevice,becauseitsplitspowerfromtheICEandusesitformovingthevehicleandforgeneratingelectricalpower.SeeFigure7-10.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.3ToyotaHybridSystems,Figure7-10Priushybridsystem,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.3ToyotaHybridSystems,TheelectricmachinesusedintheToyotaHybridSystemarethree-phaseACsynchronouspermanentmagnetmotors.Therearenobrushesusedinthisdesign,andthemotorspeedandtorqueiscontrolledbytheinverterassembly.Inorderforeachofthesemotorstoworkcorrectly,theexactpositionofitsrotorisreportedtotheTHSECUusingaresolver.Oneelectricmachine(generator)isattachedtotheplanetarysungearandiscalledmotor-generator1(abbreviatedMG1).Thesecondelectricmachine(motor)isattachedtotheplanetaryringgearandislabeledmotor-generator2(abbreviatedMG2).TheICEisalsoconnectedtotheplanetarygearsetthroughtheplanetcarrier.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.3ToyotaHybridSystems,Duringoperation,eachmotor-generatorfulfillstwoprimaryfunctions:MG1isusedtostarttheinternalcombustionengineandgenerateelectricityforchargingthehigh-voltagebatteries,aswellasdrivingMG2.MG2isusedtopropelthevehicleandgenerateelectricityduringslowingandbraking(regenerativebraking).MG2isconnecteddirectlytothedrivewheelsatalltimes.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHybridElectricVehicles7.3ToyotaHybridSystems,HybridSynergyDriveTHSIITheoriginalToyotaHybridSystem(THSI)wasonlyusedonthefirst-generationPrius.AllToyotahybridelectricvehiclesbuiltstartingwiththe2004modelyearhaveusedHybridSynergyDrive(HSD),alsoknownasTHSII.HSDmadeanumberofimprovementsovertheoriginal,includingthefollowing:MG1andMG2operateatmuchhighervoltagesinordertoincreasepoweroutput.Thesehighervoltagesaregeneratedusingaboostconverterintheinverterassembly.Controlofthemotor-generatorsintheToyotaHybridSystemisaccomplishedusingtheinverterassemblylocatedintheICEcompartment.MainpartslocationisshowninFigure7-11.,Chapter7ElectricVehiclesandHyb