国际贸易实务双语教程(第四版)unit-01

.,国际贸易实务双语教程（第四版）,(INTERNATIONALBusinessPractice),清华大学出版社,.,Chapter1Abriefintroductiontointernationaltrade,.,Internationaltrade,alsocalledworldtrade,foreigntradeoroverseastrade,isthefairanddeliberateexchangeofgoodsand/orservicesacrossnationalboundaries.,Definition(P1),.,SectionOneReasonsforinternationaltrade(从事国际贸易的动机),1ResourceAcquisition(寻求资源)2BenefitsAcquisition(追求利润)3Diversification(多种经营)4Expandsales（扩大销售）5.Internationalbalanceofpayments(国际收支平衡)6.Otherreasons,.,ResourceAcquisition(寻求资源P2)Resourcedistributionaroundtheworldisuneven.Nonationhasalltheeconomicresourcesitneeds.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuythemfromothercountries.,.,Naturalresources:mineral,water,weather,soil,forest,etc.Socialresources:laborforce,skillstechnology,equipmentsetc.,Whatareresources?,.,2.BenefitsAcquisition(追求利润P2),Acountrycanbenefitsmorebyproducinggoodsitcanmakemostcheaplyandbuyingthosegoodsthatothercountriescanmakeatalowercost.Question:Whycantradecreatebenefits?,.,TheoryofComparativeAdvantage比较优势理论Or:ComparativeCostTheory比较成本理论（byAdamSmith,DavidRicardo,JohnStuartandothereconomistsinthe19thcentury）,Question:Doyouthinkeverycountrycanproducethesametypeofproductatthesamecost?,.,1.Whichcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingcloth?2.Whichcountryhasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingwine?3.Whatshouldtheyspecializeinrespectively?,Example1,.,Fact:Somecountrieshasnoabsoluteadvantageinproducinganyproducts.Question:Canthesecountriesmakeprofitsbydoingbusinesswiththosewhohasabsoluteadvantage?,.,1)InwhichproductdoesU.S.Ahaveanabsoluteadvantage?2)InwhichproductdoesBrazilhaveacomparativeadvantage?3)Whatshouldthetwocountriesspecializein?,Example2,.,Americanshaveanabsoluteadvantageinproducingbothcarsandcomputers.UsingthreeunitsofPR(productiveresource)toproduce1,000computersintheUnitedStatesrequiressacrificingtheproductionof150cars.UsingfourunitsofPRtoproduce1,000computersinBrazilrequiressacrificingonly100cars.Conclusion:Brazilianshaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingcomputers.,.,Conclusionforpoint2(P3)Aslongasthereisminordifferencesintheefficiencyofproducingacommodity,eventhepoorcountrieshaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingit.Therefore,thecountrycanspecializeintheparticularproductsandmass-produce.,.,3.Diversification多样经营(P3)4.SalesExpansion扩大销售(P4)Salesarelimitedby1)thenumberofconsumers2)thecapacityofpurchaseofconsumer,.,5.Internationalbalanceofpayments国际收支平衡(P4)BOP-balanceofpaymentBOPaccount收支平衡账户BOPsheet收支平衡表,.,BalanceofpaymentTheinternationalbalanceofpaymentisthedifferencebetweenmoneycomingintoacountryandmoneygoingoutofthecountry.Afavorablebalanceofpayment(国际收支顺差)meansmoremoneyisflowingintoacountry.Anunfavorablebalanceofpayment（国际收支逆差）meansmoremoneyisflowingoutofacountry.,.,BalanceoftradeAfavorablebalanceoftrade(贸易顺差)ortradesurplus(贸易出超)occurswhenthevalueofanationsexportexceedsthatofitsimport.Whenthevalueofanationsimportexceedsthatofitsexport,anunfavorablebalanceoftrade（贸易逆差）ortradedeficit(贸易入超)occurs.,.,6.Otherreasons(P4)1)Satisfyingalargedomesticdemand满足国内大量需求2)Preferenceforinnovationandstyle对创新和款式的追求3)Forpoliticalreasons政治原因,.,Termtranslation自给自足2.经济资源3.直接投资国际收支5.商品交换6.倾销7.贸易顺差8.贸易逆差9.欧盟10.国际收支顺差11.国际收支逆差12.有形贸易13.无形贸易14.货物贸易15.服务贸易,Exercises,.,self-sufficient2.economicresources3.directinvestment4.Balanceofpayment5.Commodityexchange6.dumping7.favorablebalanceoftrade8.unfavorablebalanceoftrade,Keys,.,9.EuropeanUnion10.favorablebalanceofpayment11.unfavorablebalanceofpayment12.visible(tangible)trade13.invisible(intangible)trade14.tradeingoods15.tradeinservice,Keys,.,Problems,CultureDifferences文化差异,MonetaryConversion货币兑换,TradeBarriers贸易壁垒,SectionTwoProblemsConcerningInternationalTrade,.,1.Culturaldifferences文化差异问题(P5)Ininternationaltrade,businesspeoplemustpaycloseattentiontodifferentlocalcustomsandBusinessnorms(商业准则).,.,2.MoneyConversion货币兑换问题(fluctuationinexchangerate)Frenchfrancs(法郎)USdollars(美元)Britishpounds(英镑)DeutscheMark(马克)Japaneseyen(日元)Danishkrone(克朗)Euro(欧元),.,3.TradeBarriers（贸易壁垒P6）Isthereacompletelyfreetradingsysteminanycountry?,Tradepoliciescomeinmanyforms-tariffsorsubsidies,quantitativerestrictionorencouragementsonimportedorexportedgoods,servicesandassets.,.,TradeBarriers（贸易壁垒）,1)Tocorrectabalance-ofpaymentdeficit;2)Inviewofnationalsecurity;3)Toprotecttheirindustriesagainstthecompetitionofforeigngoods.,ReasonsfortradebarriersP6,.,TradeBarriers（贸易壁垒）,1）Tariffbarriers关税壁垒2）Non-tariffBarriers-NTBs非关税壁垒,.,1)Tariffbarriers关税壁垒Tariffsorimporttariffs(进口关税)aretaxesleviedongoodsorservicesbeingimportedintothecountry.Thesetariffscanbeoftwotypes:1)ProtectiveTariff保护关税2)RevenueTariff财政关税,.,Differentratesofcustomsdutiesareappliedtodifferentcategoriesofgoods.1)SpecificDuty从量税2)AdvaloremDuty从价税(P7)3)CompoundDuty混合税,.,2)Non-tariffbarriers,Anon-tariffbarrierisanypolicyusedbythegovernmenttoreduceimports,ratherthanasimpletariff.NTBscantakemanyforms,includingimportquotas,productstandards,buy-at-homerulesforGovernmentpurchases,andsoon.,.,2)Non-tariffbarriers(1)Importquota进口配额Aquantitativerestriction（数量限制）orupperlimitonthetotalquantityofimportofaproductallowedintoacountryduringaperiodoftime.Aquantitativerestrictionisexpressedintermsofphysicalquantityorvalue.Aquotarequireslowornodutiesbelowthelimitbuthighdutiesorpenaltyabovethelimit.,.,(2)VoluntaryExportRestraints（VER）自愿出口约束/限制VERenablesonecountrytoforceontoanothercountryalowrateofincreaseinexportvolumethroughbilateralagreement-voluntaryrestraintagreement（VRA,自愿约束协定）出口国在进口国同意不诉诸配额、关税或其他进口管制的条件下，同意减少或限制出口的双边协定。Itsameasuretoavoidpunitivepju:ntivactions(反对行动)takenbytheimportingcountry.,.,(3)ImportLicense进口许可证(4)Productstandard产品标准TBT-TechnicalBarrierstoTrade贸易技术壁垒exhaustemissionstandardsHealthstandardsSafetystandardssanitarystandardsnationalsecuritystandards,.,(5)GovernmentProcurementPolicy政府采购政策ExampleBuyAmericanAct(购买美国产品法案1933)stipulatesthattheUSgovernmentmustbuyAmericanproductsunlessthedomesticpriceisonaverage25%higherthanforeignprices.,.,1.按商品移动的方向1）Export2)Import,SectionThreeFormsofInternationalTrade(国际贸易形式),.,2.按商品的形态1)Tangible(visible)tradeMerchandiseExportsandImports(商品进出口)2)Intangible(invisible)tradeservice,knowledgeandskills,invisibleassets,suchaspatent,trademark,copyrightetc.,.,3.按贸易内容可分为:1)Generaltrade一般贸易2)Processingtrade加工贸易3)Compensationtrade补偿贸易,.,三来一补Processingwithsuppliedmaterials来料加工Processingaccordingtosuppliedsamples来样加工Assemblingwithsuppliedparts来件装配Compensationtrade补偿贸易,.,1.产品返销回购贸易或返销在补偿贸易中,用进口的设备或其他物资生产的产品,通称为直接产品,用直接产品支付的,叫产品返销。一般适用于设备和技术贸易,在国际上称为“工业补偿”。在我国,一般称为“直接补偿”。,补充知识：Compensationtrade补偿贸易,.,2.商品换购买方不用生产出来产品进行还款，而是用双方商定的其他产品或劳务来偿付货款，统称互购。首次进口的一方用于支付进口货款的商品,不是由进口物质直接生产出来的产品,而是双方商定的其他商品,即间接产品。由于这种贸易有时候并不直接与其他生产相联系,故在发达资本主义国家有人称之为“商业性”补偿贸易。由于这种补偿贸易用间接产品偿还,在我国一般称之为间接补偿贸易。3.多边补偿或叫转手补偿这种形式的补偿贸易形式比较复杂。由第三国替代首次进口的一方承担或提供补偿产品的义务。,.,4.按交易双方的关系1)Licensing(许可证贸易)2)Franchising(特许经营)3)JointVentures(合资企业)4)Soledistribution(独家代理)Soleagent5)Consignment(寄售),.,在进出口业务中，采用独家代理方式时，作为委托人的出口商即给予国外的代理人在规定的地区和期限内推销指定商品的专营权。按照惯例，委托人在代理区域内达成的交易，凡属独家代理人专营的商品，不论其是否通过该独家代理人，委托人都要向他支付约定比例的佣金。,补充知识：Soleagent(独家代理),.,Termtranslation关税壁垒2.非关税壁垒3.从量税4.配额5.保护性关税6.幼稚产业7.许可证制度8.财政关税9.政府采购10.贸易保护主义11.从价税12.出口补贴13.寄售,Exercises,.,1.Tariffbarriers2.non-tariffbarriers3.Specificduties4.quota5.Protectivetariff6.infantindustry7.Licensingsystem8.Rernmentprocurement10.Tradeprotectionism11.AdvaloremDuties12.Exportsubsidies13.Consignment,Keys,.,Foreignexchangecontrolisatariffbarrierthatcanrestrictimportseffectively.FWhennationsexportmorethantheyimport,theyhaveanunfavorablebalan