高三英语定语从句重难点掌握及解题要诀课件.ppt

theattributiveclause,一、定语从句的定义：用来修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词（antecedent）。定语从句一般是由关系代词或关系副词来引导的。相当于名词和形容词的作用。eg:1.doyouknowthemanwhocametoseexiaoyangthismorning?2.thedayisnotfaroffwhenwewillmakeatriptobritain.,定语从句归纳总结,二、关系代词和关系副词的作用：1、引导作用2、替代作用3、在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用eg:1.thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.2.thisisthehousewherehewasborn.3.bill,whowashereyesterday,askedmealotofquestions.,三、关系代词（who,whom,which,that,whose）的指代关系,主语宾语,宾语,主语宾语,主语宾语,定语,eg:1.heissuchamanwhonevertellsalie.2.heisthemodelworkerwhom/whoweshouldlearnfrom.3.adictionaryisabookwhichoftenhelpsustoknowthemeaningsofthewords.4.thisisthefilmwhichilikebest.5.theboywhosefatherisaprofessorisoneofmybestfriends.6.thehousewhoseroofwasblownawaybythestormwillberebuiltsoon.,四、关系代词which和that的区别：a.关系代词必须用that的情形：1、当先行词被形容词的最高级所修饰thisisthebestfilmthatihaveeverseen.2、先行词被基数词、序数词修饰thefirstcarthatarrivedwasdrivenbyjohn.flowers!youseethetwo(that)yougaveme!3、先行词被thesame/last/very/just/only修饰thisistheonlyticketthatigotyesterday.thisistheverybookthatimlookingfor.,4、当先行词为指物的不定代词时或被不定代词修饰时isthereanythingthaticandoforyou?allthatyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.thereisnotimethatwecanwaste.5、当先行词既指人又指物时thecaranditsdriverthatknockeddowntheoldladyhavebeentakentothepolicestation.6.先行词在主句中作表语或关系词在定语从句中作表语：myhometownisnolongertheplacethatitusedtobe.7.主句是which/who开头的特殊疑问句：whoisthemanthatistakingexerciseoverthere?,8.therebe结构:thereisamanthatlivesintheisland.thereissomethingthatkeepsworryingme.9.为避免重复，如果两个从句中有一个用了which/who:hebuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverseenbefore.b.关系代词只能用which:1.指物时，作介词的宾语thisisthequestionaboutwhichwevehadsomuchdiscussion.2.在非限制性定语从句中，指代物，或前面整句话的内容：football,whichisaverycoolgame,isplayedallovertheworld.3.为避免重复，当先行词是that；或者两个从句中有一个用了that:whatsthatwhichwasbrightinthedistance?hebuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverseenbefore.,4.关系代词后面有插入语时：hereismyadvicewhichithinkishelpful.5.先行词是those+复数名词：thepopsingerrecordedthosesongswhichwereagreathit.c.关系代词必须用who的情形1.先行词是指人的不定代词或人称代词：如anyone,anybody,those,all,one,ones,they,heetc.anyonewhoservesclassmatesisworthpraising.idisliketheones/thosewhotalkbig.hewhodoesnotreachthegreatwallisntatrueman.,2.在非限制性定语从句中，指代人：thelovelygirl,whoisaathlete,wonhonorforhercountry.3.先行词与定语从句分隔时，指代人：isawanamericanonthestreettheotherdaywhomadeasightseeingtourhere.4.为避免重复，如果两个从句中有一个用了that:themanthatmadesuggestionsatthemeetingisthemanagerwhorunsabigbusiness.5.therebe结构中，主语指人，定语从句可以用who:thereisaprettygirlwhowantstoseeyou.,五、关系代词as引导定从，在从句中作主语、宾语。出现在下列句型结构中，表示“这一点，正如/就像”1.suchpeopleasyoudescribearerarenow.2.letsdiscussonlysuchquestionsasconcerneveryoneofus.youcanwaitformeatthesameplacesaswedid.你可以在老地方等我。sheisso/asniceagirlaseveryoneloves.asmanyteenagersascomeherearetopstudents.来这儿的许多少年都是优秀学生。teachingisasmuchanartasitisascience.,asweallknow,johnisanhonestman.assb.expect/imagine/know/pointout/see/say/mention/report,asisoftenthecase(with),正如常见的情形一样ashashappened,正如已经发生的ashasbeenpointedout/reported,正如已指出/报导aswas/isexpected,正如所预料的那样asisknown(toall),asmaybeimagined正如可以想象出来的那样比较：hereissodifficultaquestionasnobodycananswer.hereissodifficultaquestionthatnobodycananswerit.,thisisthesamebikethatilost.(同一辆)thisisthesamebikeasilost.(相似性)shepassedthedrivingtest,asweexpected.(语义与主句一致；as指代全句，可置句首、句中、句末)shepassedthedrivingtest,whichwedidntexpected.(语义与主句不一致，置句末或在否定句中)六.关系代词than引导定语从句，在句中作主语/宾语/表语：hespendsmoremoneythanheearns.shelooksfarolderthansheis.看起来比实际年龄老多hereturnedhomemuchsoonerthanwasexpected.,七、关系副词when,where,why的用法,关系副词都等于一个适当的介词which，在从句中作状语when=in/at/on/+which;where=in/at/on/+which;why=for/+which,1.doyoustillrememberthedaywhen(onwhich)wewenttovisitthemuseumtogether?2.thisisthefactorywhere(inwhich)myfatheronceworked.3.thisisthereasonwhy(forwhich)hewaslate.,八、注意事项：1、关系代词和关系副词在定从中的不同成分a、thisistheplacewhereheworks.thisistheplacewhich(that)wevisitedlastyear.b、thatwasthetimewhenhearrived.doyoustillrememberthedaysthat(which)wespenttogether?c、thisisthereasonwhyhewent.thereasonthat(which)hegaveuswasquitereasonable.,2、关系代词放在介词后面，只能用which或whoma.thisistheboywithwhomheworked.b.thisistheboywhomheworkedwith.c.thisistheboywhoheworkedwith.d.thisistheboyheworkedwith.e.thehousewhereweliveisnotlarge.f.thehouseinwhichweliveisnotlarge.g.thehousewhichweliveinisnotlarge.h.thehouseweliveinisnotlarge.,九、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,1限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。如：a)whatisthenameofthetallwomanwhoisstandingthere?站在那边的那个女人叫什么名字?b)torontoisacity(that)ivealwayswantedtovisit.多伦多是我常想去参观的一个城市。,c)thewoman(that/whom/who)ispoketojustnowisournewhead.刚才和她说话的那位是我们新来的负责人。d)october1,1949wasthedaywhenthepeoplesrepublicofchinawasfounded.1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。idontliketheway(that/inwhich)hetreatsme.thereasonwhy/forwhichshewasupsetisthatshesufferedfailureinthemid-termexamination.,2非限制性定语从句和主句关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that引导。非限制性定语从句中，关系词不可省略。如：a)rome,whichisthecapitalofitaly,hasaverylonghistory.意大利的首都罗马历史非常悠久。b)yesterdayimetprofessorking,whocamefromtheuniversityoflondon.昨天我遇见金教授，他从伦敦大学来的。c)helentmeadictionary,whichwasjustwhatineeded.他借给我一本词典，这正是我所需要的。,3.大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊场合非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由which引导。eg.amiddle-agedwomankilledherhusband,whichfrightenedmeverymuch.一个中年女子杀害了其丈夫，这事令我十分恐惧。析：从语境可知，令我恐惧的内容应为中年女子杀害了其丈夫这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由which引导定语从句。,eg.afive-year-oldboycanspeaktwoforeignlanguages,whichsurprisesallthepeoplepresent.一个五岁的男孩会讲两门外语，令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。析：从语境可知，令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语这整个一件事，因此先行词为整个主句，此时应由which引导非限制性定语从句。,4.关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替whom，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。eg.thisisthegirlwhomimetinthestreet.这是我在街上遇到的女孩。先行词thegirl在限制性定语从句中作宾语，可用who代替whom。eg.ayoungmanhadanewgirlfriend,whomhewantedtoimpress.一个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻印象。先行词anewgirlfriend在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，不可用who代替whom。,5.比较：a)shehastwobrotherswhoareworkinginthecity.shehasmorethantwobrothers.她有两个弟弟在这个城市工作。b)shehastwobrothers,whoareworkinginthecity.shehasonlytwobrothers.她有两个弟弟，他们在这个城市工作。,下面两个句子只有一个逗号之差，意义大相径庭。a)hewillwearnoclotheswhichwillmakehimdifferentfromothers.他不会穿一些使他显得与众不同的衣服。b)hewillwearnoclothes,whichwillmakehimdifferentfromothers.他不穿衣服，这会使他显得与众不同。,十.定语从句做题应注意的若干问题：1.疑问句为一般疑问句，有否先行词：isthisfactorytheoneyoureferredto?2.定从的主谓一致：thisisoneofthesongsthatwerepopularthen.thisistheonlyonethatwaspopularthen.3.定从与先行词的分隔现象:(插入语/介词短语/副词/谓语)thereisanexpressioninhiseyesthaticantunderstand.theteenagersthrowthingsanywhereastheywish,whichithinkisabadhabit.thedayisnotfaroffwhenwewillmakeatriptobritain.,4.介词+关系代词：thereare54studentsinourclass,some/46%ofwhomarefromthecountryside.antarcticaboutwhichweknowverylittleiscoveredwiththickicealltheyearround.isawherrunbackinthedirectionfromwhichshehadcome.5.定从的倒装问题：themissilebasewasbuiltinasecretplace,aroundwhichwerehighmountains.6.避免定从的某个句子成分重复：istandonthetopofthebuildingfromwhereicanseethewholeschoolthere.7.定从与其它从句的区别：helefttheplacewherehelivedforyears.(定语从句)heleftthekeywherehehadstayedanhourbefore.(状从),wedontbelievethenewsthathetoldusjustnow.(定从)wecouldhardlybelievethenewsthatourteamwon.(同位语从句)itisknowntousallthatpaperwasfirstmadeinchina.(主语从句)asisknowntousall