大学英语语法1——主语谓语(1)

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWriting,Unit1,Basicpartsofasentence(I)Grammar:1.Subjectandpredicate2Hard-to-findsubjectsWriting:Correcting:SentencefragmentsRewriting:Sentencecombiningstrategies,Subjectandpredicate,Asentenceisagroupofwordsthatexpressesacompletethought.Everysentencehastwobasicparts,asubjectandapredicate.Thesubjectisthenamingpartofthesentence,representingtheperson,place,orthingthatperformstheactionoftheverborexpressingtheconditionorstateoftheverb.,Subjectsarenounsandotherformsthatcanfunctionasnouns,suchaspronouns,clauses,infinitivesandgerunds.Asubjectusuallycomesfirstinasentence.Itisthetopicaboutwhichthespeakerorwriterisspeakingorwriting.Forexample,1)Mygrandfatherboughtthecarmanyyearsago.2)Thecarwasboughtmanyyearsagobymygrandfather.,Fillintheblanks:1)Mygrandfatherboughtthecarmanyyearsago.2)Thecarwasboughtmanyyearsagobymygrandfather.,Inmygarage,thereisanoldcar._.ItisaCadillac,averyclassicalluxurycar,manufacturedin1966.Thecarhas65.000originalmilesonit,butsittinginadampgarageformostofitslifedidntdomanyfavorsforit.,Fillintheblanks:1)Mygrandfatherboughtthecarmanyyearsago.2)Thecarwasboughtmanyyearsagobymygrandfather.,Inmygarage,thereisanoldcar.Itismygrandfathersgiftformygrandmother._.Inordertobuythiscar,mygrandfatherhadbeensavinghismoneyforquiteafewyears.Heworkedasatruckdriverforalocalgrocerychain,andsupportedabigfamilyonhissalary.Needlesstosay,moneywasprettyhardtocomebythattime.Accordingtomygrandmother,attheendofthedayhewouldcomehomeandemptyhisspacechangeintoajarbesidethebed.Whenthejarwasfull,hewouldtakeittotheband.,Predicatesareverbs.Apredicateisthedoingorbeingpartofthesentence,expressingtheactionorstateofbeingofthesubject.Thepredicate,oftencomingafterthesubject,isthesemanticandgrammaticalcenterofasentence.Iboughtahouseformyparents.Someoftheburiedworkersarestillalive.Thebabiesgrewnervousfromtheloudnoise.,Averbisoftenmadeupofmorethanoneword.Theverbthatexpressestheactionorstateofbeingofthesubjectiscalledmainverb.Thewordthataccompanythemainverbiscalledanauxiliary/helpingverb,whichhelpsthemainverbexpressmoodortimebyformingvarioustenses.Georgemustbeplayingbasketballwiththemnow.Thethiefhasbeencaughtinadesertedbuilding.,Auxiliary/helpingverbscannotbeusedaloneinasentence.Itmustgotogetherwithmainverbs.Correctthefollowingsentences：Tomorrowwillsurelybetter.Ourcampuswillmoreandmorebeautiful.Whenyouopenedthewindow,theroomwouldimmediatelybright.,Verbcanbeclassifiedintotwo:actionverbsandlinkingverbs.Anactionverbexpressesanaction,suchasdo,act,make,walk,take,break,react,write,see,say,buy,buildandsoon.Alinkingverblinks/joinsthesubjectofasentence(oftenanounorapronoun)withanoun,apronoun,oranadjectivethatidentifiesordescribesthesubject.Itdoesnotshowaction,butexpresstheexistenceorstateofbeingofthesubject.,Anoun,apronounoranadjectivethatfollowsalinkingverbiscalledapredictive,whichpointsbacktothesubjecttorenameit,toidentifyitortodescribeitfurther.Thereareelevenlinkingverbswhicharemostfrequentlyused.Wecanbrieflyputthemintothreegroups.expressingjudgmentorchange:be,get,turn,proveindicatingfivesensesofhumans:look,feel,smell,taste,soundsomeothers,“GRABS”:grow,remain,appear,become,seem,Examples：Foryearshergrandfatherwasoneofthetownleaders.Mycoatseemedtoolarge.Pineapplesometimestastesbetterwithsalt.Moststudentsfeeldisappointedwiththeresult.Thetimeofhisbirthremainsamysterytous.,LocatingtheSubjectandVerb,Forestfiresareoftencausedbybrokenglass.Bythen,however,inmanyplacesthegrasshadalreadytakenroot.Awomanyouknowwellwillrushtowardsyou.Eachofthestudentsrequestedmorehomework.Theleaderofthepartywasexaminingthesoilneartheentrancetothecave.Itsuddenlyoccurredtooneoftheworkerstoopenupthebox.Thenhesitsandbarksuntilsomeoneletshimout.Totheirsurprise,thepreciousparcelwasfullofstonesandsand!Tonysawmeandcameandsatatthesametable.Ifyouparkyourcarinthewrongplace,atrafficpolicemanwillsoonfindit.,2.Hard-to-findsubjects,1.There/HerebeMostfrequently,asubjectcomesfirstinasentenceandusuallygoesbeforeapredicate.However,sentencescanbebuiltsothatthepredicatecomesbeforethesubject.Onewaytomakesuchasentenceistobeginasentencewiththereorhere.Noticetheplacementofsubjectsinthefollowingexamples.Thesubjectsareunderlinedonceandthepredicatestwice.Hereisyourticket.Herearethechildren.Therearelotsofpinetreesinthepark.Therewillbeaninternationalexhibitionnextyear.,Inthesentencepatterns“There/Herebe”,thepredicate“be”canalsobereplacedbyanactionverbsuchascome,live,remain,stand,lie,appear,exist,seem,remainandsoon.Herecomesthebus.Theregoesthelittleboy.TherelivedsixblandmeninasmallIndianvillage.Thereexistedagreattribecenturiesago.,2.ImperativesentencesAnimperativesentencegivesanorder/command,ormakesarequest:Thesubjectyouisunderstood.Itdoesntneedtobestated.Obviously,thewordyoumeanstheperson(subject)beingorderedorcommanded.Shutup!(You)shutup!Showmeyourpassport.(You)showmeyourpassport.Closethedoorbehindyou.(You)closethedoorbehindyou.,3.InterrogativesentencesAninterrogativesentenceasksaquestion,usuallyendingwithaquestionmark.Whenyoubuildquestions,youplaceahelping/auxiliaryverbbeforethesubjectandleaveamainverbbehind.Haveyouappliedforthejob?DidJimfinishhisprojectandhanditinearly?Whendidthewitnessreporttheaccident?,4.InvertedSentencesAninvertedSentenceisasentencebuiltinthewaythatthepredicatecomesbeforethesubject.Itservestoaddemphasistothesubject.Aninvertedsentenceusuallybeginswithaprepositionalphrase.Alongcountryroadsgrowmanyflowers.Onthefloorisyourhomeworkassignment.Downthestepsofthepalacewalksjournalist.,LocatingtheSubjectandVerb,Donotcomeinunlessasked.Infrontofthetowerflewsastream.Manyyearsagotherelivedanoldmaninthewoodenhouse.Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Isthisyourcellphonenumber?Awaywentthecrowedonebyone.Neverbelateagainnexttime.Toeachoftheneighborscameareward.Atthetopofthelemontreethereisasparrowsnest.RightfromthestarttherewastroublewiththeHubbletelescope.“Didyouhaveagoodmeal?”heasked.Whatdidshewanttorepair?,3.SentenceFragment,Everysentencemusthaveasubjectandaverbandmustexpressacompletethought.Awordgroupthatlacksasubjectoraverbandthatdoesnotexpressacompletethoughtisasentencefragment.,1.LackofasubjectAsubjectislikeaheadforahumanthatyoucannotgowithoutit.Lackofasubjectisoneofthemostcommonerrorsinwriting.Twosolutionsareavailable:1)addingasubjecttothefragmenttomakeitacompletesentence;2)combiningthefragmentwithanothersentenceifthetwoshareasubject.Ilookedforaplacetoturnaround.Butonlyfoundanarrowroad.Ilookedforaplacetoturnaround.ButIonlyfoundanarrowroad.Ilookedforaplacetoturnaroundbutonlyfoundanarrowroad.Ilookedforaplacetoturnaroundbutonlytofindanarrowroad.,2.LackofacompleteverbApredicateverbismostnecessaryforasentence.Theerroroflackingacompleteverbcanbecorrectedby:1)addingacompleteverborahelpingverbtomakethesentencecomplete;2)combiningthefragmentwithanothersentence.Iwasfullyawakenow.Iwonderingwhathadhappenedtome.Iwasfullyawakenow.Iwaswonderingwhathadhappenedtome.Iwasfullyawakenow,wonderingwhathadhappenedtome.Fullyawakenow,Iwaswonderingwhathadhappenedtome.,3.Lackofbothasubjectandaverb.Agroupofwordswithoutasubjectandaverbisonlyafragment.Theerrorcanbecorrectedbycombiningitwithanothersentence.TheTitanicwascompletedin1912.Themostluxuriousshipofitsday.TheTitanic,themostluxuriousshipofitsday,wascompletedin1912.Completedin1912,theTitanicwasthemostluxuriousshipofitsday.,4.LackofamainclauseAmainclausesometimescalledanindependentclauseisaclausethatcanstandbyitselfandstillmakesense.Youmusthaveatleastonemainclauseineverysentence.Amainclauseistheessentialcomponent.Withoutamainclause,agroupofwordsisafragment.Twosolutionsareavailable:1)combiningthefragmentthatisasubordinateclausewithamainclause;2)rewritingthefragmentasacompletesentence,eliminatingthesubordinatingconjunctionortherelativepronounandaddingwordsnecessarytomakeacompletethought.Grandparentsalwaysheldaspecialplaceincaringforthelittleones.Becausetheyhadmoretimetodevotetothem.Grandparentsalwaysheldaspecialplaceincaringforthelittleones,becausetheyhadmoretimetodevotetothem.Grandparentsalwaysheldaspecialplaceincaringforthelittleones.Theyhadmoretimetodevotetothem.,Exercises:Findthemissingwordandcorrectthefollowingsentencefragments.,1.Theplaywillsoonover.2.Astrangeflyingobjectseeminglyinthebackyard.3.Thecatmaybeontherooforinthebushes.4.Ialwaysnervousinthefirstdayofclasses.5.Stanleyalwaysreadyforafight.6.Lightingthedarkskyforafewseconds.7.PumasarefoundinAmerica.Large,cat-likeanimals.8.Thesearchingwentonforseveralweeks,butthemurdernotcaught.9.Wellsaygoodbyetohim,becausehellawayfortwomonths.10.Theteamplanstostayhereforfivedays.Duringthistime,willgivefiveperformances.11.Thebeggarmayaskyouformoney.Butneveraskyoutofeelsorryforhim.12.“Oh,that,”hesaidwithasmileasifhetalkingaboutanoldfriend.,Correcting:,1.beover.2.cannottrustcannotbetrusted3.seeminglylanded/fell4.maybemaybe5.maybemaybe6.AfterIhadhadlunchatavillagepub.AfterIhadhadlunchatavillagepub,7.amalwaysnervous8.isalwaysready9.LightingItlighted10.Theyarelarge,cat-likeanimals.11.themurderwasnotcaught.12.hellbeaway,Assignment：,Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.Passage1(AdaptedfromLesson12,NewConceptEnglishbyL.G.Ale