新世纪高职高专英语综合教程4Unit10

LI_main-1,TeachingObjective,Masterthekeywordsandstructures,andlearnsomethingaboutthemysteriesleftbyancientpeople,especiallyabouttheancientpeoplelivinginCentralAmerica.Fromthepassagetheyshouldalsolearnthatinancienttimes,civilizationbeganandsomeofthemcontinuedtilltoday.Wecanlearnsomethingaboutancientcivilizationaswellasculturesofthattime.,KeyPoints,Vocabulary,ancestorarcheologistastronomycarvecivilizationcluecraftsmanexpeditionexplorerpotterypredictreservoirsculptorstretchtempleatangleoftreesaheadofcutoneswaythroughkeeptrackofpiecetogetheruptoworksofartsfigureout,LI_main-2,TeachingProcedures,KeyPoints,Structure,Skills,Mostpuzzlingofall,Howtowriteanexplanatorycompositiontellingwhy,LeadInActivity;StudyoftheText;StudyofWordsandPhrases;StudyofReadMore;StudyofPracticalReading;StudyofPracticalWriting,LI_main,LeadIn,1.TheMayas,2.TheMayanCivilization,3.CentralAmerica,4.Tikal,5.Topic-relatedWordsandPhrases,Ts_main,TextStudy,1.GlobalReading,2.DetailedReading,CS,4.GroupDiscussion,Consolidation,1.Dictation,2.WordsandPhrases,3.ListeningPractice,LA,2.PracticalReading,LanguageApplication,1.PracticalWriting,DPT-P1,DrillsforPRETCOTest,1.ListeningComprehension,2.VocabularyandStructure,3.Translation,LI_1_1,TheMayas,TheMayasaretheindigenouspeopleofSouthMexicoandCentralAmerica,occupyinganareacomprisingtheYucatnpeninsulaandmuchofthepresentstateofChiapas,Mexico;GuatemalaandBelize;partsofElSalvadorandextremewesternHonduras.Speakingagroupofcloselyrelatedlanguages,thepopulationofMayatodayisover4million.,LI_1_2,LI_2_1,TheMayanCivilization,TheMayaareprobablythebest-knownoftheclassicalcivilizationsofMesoamerica.OriginatingintheYucatnaround2600B.C.,theyrosetoprominencearoundA.D.250inpresent-daysouthernMexico,Guatemala,northernBelizeandwesternHonduras.Buildingontheinheritedinventionsandideasofearliercivilizations,theMayadevelopedastronomy,calendarsystemsandhieroglyphicwriting.Around300B.C.,theMayaadoptedahierarchicalsystemofgovernmentwithrulebynoblesandkings.ThiscivilizationdevelopedintohighlystructuredkingdomsaroundtheClassicPeriod,A.D.200-900.ItstartedtodeclinearoundA.D.900whenthesouthernMayaabandonedtheircities.WhenthenorthernMayawereintegratedintotheToltecsocietybyA.D.1200,theMayadynastyfinallycametoaclose.,LI_1_2,LI_3_1,CentralAmerica,CentralAmericaisthenarrow,southernmostregion(c.523,698sqkm)ofNorthAmerica,linkedtoSouthAmericaatColombia.ItseparatestheCaribbeanfromthePacific.Generally,itisconsideredtoconsistofthesevenrepublicsofBelize,Guatemala,Honduras,ElSalvador,Nicaragua,CostaRica,andPanama.CentralAmericasclimatevarieswithaltitudefromtropicaltocool.Theeasternsideoftheregionreceivesheavyrainfall.Bananas,coffee,andcacaoarethechiefcropsofCentralAmerica,andgoldandsilverareminedthere.,LI_3_3,LI_4_1,Tikal,TikalisaruinedcityoftheClassicPeriodoftheMaya,inNorthcentralPetn,Guatemala.AsthelargestandpossiblytheoldestoftheMayacities,Tikalconsistsofninegroupsofcourtsandplazasbuiltonhillylandabovesurroundingswamps(whichmayhavebeenlakesinformertimes)andinterconnectedbybridgesandcauseways.Themaincivicandreligiouscenterofthecitycoversabout500acres.Templesandpalacesriseabovetheplazas.Withabackdropoflushtropicalvegetationtheabandonedcityisanimpressivesight.,LI_4_2,ananimal,plant,etc.thatisthoughttohaveaspecialspiritualconnectionwithaparticulartribeespeciallyinNorthAmerica,orafiguremadetolookliketheanimal,etc.,LI_5_1,Topic-relatedWordsandPhrases,totem:,LI_5_2,arulerofancientEgypt.As“LordoftheTwoLands”thepharaohwastherulerofUpperandLowerEgypt.Heownedalloftheland,madelaws,collectedtaxes,anddefendedEgyptagainstforeigners.As“HighPriestofEveryTemple”,thepharaohrepresentedthegodsonEarth.,pharaoh:,LI_5_3,Amummyisthebodyofaperson(orananimal)thathasbeenpreservedafterdeath.TheancientEgyptiansbelievedthatmummifyingapersonsbodyafterdeathwasessentialtoensureasafepassagetotheafterlife.,mummy:,Ts_gr,GlobalReading,1.QuestionsandAnswers,2.TextAnalysis,Ts_p1_QuestionsandAnswers1,QuestionsandAnswers,Directions:Skimtheparagraphsforanswerstothefollowingquestions.,Theyfoundtheruinsofanancientcitywithwell-designedstonebuildingsandhandsomestonemonuments.,ParagraphOne:,Question:WhatdidagroupofexplorersfindwhilecuttingtheirwaythroughaforestinCentralAmerica?,Answer:,Ts_p1_QuestionsandAnswers2-3,Themoreancientcitiestheydiscovered,themorepuzzledtheybecame.Theycouldntfindoutwhobuiltthecities,andhowtheycouldliveinthemiddleofarainforest.Themostpuzzlingonewaswhathadhappenedtothem.,ParagraphTwo:,Whatproblemsdidthearcheologistsmeetwithwhentheydiscoveredmorecitiesthere?,Answer:,Question:,ScientistsbelievethattheancestorsoftheIndiansbuiltthecitiesandcarvedthemonuments.,ParagraphThree:,Whobuiltthecitiesandcarvedthestonemonuments?,Answer:,Question:,Ts_p1_QuestionsandAnswers4-5,Theydecidedthetimeaccordingtothedatescarvedonsomemonumentsandtheburiedpottery.,ParagraphFour:,HowdidthescientistsdecidethetimewhentheMayaslivedinthosecities?,Answer:,Question:,Theyfoundintheruinstheroads,waterreservoirsandtemplesbuiltoneontopofanother.Onthewallsofthebuildingswerehandsomepictureswhileintombswerepaintedpotsandpiecesofcarefullycarvedjewelry.,ParagraphFive:,Whatdidthearcheologistsfindwhilediggingthecities?,Answer:,Question:,Ts_p1_QuestionsandAnswers6-7,Theymainlyworkedonlargebuildings,anddidntattachimportancetosmallbuildings,suchashouses.,ParagraphSix:,Whatwerethearcheologistserrorsindiggingthecities?,Answer:,Question:,Theyfoundthatinsomehousestherewereremainsoffinelydecoratedpotterywhileinsomeothersonlyfewerandplainerpieces.Theyalsofoundthathouseswereclosetogether.,ParagraphSeven:,Whatdidtheyfindinrecentyears?,Answer:,Question:,Ts_p1_QuestionsandAnswers8-9,Newdiscoveriestoldthemthatthedifferencesinthehousesshowedthatthereweremanydifferentclassesofpeoplelivinginthecities.,ParagraphEight:,Whatdidthenewdiscoveriesmeantoarcheologists?,Answer:,Question:,TheyfoundthattheMayashadbeenabletodomanythingsonlywithtoolsmadeofwoodorstone.,ParagraphNine:,Whatmadethearcheologistsmoreandmoreimpressedastheirstudieswenton?,Answer:,Question:,Ts_p1_QuestionsandAnswers10-11,Oneofthemostimportantthingstheydidwaslearningtowrite.,ParagraphTen:,WhatisoneofthemostimportantthingstheMayasdid?,Answer:,Question:,Theycouldcountuptothemillions.Theywerethefirstpeopletousezero.,ParagraphEleven:,WhataretheaccomplishmentstheMayasmadeinmathematics?,Answer:,Question:,Ts_p1_QuestionsandAnswers9,Theywerewayaheadofotherancientpeoplesinastronomy.,ParagraphTwelve:,InwhatfieldweretheMayaswayaheadofotherancientpeoples?,Answer:,Question:,Ts_TextAnalysis-1,TextAnalysis,MainIdeas,Earlydiscoveriesofanancientcity.,Questionsraisedaboutthediscoveredcities.,PossibleanswerstotheMayancivilization.,PossibleerrorsinjudgingMayanstructures.,1,2,3-5,6,Paragraphs,Ts_TextAnalysis-2,TextAnalysis,MainIdeas,NewevidenceofthefunctionofMayancities.,TheMayasimpressiveaccomplishments.,7,9-12,Paragraphs,ChangeofviewsonMayanlife.,8,Ts_readin,Theruinsofonce-beautifulcitiesintheforestsofCentralAmericatellscientistsmuchabouttheamazingpeoplewhobuiltthem.Buttheydonottellwhythesecitiesweresuddenlyabandonedoveronethousandyearsago.AroundA.D.800,somethingmysterioushappenedtotheMayancivilization.Activitystoppedincityaftercity.Nomoremonumentsortempleswerebuilt.Wallsandfoundationsfornewbuildingswereleftunfinished.Tomodernarcheologistsitlookedasifthecitieshadbeenabandoned.Whathappened?Whatisthemeaningofthismystery?,ReadIn,Ts_1_s,EarlyDiscoveries,Inthelate1700s,agroupofexplorerscuttingtheirwaythroughaforestinCentralAmericacameupontheruinsofanancientcity.Underatangleoftreesandvines,theyfoundlarge,well-designedstonebuildingsandhandsomestonemonuments.Someofthestoneswerecoveredwithastrangekindofwriting.Carvingsonotherstonesshowedthatatleastsomeofthepeoplewholivedinthearealongbeforewerehighlyadvanced.,TheMysteryoftheMayas,Ts_2_s,QuestionsRaisedInthenext150years,morecitieswerediscovered.Theyseemedtobepartofagreatcivilizationstretchingacross500miles(about800kilometers)offorest.In1881,anEnglishmannamedAlfredMaudslayledthefirstbigscientificexpeditiontostudytheruins.Maudslaywasanarcheologist,ascientistwhostudiestheremainsofancientcommunitiesforcluestohowthepeoplelived.Otherexpeditionsfollowed,butatfirsttheyfoundmorequestionsthananswers:Whobuiltthecities,andwhen?Howhadthepeoplelivedhereinthemiddleofarainforest?Mostpuzzlingofall,whathappenedtothem?,Ts_3-4_s,PossibleAnswersGraduallysomeoftheanswershavebeenpiecedtogether.Today,livinginpartsofMexicoandGuatemala,therearebrownskinnedIndianpeoplecalledtheMayas.ScientistsbelievedthattheancestorsoftheseIndiansbuiltthecitiesandcarvedthestonemonuments.DatescarvedonsomemonumentsshowtheywereputupbetweenA.D.300and800,butbitsofburiedpotterytellusthattheMayashadlivedinsomeoftheircitiesforhundredsofyearsearlier.AttheheightoftheMayancivilization,theremusthavebeenovertwomillionpeoplelivinginandaroundhundredsofbeautifultownsandcities.,Ts_5_s,Archeologistsdigginginthesecitieshaveuncoveredroads,afewwaterreservoirs,andtemplesbuiltoneontopofanother.Handsomepicturesmadeofsculpturedplasterandpaintedinbrightcolorswerefoundonthewallsofbuildings.Paintedpotsandpiecesofcarefullycarvedjewelrywerediscoveredintombsunderthefloorsoftemples.ThesepicturesandobjectsshowedmuchabouttheMayaslife.Therewerescenesofpeopleworking,peopleatwar,noblesholdingcourt,priestsinfantasticcostumes,andMayangods.,Ts_6_s,PossibleErrorsForalongtime,archeologistsworkedonlyonuncoveringlargeMayanstructures,suchastemples,palaces,andballcourts.Littleeffortwasmadetofindtheremainsofsmallerbuildings,suchashouses.Theseemingabsenceofhousesledpeopletobelievethatthecitieswereonlythehomesofpriestsandrulers,wholivedinthepalaces.Theythoughttheordinarypeopleprobablylivedinthecountrysideandcametothecitiesonlyforreligiousceremonies.,Ts_7_s,NewEvidenceInrecentyears,newevidencehasbeenuncoveredatanumberofMayancitiesbydifferentgroupsofarcheologists.TheUniversityofPennsylvania,inPhiladelphia,hasjustfinishedatwelve-yearstudyofTikal,thebiggestoftheMayancities.Somehadmanyremainsoffinelydecoratedpottery.Othershadfewerandplainerpieces.Thehouseswereveryclosetogether,withlittlespacetoraisefood,exceptinsmallgardens.,Ts_8_s,ChangeofViewThesenewfindingschangedourpictureofMayanlife.Dr.WilliamR.Coe,directoroftheTikalproject,saidthatTikalmusthavebeenarealcityafterall,atleastforpartofitshistory.Itmusthavehadabigpopulation.Thedifferencesinthehousesshowthatthereweremanydifferentclassesofpeople.Perhapssomewerecraftsmenthestonecutters,sculptors,andpainterswhoworkedonnewtemplesandmonuments.,Ts_9_s,MayasImpressiveAccomplishmentsAsarcheologistsstudiedtheMayas,theybecamemoreandmoreimpressedbyhowmuchthesepeoplehadbeenabletodo.Inotherpartsoftheworld,peoplewereusingmetaltoolsbeforetheybeganbuildingcities.Theyalsohadwheelsandcartstohelpmoveloads,anddomesticatedanimalstopushorpullthem.TheMayashadnoneofthesethings.Theironlytoolsweremadeofwoodorstone.Yettheycutandcovedrocksweighingthousandsofpounds,andbuilttemplesover200feet(abovesixtymeters)tall.,Ts_10-11_s,ButtheMayascoulddomorethanjustmakebuildingsandworksofart.Oneofthemostimportantthingstheydidwaslearntowrite.WhensomeoftheMayanwritingwasfiguredout,archeologistsdiscoveredhowmuchtheMayasknewaboutotherthings,too.Inmathematics,theycouldcountuptothemillions.Theywerethefirstpeopletofigureouthowtousethezerowithothernumeralstomakeworkingwithlargenumberseasier.,Ts_12_s,Inastronomy,too,theywerewayaheadofotherancientpeoples.RecordsshowthattheMayashadobservedtheskiesforcenturies,keepingtrackofwhattheysaw.Theyknewhowlongthemoontooktogoaroundtheearth,andhowlongtheplanetVenustooktocomebacktothesameplaceinthesky.Theycouldpredicteclipses,andtheyworkedoutacalendarofeighteentwenty-day“months”andonefive-day“month”thatmeasuredtheyearasaccuratelyasthecalendarweusetoday.,Ts_readin_w,Theruinsofonce-beautifulcitiesintheforestsofCentralAmericatellscientistsmuchabouttheamazingpeoplewhobuiltthem.Buttheydonottellwhythesecitiesweresuddenlyabandonedoveronethousandyearsago.AroundA.D.800,somethingmysterioushappenedtotheMayancivilization.Activitystoppedincityaftercity.Nomoremonumentsortempleswerebuilt.Wallsandfoundationsfornewbuildingswereleftunfinished.Tomodernarcheologistsitlookedasifthecitieshadbeenabandoned.Whathappened?Whatisthemeaningofthismystery?,ReadIn,Ts_readin_w_mysterious,Theruinsofonce-beautifulcitiesintheforestsofCentralAmericatellscientistsmuchabouttheamazingpeoplewhobuiltthem.Buttheydonottellwhythesecitiesweresuddenlyabandonedoveronethousandyearsago.AroundA.D.800,somethingmysterioushappenedtotheMayancivilization.Activitystoppedincityaftercity.Nomoremonumentsortempleswerebuilt.Wallsandfoundationsfornewbuildingswereleftunfinished.Tomodernarcheologistsitlookedasifthecitieshadbeenabandoned.Whathappened?Whatisthemeaningofthismystery?,ReadIn,mysteriousa.impossibletounderstandorexplain神秘的，难解的,e.g.,Ireceivedamysteriousletterthismorning.,Extendedwords:,mystery,mysteriously,e.g.,Hisdisappearancewasmysterious.,Ts_readin_w_monument,Theruinsofonce-beautifulcitiesintheforestsofCentralAmericatellscientistsmuchabouttheamazingpeoplewhobuiltthem.Buttheydonottellwhythesecitiesweresuddenlyabandonedoveronethousandyearsago.AroundA.D.800,somethingmysterioushappenedtotheMayancivilization.Activitystoppedincityaftercity.Nomoremonumentsortempleswerebuilt.Wallsandfoundationsfornewbuildingswereleftunfinished.Tomodernarcheologistsitlookedasifthecitieshadbeenabandoned.Whathappened?Whatisthemeaningofthismystery?,ReadIn,monumentn.building,column,statue,etc.builttoremindpeopleofa,e.g.,D-daymonumentshavebeenerectedinvariouscountries.,Extendedword:,monumental,famouspersonorevent纪念碑,Ts_readin_w_foundation,Theruinsofonce-beautifulcitiesintheforestsofCentralAmericatellscientistsmuchabouttheamazingpeoplewhobuiltthem.Buttheydonottellwhythesecitiesweresuddenlyabandonedoveronethousandyearsago.AroundA.D.800,somethingmysterioushappenedtotheMayancivilization.Activitystoppedincityaftercity.Nomoremonumentsortempleswerebuilt.Wallsandfoundationsfornewbuildingswereleftunfinished.Tomodernarcheologistsitlookedasifthecitieshadbeenabandoned.Whathappened?Whatisthemeaningofthismystery?,ReadIn,foundationn.1)thesolidbaseofabuildingunderground地基,e.g.,Aspecialceremonywasheldbeforelayingthefoundationsofthemuseum.,2)principle,ideaorfactonwhichsth.isbased;basis基础,e.g.,Hisworkhaslaidasolidfoundationforfurtherresearch.,Ts_1_w,Inthelate1700s,agroupofexplorerscuttingtheirwaythroughaforestinCentralAmericacameupontheruinsofanancientcity.Underatangleoftreesandvines,theyfoundlarge,well-designedstonebuildingsandhandsomestonemonuments.Someofthestoneswerecoveredwithastrangekindofwriting.Carvingsonotherstonesshowedthatatleastsomeofthepeoplewholivedinthearealongbeforewerehighlyadvanced.,EarlyDiscoveries,TheMysteryoftheMayas,Ts_1_w_cutoneswaythrough,Inthelate1700s,agroupofexplorerscuttingtheirwaythroughaforestinCentralAmericacameupontheruinsofanancientcity.Underatangleoftreesandvines,theyfoundlarge,well-designedstonebuildingsandhandsomestonemonuments.Someofthestoneswerecoveredwithastrangekindofwriting.Carvingsonotherstonesshowedthatatleastsomeofthepeoplewholivedinthearealongbeforewerehighlyadvanced.,EarlyDiscoveries,TheMysteryoftheMayas,cutoneswaythrough:makeapassagethroughsth.bycutting开出一条路,e.g.,TheTitaniccutitswaythroughtheseaandcontinueditstrip.,Ts_1_w_comeupon,Inthelate1700s,agroupofexplorerscuttingtheirwaythroughaforestinCentralAmericacameupontheruinsofanancientcity.Underatangleoftreesandvines,theyfoundlarge,well-designedstonebuildingsandhandsomestonemonuments.Someofthestoneswerecoveredwithastrangekindofwriting.Carvingsonotherstonesshowedthatatleastsomeofthepeoplewholivedinthearealongbeforewerehighlyadvanced.,EarlyDiscoveries,TheMysteryoftheMayas,comeupon:meetorfindsb./sth.bychance偶然遇见或发现,e.g.,Icameuponaseriesofivorycarvingsintheexhibition.,cf.,comeon,Ts_1_w_tangle,Inthelate1700s,agroupofexplorerscuttingtheirwaythroughaforestinCentralAmericacameupontheruinsofanancientcity.Underatangleoftreesandvines,theyfoundlarge,well-designedstonebuildingsandhandsomestonemonuments.Someofthestoneswerecoveredwithastrangekindofwriting.Carvingsonotherstonesshowedthatatleastsomeofthepeoplewholivedinthearealongbeforewerehighlyadvanced.,EarlyDiscoveries,TheMysteryoftheMayas,tanglen.confusedmass乱团,e.g.,Thereisonlyatangleofwiresleftintheroom.,e.g.,Hishairisalwaysinwildtangles.,Ts_1_w_carving,Inthelate1700s,agroupofexplorerscuttingtheirwaythroughaforestinCentralAmericacameupontheruinsofanancientcity.Underatangleoftreesandvines,theyfoundlarge,well-designedstonebuildingsandhandsomestonemonuments.Someofthestoneswerecoveredwithastrangekindofwriting.Carvingsonotherstonesshowedthatatleastsomeofthepeoplewholivedinthearealongbeforewerehighlyadvanced.,EarlyDiscoveries,TheMysteryoftheMayas,carvingn.anobjectorpatternmadebycuttingashapeinwoodorstone,e.g.,Thecarvingsfoundinthecaveastoundedthearchaeologicalteam.,fordecoration雕刻品,Extendedword:,carve,e.g.,MichelangelocarvedaworldfamousstatuecalledDavid.,Ts_2_w,QuestionsRaisedInthenext150years,morecitieswerediscovered.Theyseemedtobepartofagreatcivilizationstretchingacross500miles(about800kilometers)offorest.In1881,anEnglishmannamedAlfredMaudslayledthefirstbigscientificexpeditiontostudytheruins.Maudslaywasanarcheologist,ascientistwhostudiestheremainsofancientcommunitiesforcluestohowthepeoplelived.Otherexpeditionsfollowed,butatfirsttheyfoundmorequestionsthananswers:Whobuiltthecities,andwhen?Howhadthepeoplelivedhereinthemiddleofarainforest?Mostpuzzlingofall,whathappenedtothem?,Ts_2_w_stretch,QuestionsRaisedInthenext150years,morecitieswerediscovered.Theyseemedtobepartofagreatcivilizationstretchingacross500miles(about800kilometers)offorest.In1881,anEnglishmannamedAlfredMaudslayledthefirstbigscientificexpeditiontostudytheruins.Maudslaywasanarcheologist,ascientistwhostudiestheremainsofancientcommunitiesforcluestohowthepeoplelived.Otherexpeditionsfollowed,butatfirsttheyfoundmorequestionsthananswers:Whobuiltthecities,andwhen?Howhadthepeoplelivedhereinthemiddleofarainforest?Mostpuzzlingofall,whathappenedtothem?,stretchv.spreadoutoveranareaoraperiodoftime;extend绵延；延续；伸展,e.g.,Thedesertstretchesforhundred