大学英语语法3-形容词

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWriting,ByZhuXiangjun,Unit3,Modifiers:adjectivesGrammar:AdjectivesWriting:Correcting:ComparisonProblemsRewriting:Howtorewritesentences,Modifiers,Amodifierisanywordthatactstodescribeorqualifyanotherwordinsuchawaythatitenrichestheotherwordsmeaning.Itusuallymaybeanadjective,anadverboraprepositionalphrase.Addingmodifierscanmakesentencesmoreexplicit,moreinterestingandmorepowerful.Letslookatanexample.Thegirlmarried.Thegirlwaspoor.Shemarriedimmediately.Shemarriedaftergraduation.Now,youmaycombineallthesedetailsintoonesentence.Thepoorgirlmarriedimmediatelyaftergraduation.,Adjectives,Anadjectiveisawordthatmodifiesanounorapronounbylimitingitsmeaning.Ittellsacharacteristicorqualityofanounorpronoun.Adjectivestellsuchthingsaswhichone?whatkind?whose?howmany/much?Generally,adjectivesmaybeclassifiedintotwo:oneisattributiveadjectiveswhichareplacedbeforenounsandtheotherispredictiveadjectiveswhichareplacedafterlinkverbs.attributiveadjectivespredictiveadjectivesthebighouseThehouseisbig.apopularsingerThesingerispopular.,Somewordscanonlybeusedaspredictiveadjectives.Theyhavenodegreeofcomparisonandcannotbemodifiedbydegreeadverbssuchastoo,very,much,almost,nearly,enough,hardlyandsoon.Mostadjectiveswithinitiallettera-arepredictiveadjectives,suchasafraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake,ahead,ashamedetc.Andsomeothersareill,well,faint,glad,pleased,sorry,sure,certain,unable,ready,fondandsoon.Thedogisasleep.anasleepdogTheboywasill.anillboy,1Degreesofcomparison,Manyadjectiveshavedifferentformstoindicatetheirdegreeofcomparison.Therearethreelevelsofcomparison:positive,comparative,andsuperlative.Thepositivedegree,theadjectiveinitsmostbasicform,indicatesnoincreaseordiminutionoftheoriginalquality.Wearelucky.Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.,Tocomparepeople,places,eventsorthings,whentheyareequal,weuseas+adj.+as;whentheyareunequal,weusenotso/as+adj.+as.SummerinEnglandislovely.SpringinChinaislovely.SummerinEnglandisaslovelyasspringinChina.Yourstoryisinterested.Mystoryisveryinterested.Yourstoryisnotsointerestedasmine.,Whenwemakeacomparisonofquantity,weusethestructure“as+much/manyn.+as”or“as+few/littlen.+as”Iearnmuchmoney.Mysonearnsmuchmoney.Iearnasmuchmoneyasmysondoes.Harryhasfewcardsasyouhave.Youhavefewcards.Harryhasasfewcardsasyouhave.Notice:Inaninformalstyle,weuseobjectpronouns(us,them,himetc.)afterthesecond“as”.Ireceivedasmanypostcardsashedid.(formal)Ireceivedasmanypostcardsashim.(informal),Thecomparativedegreecomparestwonounsorpronouns:oneholdsagreaterorlesserdegreeofaqualitythantheother.Singlesyllableadj.:adj.-erTwo-syllableadj.:more+adj(-ful/-re).(morecareful,moremature);adj(-er/-yor-ly).-er.(cleverer,prettier,sillier).Multi-syllableadj.:more+adj.(moreinteresting)Sheisthirtyeightyearsold.Herhusbandisfiftyyearsold.Sheistwelveyearsyoungerthanherhusband.Thisworkisdifficult.Ihadthoughtitwaseasy.ThisworkismoredifficultthanIhadthoughtitwas.,Wecanusethecomparativeswith“thecomparativedegree,thecomparativedegree”tosaythatthingschangeorvarytogether.Noticethestructureis“thecomparativedegree+(n.)+subject+verb”.TheolderIgrow,thehappierIam.Themoremistrustwefeel,thelessconfidencewehave.,Thefollowingstructuresareusedtoindicatemultiple:1)Aistimesthesize/height/length/widthofB.TheOrientalPearlToweristhreetimestheheightofthisHotel.2)Aistimesasbig/high/long/wide/largeasB.AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.3)Aistimeslarger/higher/longer/widerthanB.SaltLakeisfivetimessaltierthananyoceans.,Someadjectives(mostwithorsuchasprior,superior,inferior,senior,junior,etc.)usetoinsteadofthanwhenindicatingcomparativedegree.Thetaskispriortoallothers.Healthwithoutrichesispreferabletoricheswithouthealth.,Thesuperlativedegreecomparesmorethantwonounsorpronouns.Itisthehighestdegreeofcomparisonforadjectives，usuallyformedeitherbyadding-esttotheshorterwords(kindest,fastest)orbyputtingmostbeforelongerwordsandadverbs(mostextraordinary,mostquickly).Weusethedefinitearticlethewhileusingthesuperlativedegree.Therearethreebooks.Thisoneisbest.Ofthethreebooks,thisoneisbest.Ihaveeverdonemanykindsofwork.Thatisthemosttime-consumingwork.Thatisthemosttime-consumingworkIhaveeverdone.,Exercises1:Combinethesentencesineachsetintoasingleclearsentencewhichrepresentsthedegreesofcomparison.,Theearthisbig.Themoonissmall.About50moonsequaltooneearth.Theearthis50timesthesizeofthemoon.Mymotherissixtyeightyearsold.Myfatherisseventyfouryearsold.Myfatherissixyearsolderthanmymother.Thelivingroomis36squaremeters.Thebedroomis12squaremeters.Thelivingroomisthreetimesasbigasthebedroom.,Youthinkthedictionaryisinteresting.Actuallythedictionaryisnotinteresting.Thedictionaryisnotas/sointerestingasyouthinkitis.5.Europehasalandof3,837,000Sq.Miles.Asiahasalandof17,212,000Sq.Miles.AsiaislargerthanEurope.6.ThisbookisinsimpleEnglish.TheotheroneisindifficultEnglish.Thisbookissimplerthantheotherone.7.ThisbookisinsimpleEnglish.TheotheroneisindifficultEnglish.Mypronunciationisnotsogoodasyours.,AdjectivewordorderSometimesadjectivesappearinastring,andwhentheydo,theyareinasetorderaccordingtocategory.Determinersa,an,the,my,your,several,etc.Observationslovely,boring,beautiful,etc.Sizebig,small,huge,etc.Shapelong,high,round,square,etc.Ageold,new,ancient,etc.Colorred,blue,green,etc.OriginChinese,British,American,etc.Materialgold,copper,silk,etc.Qualifierlimitersforcompoundnouns.Ibought_dress.(Chinese,a,red,silk,beautiful,long)Iboughtabeautiful,long,red,Chinese,silkdress.,PositionofadjectivesinasentenceAdjectivesareusuallyputimmediatelybeforethenounsorpronounstheymodify.ThereisanelegantGermanclockinhissittingroom.Beforeherisalongpatientqueue.Janeisacharminggirl.Whenindefinitepronouns,suchassomething,someone,anybody,aremodifiedbyanadjective,theadjectivecomesafterthepronoun:Doyouhaveanythingimportanttotellme?Anyonecapableofdoingsomethinghorribletosomeoneniceshouldbepunished.,Exercises2:Combinethesentences,Jeffwasabusinessplanner.JeffwasataFortune500company.Jeffwassuccessful.JeffwasasuccessfulbusinessplannerataFortune500company.Myfriendisascientist.Heisfamous.HeisanAmerican.Heisrespected.MyfriendisafamousrespectedAmericanscientist.Pumasareanimals.Theyarelarge.Theyarecat-like.TheyarefoundinAmerica.Pumasarelarge,cat-likeanimals(whicharefound)inAmerica.,Imettwopeople.Theyareverysmart.Imetthemattheconference.Imettwosmartpeopleattheconference.Hisbosslostacarlastnight.Thecarwaswhite.Thecarwasexpensive.Thecarwasverypretty.Hisbosslostaverypretty,expensive,whitecarlastnight.Haveyoumetthatboy?Theboywascute.Theboywasnew.Theboylivesnextdoor.Haveyoumetthatcutenewboy(wholives)nextdoor?,ComparisonProblems,Therearefivecommonerrorswriterssometimesmakewithcomparisons.1.DifferentitemsWemakeacomparisonbetweentwoormorethingsonlywhentheyhavesomethingincommon.So,besureyourcomparisonsarebetweensimilaritems.Theslavesweregivenfoodworsethantheirmastersdogs.Theslavesweregivenfoodworsethanthatfortheirmastersdogs.OurprogramislikeFudanUniversity.OurprogramisliketheoneofFudanUniversity.,2.UnbalancedstructureMakesureyourcomparisonisbalanced.Usethesamepatternonbothsidesofthecomparisontomakeitreadableandclear.Thesalaryofateacherislowerthanadoctors.Thesalaryofateacherislowerthanthatofadoctors.Ateacherssalaryislowerthanadoctors(salary).,3.OtherorelseWhenyoucompareonememberofagroupwithanother,donotomitthewordotherorelse.NewYorkhasmoreskyscrapersthananycityinAmerica.NewYorkhasmoreskyscrapersthananyothercityinAmerica.Oftheclass,Simonisobviouslymuchbrighterthananyone.Oftheclass,Simonisobviouslymuchbrighterthananyoneelse.,4.DoublecomparisonWordsthatendin-eror-estandcertainirregularcomparisonsdonotneedtobemodifiedwiththewordsmore,most,less,orleastsincetheyarealreadycomparativeorsuperlative.ThefilmwasmorefunnierthantheoneIsawlastnight.ThefilmwasfunnierthantheoneIsawlastnight.Ifeltworsertoday.Ifeltworsetoday.,5.orthanSomeadjectivesthatendinorusetonotthanwhenindicatingcomparisons.Thenewoperatingsystemissuperiorthanitsrivals.Thenewoperatingsystemissuperiortoitsrivals.Manymanagersinourcompanyarejuniorthanmenow.Manymanagersinourcompanyarejuniortomenow.,Exercises:Correctthefollowingcomparisonerrors.,Lindaistallerofthetwosisters.StephenshouseissolargeasJohns.Theareaofourcityislargerthanyourcity.JinanUniversityhasabetterBusinessEnglishProgram.Noresourceisasvitalaswater.Thesituationgoesfromworsetoworse.Johnisseniorthanmebytwoyears.Heismuchmoreolderthanme.Lifewasmuchharderthantoday.SheknowsmoreEnglishthanI.,Correcting:thetallerof2.aslargeas3.thatofyourcity4.thananyotheruniversitiesdo.5.Nootherresources6.frombadtoworse7.seniortome8.muchmoreolder9.thanitistoday10.thanIdid,Theexerciseinthissectionistocreateeffectivepassagesbycombiningtheshortsentenceswhichyouthinkisrelatedintolonger,morecomplexones.Iftherearesomemistakes,correctthem.,Passage1