英语国家概况-politic

Politics,PoliticsintheUKandtheUSA：1.Formofstate国家形态2.Formandstructureofgovernment政府形式和架构3.Majorpoliticalparties主要政党,Formofstate国家形态,Unitarystate单一制国家Federation联邦制国家，联邦Confederation邦联制国家，邦联Focus:thepowerrelationshipbetweenthenationalgovernmentandthelocalgovernments关注点：国家政府和地方政府之间的权力关系。,Mapofunitaryandfederalstates,Formsofstate,FormofstateoftheUK,TheUKisaunitarystate.英国是单一制国家National/centralgovernmentlocatesinLondon(England).中央政府位于伦敦4constituentparts:England,Scotland,WalesandNorthernIreland.四个组成部分TheUKevolvedfromEngland.今日的联合王国发源于英格兰,EvolutionoftheUK联合王国的演变,10thcentury,kingdomofEngland,kingdomofScotland,severalsmallkingdomsinWalesandIreland.1066,NormanConquestofEngland1282,conquestofWalesbyEdwardI“PrinceofWales”=heirapparent（法定继承人）oftheEnglishcrown威尔士亲王=英格兰王室太子,ThebirthofkingdomofBritain大不列颠王国的诞生,1542,theLawsinWalesActannexedWalestothelegalsystemofEngland.威尔士法案将威尔士纳入英格兰法律体系-TheLawofEnglandappliedtobothEnglandandWales.Englishtheonlylang.forofficialpurpose.英语成为唯一官方语言ExclusionofWelshfromformaloffice.威尔士人不得担任官职,BritainUKGB大不列颠王国扩大为大不列颠联合王国,1603,kingofScotlandbecamealsokingofEngland.1707,ActofUnion,Eng+ScotUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainwithoneparliament.联合法案，成立联合王国，只有一个议会。ButEnglandandScotlandkeptseparatelegalsystems,bankingsystems,Church(Anglicanism英国圣公会教会-Presbyterianism苏格兰长老教会),educationsystems.,UKGBUKGBI(3/),1066the14thcentury:EnglandinvadedcontinuouslyIreland英格兰不断入侵爱尔兰Late14thcentury,declineruleoftheEnglish英格兰统治减弱The16th18thcentury,renewedconquest重新征服1801,theActofUnion:UKGB+IrelandUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland.联合法案，大不列颠及爱尔兰联合王国,UKGBIUKGBNI,The19thandearly20thcentury:HomeRuleMovement,selfrulenotindependence.1916,theIrishWarofIndependence.1921,peacetreaty:twostatessolution.FoundationofRepublicofIreland,butNIoptedoutbyreferendumUnitedKingdomofGBandNI.19211949,IrelandremainedintheCommonwealthasaBritishDominion（英联邦自治领）,DevolutionintheUK,TheUKisaunitarystatewithadevolvedsystemofgovernment.Devolutionformulahasmuchtodowithhistory!England:nodevolvedgovernment.ScottishParliament(theScotlandAct1998):legislativepower,limitedtax-varyingcapabilities,education,health,agriculture,justice,someFP.TheNationalAssemblyforWales:GovernmenttofWalesAct(1998),legislativepower,otherpowers.TheNIAssembly:GoodFridayAgreement(1998).,SP-power,healthandsocialworkeducationandtraininglocalgovernmentandhousingjusticeandpolicingagriculture,forestryandfisheriestheenvironmenttourism,sportandheritageeconomicdevelopmentandinternaltransport,TheScottishParliamentalsohastheabilitytoalterincometax.TheScottishParliamenthasthepowertopassprimarylegislation,butcannotlegislateonreservedmatters.TheUKParliamentremainssovereign,buthasnotknowinglylegislatedonadevolvedmattersincedevolutionwithouttheagreementoftheScottishParliament,NAWcompetences【权限、职能】,1.agriculture,fisheries,cationandtraining6.environment7.fireandrescueservicesandpromotionoffiresafety8.food9.healthandhealthservices10.highwaysandtransport,11.housing12.localgovernment13.NationalAssemblyforWales14.publicadministration15.socialwelfare16.sportandrecreation17.tourism17.townandcountryplanning19.waterandflooddefence20.Welshlanguage,NI,ReligiousdivisionCtestantpoliticaldivisionUnionistvs.nationalist.TheIRA1998,theGoodFridayAgreementBelfastAgreementreachedDublinandLondonwithAmericanintervention.NI“remainspartoftheUKandshallnotceasetobesowithouttheconsentofthemajorityofthepeopleofNI.”Ire:hopetounifyNIonlybypeacefulmeans.NIisuniqueasanindependententitygovernedby3jurisdictions:RI,UK,NIexecutivegovt.,DevolutionandpowersharinginNI,EducationSinnFinHealthUlsterUnionistPartyAgricultureSinnFinEnterprise,tradeandinvestmentDemocraticUnionistPartyEnvironmentDemocraticUnionistPartyRegionaldevelopment(includingtransport)SinnFinEmploymentUlsterUnionistPartyFinanceDemocraticUnionistPartySocialDevelopmentSocialDemocraticandLabourPartyCulture,artsandleisureDemocraticUnionistParty,USA:colony/settlementconferationfederation,1607theearly1760s:13Englishcoloniesinthebravenewworld.1776.7.4,declarationofindependence.13independentstatesjoiningintogetherinaconfederationintheirfightagainsttheBritish.17761781,warofindependenceArticleofConfederation:aconfederalarrangement,CongressofDelegates.1783,peacetreatyrecognizedthe13coloniesas“freeandindependentstates.”,Fromconfederationtofederation,1786,TheFederalistPapers,Hamilton,Madison.1787,constitutionalconvention大会agreedtocreateastrongnationalgovtwithpoweroverthestates,divisionofpower,checkandbalance.Divisionofpowerbetweenthefed.,thestategovt,andlocalgovt.Citizensaresubjecttothreelevelsofgovt:federalgovtfederatedstatelocalgovt.,Threelevelofgovt,Federallevel:defenceandsecurity,foreignaffairs,civilrightsandindividualrightsStatelevel(50):education,familylaws,crimes,contractlaws.Localgovt(87,000):taxrate,localpublicbuildingsandtransportation,watersupply,police,Formofgovernment,UKisaconstitutionalmonarchyUSisaconstitutionalrepublicDifferencesinHeadofstateHeadofgovernmentRelationshipbetweenthelegislativeexecutivebranches,Constitutionaldemocraticmonarchy,Anelectedorhereditarymonarchasheadofstate.His/herpowerislimitedbytheconstitutionandtheelectedparliament.Nominal(名义上的)andceremonial(仪式性)role.Mostconstitutionalmonarchiestakeonaparliamentaryform.Themonarchkingorqueen=headofstateheadofgovtPrimeminister.,Constitutionalmonarchiestoday,GodSavetheQueen,GovernorGeneral:representativeoftheMonarch,MichalleJeanCanadaPhilipMichaelJefferyOzAnandSatyanandNZ,TheUK:fromabsolutemonarchytoconstitutionalmonarchy从绝对君主制到君主立宪制,1215,theGreatCharterMovement1688,theGloriousRevolutionRealpowerliesintheparliament,PalaceofWestminster,BicameralegislatureintheUK,upperhouse上议院:theHouseofLords贵族院lowerhouse下议院:theHouseofCommons平民院Thelords:LordsSpiritualLordsTemporal(peers)=hereditarypeerage+lifepeerage,self-representation,nosalary.TheMPs:650,electedevery5yrs,representingownconstituency（选区居民）.MPcandidate:anyonewitharighttovote,a500depositlostwithlessthan5%votes,ElectionsinUK,Generalelections:electionoftheMPs,every5yrsThepartywithmorethan326MPstherulingparty.ItsleaderthePrimeMinister,appointingtheCabinet2010,theHungParliament没有多数党的议会CoalitiongovernmentwithConservativeandLibDems2015.5.7.GeneralElection：ConservativePartywonanoutrightmajorityof330seatsintheHouseofCommons；thecoalitionended,TheUSA,Constitutionalrepublic:theheadofstateiselected.Theheadofthestateisalsotheheadofthegovernment.ThePresident.ExecutivepowerHeadofthearmies2016.11,presidentialelectionoftheUS,Presidentialelection:indirect,EveryfouryearsPartynominationElectionDaytheTue.afterthe1stMoninNov.,2016-11-4,popularvoteforthecandidateandelectorsofthestateDecember,2016,electoralcollegevoteforthecandidateMin.270votes:absolutemajority.（538votesintotal)Ifnoabsolutemajority,HoRvotesforpresident1vote1state,HoSvotesforvice-president.,ElectoralCollege,Separationofpowers,Separationofpowers+Checkandbalance,USCongression,Senate:100senators,6yrsservingterms,2yrselectorateterm,directelectionwithineachstate.salary:180,000$Representative:435members,portionaltostatepopulationsizeCalifornia:53,2yrsservice,2yrselection,directelectionwithineachstate.salary:165,000$,USCapitol国会大厦,HouseofRepresentative,HouseofSenate,Mainparties:leftandright?,Whoswho?,Whocanvote?,UKcitizen+citizenofIrelandorofaCommonwealthcountrylegallyresidinginUK+18yroldElectoralregistrationNotamemberoftheHouseofLordsNocriminaloffencerecordorrecordofcorruptandillegalpracticesinpastelection.Mentallysound.Votingisvoluntarylowturnout(投票人数),Historicalevolutionofsuffrage,UK,1432-1832,malelandownerswithproperty40shillings.1832,male,property(ownershipandlongtermleaseannualincome10pounds,mediumleaseannualincome50pounds)1918,Allmenabovetheageof21;40%ofwomen,withpropertyrestrictionsandlimitedtothoseover30yearsold.1928,equalvotingrightsforwomen(age21,nopropertyrequirement).1969,age2118Today:universalsuffrage,ElectioninUS,Elections:votersandcandidates,Voters:min.18yrsoldcitizen,sanityand/orcrimerecorddependingonthestateCandidate:HouseofR:min.25yrsold,7yrsofcitizenship,legalinhabitantofthestateSenator:min.30,9yrsofcitizenship,legalinhabitantofthe