跨文化交际 英文1ppt课件

.,Introduction,Whatdoyouknowabout“InterculturalCommunication”?HowabouttheChinesename?Asyoumayhaverealized,interculturalcommunicationisanextremelycomplicatedprocess,andcanbequitepainfulattimes.Nowadays,withtheglobalizationoftheworldeconomyandtheincreasingpopularityoftheinternet,interculturalcommunicationispartofourdailylife.Thatiswhywearehere,takingthiscourse.,.,FurtherReading,林大津跨文化交际学：理论与实践，福建人民出版社“CommunicationBetweenCultures”（美）萨莫瓦等著，陈治安导读中国和英语国家非语言交际对比LegerBrosnahan著，毕继万译，北京语言学院出版社语言研究的跨文化视野许力生著，上海外语教育出版社胡文仲主编跨文化交际丛书外语教学研究出版社胡文仲跨文化交际概论杜学增中英（英语国家）文化习俗比较平洪itisquiteformalandritualized(仪式化).(2)Interethnic(不同种族间的)Communication:Ethnicgroupsusuallyformtheirowncommunitiesinacountryorculture.Thesegroupsshareacommonoriginorheritagethatisapttoinfluencefamilynames,language,religion,values,andthelike.(3)Interracial(不同人种间的)Communication:Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.(4)IntraculturalCommunication(内文化交际):Itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.,.,FeaturesofIC,Itisabranchofcommunication.Itmainlydealswithverbalandnonverbalinteractionandrelatedfactorsininterculturalcommunication.Itsverbalmediumislanguagewhileitsnonverbalcommunicationsystemsincludebodylanguage,facialexpressions,etc.,.,GroupWork,Discussthecasesofcommunicationgivenonpage11-12ispossiblyinterculturalornotand,ifitis,towhatextentitisintercultural.(fromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural:)CommunicationbetweenaChineseuniversitystudentandanAmericanprofessor;CommunicationbetweenaCanadiangirlandaSouthAfricanboy;Communicationbetweenafirst-generationChineseAmericanandthirdgenerationone;CommunicationbetweenabusinesspersonfromHongKongandanartistfromXian;CommunicationbetweenateenagerfromBeijingandateenagerfromTibet;Communicationbetweenafatherwhoisafarmerallhislifeandhissonwhoworksasanengineer;Communicationbetweenasoftwaretechnicianandafisherman;Communicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretary(supposingtheyareofthesimilarculturalandsocialbackgrounds).,.,GroupWork,Allthecasesmayseemtobeinterculturalbuttheydifferintheextenttowhichtheyareintercultural.Howeveritmaybeverydifficultforustoplaceallthesecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalnessfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural,formanyotherfactorshavetobetakenintoconsiderationifwehavetodecidewhichismoreinterculturalthananother.Forinstance,whethercommunicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretaryisinterculturalornotand,ifitis,howinterculturalitmaybe,maydependontheculturalandsocialbackgroundsofthetwopersons.Iftheyarefromdrasticallydifferentcultures,communicationbetweenthemissurelyinterculturalandmaybeveryintercultural.Iftheyarefromthesameculture,communicationbetweenthemmaybelittleintercultural.,.,Debate,ReadthesetwodifferentviewsonICmentionedonpage12,thenstateyourpointofviewclearlyandsupportyourargumentwithconvincingandsubstantialevidence.Pro:Peoplearepeople;moreinteractionswouldleadtogreaterunderstandingofeachother.（Commonalityprecedes）Con:Peopleareshapedbydifferentenvironmentstheyfindthemselvesin,therefore,thedifferenceoverrides.(Differencesprecedes),.,Debate,SomethingtokeepinmindinIC:First,allhumanbeingssharesomeheritagesthatlinkustooneanother.Peoplethroughouttheworldareprettymuchalikeinmanyaspects,andthatiswhyitispossibleforpeopleofvariousculturestocommunicate.However,whatwehavetorealizeisthattherearealsovastdifferencesbetweenpeoplefromvariousculturalgroups.Toreallyunderstandapersonwhoseculturalbackgroundisdifferentfromyourscanbeverydifficult,forbothyouandthatpersonmaybesubconsciouslyinfluencedbyeachonesculturalupbringing.Inasense,whatweshoulddoininterculturalcommunicationistotreatpeopleofotherculturesbothasthesamewithandasdifferentfromus.,.,ReadingII,Readthearticleof“TheChallengeofGlobalization”onpage13-16andanswerthequestions.1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschanged?2.Whata“globalvillage”islike?3.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost-1945globalization?4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“theglobalmaybemorelocalthanthelocal”?5.Whyisitimportantforbusinesspeopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworld?6.Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?7.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?8.Whatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalization?,.,Supplement:HistoryandPresentStateofICStudies,1.ICandICstudiesICstudiesarerathernewwhileIC(activities)isalmostaslongasourhumanhistory.Seenfromworldwide,exchangebetweencountrieshasbecomecloseandfrequentsinceWWIIasaresultofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Theworldisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.Statesman,businessmenandothersfinditnecessarytocommunicatewithpeoplefromothercultures.Thecoinedword“globalvillage”couldbestrevealthis.Butdifferentculturesmayfavordifferentsocialinstitutions,valuesystemsandworldviews.Theymayhavedifferentbeliefs,customsandhabits.AllthesemayhinderIC.ThusthenewsubjectICpoppedup.,.,Supplement:HistoryandPresentStateofICStudies,1.ICandICstudiesAlthoughthebeginningsofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationasafieldcanbetracedbacktothe1920sintheteachingoflinguisticsandinvariousacademicandyouth-orientedprograms,communicationscholarscommonlyrecognizeE.T.Hallasthefatherofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationstudy(Condon,1981;Dodd,1982;Gudykunst,1985;Singer,1987).Hallintroducedtermssuchasinterculturaltensionsandinterculturalproblemsin1950.,.,Supplement:HistoryandPresentStateofICStudies,In1950sand1960sAmerica,asthemostpowerfulcountry,hadfrequentcontactswithothercountries.Someoftheseactivitiesweresuccessfulbutotherswerefailures.SomeoftheAmericansleftabadorevendisgustingimpressiononthenativepeople.Thusin1958TheUglyAmericanshowstheAmericanofficialsinSoutheastAsia.(ThetriggerofICstudies)In1959TheSilentLanguagebyAmericanculturalanthropologistEdwardHallsignifiedtheemergenceofthisdiscipline.ThiscoursewasofferedinUSAinlate1960sinfiveuniversities.Since1970sithasbeenpopularinUSAwith200universitiesand60graduatedschoolsofferingitin1978.ThiscoursewasintroducedtotheChinesescholarsin1980s.AccordingtoHuWenzhongin1995therewereonlyBeijingForeignStudiesUniversity,HeilongjiangUniversity,HarbinIndustrialUniversity,ShanghaiForeignStudiesUniversityandFujianTeachersUniversity.ItisrathernewinChina.,.,IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOther,Readthestoryof“HowWeAddressEachOther?”(p18-19).HowdoyouaddressafriendfromanEnglish-speakingcountry?AndhowshouldwedoitifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother?IdentifythedifferencesonaddressingbetweenChinesepeopleandAmericans.,.,IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOther,UsuallywecanaddressafriendfromanEnglish-speakingcountrybyhis/herfirstnamewithoutmentioninghis/hersurnameortitleoutofrespectforhis/herculture.BecausepeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesattachgreatimportancetocasualnessinaddressingeachotherinordertoformarelativelyintimateandequalrelationship.ButifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother,wecanaddresshim/herintheChineseway.Justastheoldsayinggoes,“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo”,itsbetterforourfriendtolearnmoreaboutandbecomebetteracquaintedwiththeChineseculture.,.,IdentifyingDifference:HowWeAddressEachOther,Inthisway,whenaddressinghim/her,wecanadd“xiao”(young)or“lao”(aged)beforehis/herfamilynameaccordingtohis/heragesoastocreateanamicableatmosphere.Wecanalsoaddresshim/herbyusinghis/hertitleinahumorousway,orbyinventingsomenicknameforhimorherineitherEnglishorChinese,dependingonthedegreeofintimacy.,.,Survey,HowmuchdoyouknowaboutthepossibleculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish-speakingpeopleinthespeechbehaviors,suchasgreeting,apologizing,makingrequests,expressinggratitudeanddisapproval,andleave-taking?,.,Survey,Greeting:Whengreetingeachother,theChineseoftenbeginwith“Haveyoueaten?”,“Whereareyougoing?”,“Whatareyoudoing?”,“Longtimenosee.”andsoon.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesusuallysay“Hello.”“Goodmorning/afternoon/evening.”“Nicetomeetyou./Gladtoseeyou.”or“Howdoyoudo?”ApologizingChinesepeopleseemtoapologizelessoftenthanEnglish-speakingpeople.TheChineseapologizeonlywhentheythinkitisaboutsomethingthatreallymatters.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesoftenapologizeintheirdailylifeevenforthemosttrivialthings.,.,Survey,MakingrequestsChinesepeopletendtomakerequestsinindirectways,especiallywhenthepeopleinvolvedarenotonintimatetermswithoneanother.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriestendtomakerequestsdirectlyandopenly.ExpressinggratitudeChinesepeopleoftenexpresstheirgratitudenotjustbywhattheysay,butalsobywhattheydoandwhattheygivetootherswhohavedonethemafavor.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriestendtoshowtheirgratitudemoreverballytootherswhohavehelpedthem.,.,Survey,ExpressingdisapprovalChinesepeoplearereluctanttoexpresstheirdisprovalopenlyforfearofmakingothersloseface.Iftheyhavetoexpressdisapproval,theyoftenprefertodoitinaveryindirectway.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesaremorelikelytoexpresstheirdisapprovalfreelyanddirectly.Leave-takingChinesepeopletendtoexcusethemselvesbyclaimingthattheothersmustbetiredorbusy,etc,usingtheexpressionsthatimputethemotiveoftirednessorbusinesstotheotherpartywhenparting.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountrieswouldusuallyfindreasonstopartrelatedtothemselvesratherthantoothers.,.,CaseStudy,Case1(Page23)1.InEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richardsmistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,“Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein.”,.,CaseStudy,Case1(Page23)2.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongpersonsinagroup,andthattheorganizationitselfbeitafamilyoravastcorporationismorevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityasavalueandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablyinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase,Richardsmistakewasinmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardtohavemerelyapologizedwouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservient,unmanly.,.,CaseStudy,Case1(Page23)3.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:forAmericans,“Helpyourself”;fortheEnglishcounterpart,“Bemyguest.”Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho“makeshimselfathome,”eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.,.,Case2Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobedirectcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.,Case3Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswoulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.,.,CaseStudy,Case4Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshavedifferentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendshipsarewarm,butcasual,andspecialized.Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomakefriendseasily,andtheydontfeelitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitbecomesinconvenienttodoso,andusuallynooneishurt.Butinsimilarcircumstancespeoplefrommanyothercultureswouldbehurtverydeeply.,.,Readthearticleof“StumblingBlocksinInterculturalCommunication”(p26-31).Somequestionswillbeaskednextclass.,Homework,Whatarestumblingblocksininterculturalcommunication?Howtoovercometheseblocks?,ReviewofUnit1,.,ABritishtouristgotlostinasmalltowninChina.AChinesecouplevolunteeredtooffertheirhelp.Andnowtheyareintroducingthemselves.Britishtourist:Itwassonicetomeetyoubothhere.ImSusanWilliams.Thankyouverymuch.Chinesecouple:Itsapleasure.ImLiFang,andthisismyhusband.WelcometoChina,MissSusan.Thankyou.Britishtourist:Mrs.Li.Wouldbothofyoulikeacupofcoffee?Chinesecouple:No,thanks.,Caseanalysis,.,WarmUp,Pleasereadthestoryonpage38,thenanswerthequestions:1.WhywasTomconsideredarudehostbyhisvisitors?2.HowcanyouexplainthefactthatTomismisunderstoodwhenheactuallywantstobekindandfriendlytothevisitors?,Unit2CultureandCommunication,.,ReadingI,Readthearticleof“WhatIsCulture”(p39-43).Whatcanyoulearnaboutculturefromit?Pleaseanswerthequestionsfollowed:1.Whichofthedefinitionsgivenabovedoyouprefer?Why?2.Whathaveyoulearnedfromthosedefinitionsaboutculture?3.Doyouagreethatourlowerneedsalwayshavetobesatisfiedbeforewecantrytosatisfythehigherneeds?,.,MaslowsHierarchyofNeedsTheory(p41),.,ReadingI,4.Whatexamplescanyougiveabouthowpeopleofdifferentculturesachievethesameendsbytakingdifferentroads?5.Whatbehaviorsofoursarebornwithandwhatarelearnedintheculturalenvironment?6.Whatotherculturaldifferencesdoyouknowinthewaypeopledothingsintheireverydaylife?7.InwhatwaysaretheChineseeatinghabitsdifferentfromthoseoftheEnglish-speakingcountries?,.,Supplement:Whatisculture?,OriginsofCultureinEnglishandChinese“Culture”isaloanwordfromLatinmeaning“cultivatingortillingtheland”.Itwasoriginallyassociatedwithphysicalactivitiesandproductionoffood.Later,itsmeaningwasextendedtoincludemental,moral,aesthetic,educationalandintellectualactivities.IncontemporaryEnglishitsoriginalmeaningisstillretained.,.,Supplement:Whatisculture?,OriginsofCultureinEnglishandChinese“文化”isanativewordinChinese.“文”and“化”wereusedtogetherintheWarringStates.“人文”in“观乎人文，以化成天下”referstotheinterwovenrelationshipsbetweenthemonarchandhissubjects,fathersandsons,husbandsandwives,brothersandfriends,and“化”means“changingand/orcultivating”.Whenusedtogether,“文”and“化”mean“以文教化”.TheywerecombinedintoonewordinHanDynasty,withitsmeaningcontrastedwith“nature”ononehandand“primitiveness”and“savage”ontheotherhand.So“文化”wasoriginallyassociatedwithmentalactivities.,.,Supplement:Whatisculture?,DefinitionofCultureinEnglishandChineseTheterm“culture”doesnotcorrespondperfectlywith“文化”.Forexamples:他没有文化(Heisilliterate.)“Whatreallybindsmentogetheristheirculture-theideasandthestandardstheyhaveincommon.”R.BenedictDefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective“Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behavioursandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.”BatesandPlog,.,Supplement:Whatisculture?,Therearealtogethernolessthan250definitionsofculturebyscholarsfromseveraldifferentfields.Despiteso,almostallscholarsagreethatculturehastwosenses:thebroadsenseandthenarrowsense.A.CultureinitsbroadsenseCultureistheattributeofman,or,whateverdistinguishesmanfromtherestpartoftheworldisculture.Basedonthis,Prof.LinDajinprovidesaChinesecounterpartdefinition:文化是人类区别于动物的综合特征.,.,Supplement:Whatisculture?,Itmayincludethefollowingcomponents:Materialsmanhasgottosatisfyhisneeds,includingscienceandtechnology,suchasspaceshuttles,airplanes,andcars;Socialinstitutionsandorganizationsmanhasestablished,includingsocioeconomicinstitutions,politico-legalinstitutions,andreligiousorganizations;Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment,includingvarioussubjectssuchasmathematicsandeducation,andartisticformssuchasliterature,painting,musicanddance;Languageandothercommunicationsystemssuchasgesturesandfacialexpressions;Customs,habitsandbehavioralpatterns;Valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits,aestheticstandardsandthinkingpatterns.,.,Supplement:Whatisculture?,Cultureinthissenseisalsocalled“largeCculture”oracademiccultureorculturewithabigC(大写字母的文化).Itscultureingeneral,cultureofallnationalitiesandethnicgroups.ButweknowtherearespecificculturessuchasChinese,AmericanandBritish.Accordingtothissense,specificculturecanbedefined(byProf.LinDajin)asthecomprehensivefeaturesthatdistinguishonegroup(beitanation,araceoranysectionofpeople)ofpeoplefromanother(一个民族区别于另一个民族的综合特征).,.,Supplement:Whatisculture?,CultureinitsnarrowsenseItscalled“smallcculture”oranthropologicalcultureorculturewithasmallc(小写字母的文化).Itcanbedefinedaslifewayofapopulation,Cultureinthissenseemphasizeswhatcharacterizesthewayoflifeofapeople,includingcomponents,and,withcomponents,andasthecentralpart.Somescholarsareinterestedin“largeCculture”whileothersin“smallcculture”,dependingonthepurposeofinvestigation.Weshallfocusoncultureinitsnarrowsense.,.,SharingKnowledge(p45-48),Readthearticleonpage45-48.Fromthisarticle,wecanlearntherearethreecharacteristicsofculturecoherent,learned,theviewofagroupofpeople;andtherearethreethingsculturedoesculturerankswhatisimportant(orculturesteachvaluesorpriorities),culturefurnishesattitudes,andculturedictateshowtobehave.,.,SharingKnowledge(p45-48),Cultureiswhatwesharewithsomebutnotwithallotherpeople;itiscommontopeoplebelongingtoacertaingrouporcategory,butdifferentfrompeoplebelongingtoothergroupsorcategories.Inourlife,cultureiseverywhereanddetermineshowweusuallybehave.Itincludesthelanguageinwhichweexpressourselves,thewayweraiseourchildren,thedeferenceweshowtoourelders,thephysicaldistancefromotherpeoplewemaintaininordertofeelcomfortable,andthewayweperceivegeneralhumanactivitiessuchaseating,makinglove,havingaconversation,formingafriendshipwithsomeone,etc.andtheceremonialssurroundingthem.,.,PropertiesofCulture,Itishumanspecific.Itisasocialphenomenon(contrastbetweensocietyandnature).Itistheembodimentofhumanknowledge,skillandcooperativelabor.Itisanationalphenomenonforeachnationhasitsownculture.Itisahistoricalphenomenon.Eachculturehassomehistoryandeachgenerationcontributestoit.Butculturewontnecessarilyremainthesame.Itisgeneralandabstract.,.,Fill-inTask(p44-45),Culturecanbeviewedasaniceberg.Nine-tenthsofanicebergisoutofsight.Thepartoftheculturalicebergthatisabovethewateriseasytobenoticed.Theotherpartthatishiddenbelow