认知心理学-完整-张亚旭(演示)ppt课件

.,1,认知心理学CognitivePsychology,张亚旭北京大学心理学系yxzhang2011年10月1011日,内容安排,第一部分（10日上午）认知心理学的学科发展与课程建设认知心理学课程的教学理念与总体教学方法认知心理学课程的总体教学设计,内容安排,第二部分（10日下午、11日上午）如何上好认知心理学的“绪论”部分认知心理学教学内容的设计与难、重点分析认知心理学课程如何反映学科前沿动态认知心理学如何开展研究性教学如何提高学生认知心理学课程学习的兴趣和积极性认知心理学课程课件的设计和使用,内容安排,第三部分（11日下午）教师如何把握学科前沿发展教师如何使用教学资源就大家关心的其它问题进行讨论和互动,认知心理学的学科发展与课程建设,1956年9月11日麻省理工学院（MIT）研讨会认知心理学的生日1967年UlricNeisser出版CognitivePsychology,认知心理学的学科发展与课程建设,认知科学（CognitiveScience）Mind认知神经科学（CognitiveNeuroscience）脑结构与功能认知,认知心理学CognitivePsychology,MichaelS.Gazzaniga等著,周晓林,高定国等译.认知神经科学关于心智的生物学.中国轻工业出版社,2011,例1：知觉,模式识别模板匹配模型原型模型区别性特征模型计算途径自下而上和自上而下加工,面孔加工,MargaretThatcherillusionThompson,1980,Thompson,P.(1980).MargaretThatcher:Anewillusion.Perception,9(4),483-484,仅仅通过看眼睛来识别人，为什么困难？,NonhumanprimatespeciesalsoexhibitstheThatchereffect,Adachi,I.etal.(2009).Thatchereffectinmonkeysdemonstratesconservationoffaceperceptionacrossprimates.CurrentBiology,19,12701273Four4-year-oldmalerhesusmonkeys(恒河猴)Suchastudyisimportantforthestudyofcognitiveevolution(continuitybetweenhumansandnonhumans)theappropriateuseofprimatemodelsinsocialcognitionresearch,Adachi,I.etal.(2009).Thatchereffectinmonkeysdemonstratesconservationoffaceperceptionacrossprimates.CurrentBiology,19,12701273,Adachi,I.etal.(2009).Thatchereffectinmonkeysdemonstratesconservationoffaceperceptionacrossprimates.CurrentBiology,19,12701273,Theoriginal(intact)andthethatcherizedversionsofthehabituatedfacewerepresentedinthesameorientationusedinthehabituationphase,Adachi,I.etal.(2009).Thatchereffectinmonkeysdemonstratesconservationoffaceperceptionacrossprimates.CurrentBiology,19,12701273,Adachi,I.etal.(2009).Thatchereffectinmonkeysdemonstratesconservationoffaceperceptionacrossprimates.CurrentBiology,19,12701273,MonkeysperceivefacesconfigurallyThisconfiguralprocessingisdisruptedwhenthefaceisinvertedThemechanismfordistinguishingamongmanysimilarfacesmayhaveevolvedinanancestorcommontohumansandrhesusmonkeys30millionormoreyearsago,EarlyVisualExperienceandFaceProcessing,Thedeprivationofpatternedvisualinputfrombirthuntil2-6monthsofageresultsinpermanentdeficitsinconfiguralfaceprocessing,LeGrand,R.etal.(2001).Earlyvisualexperienceandfaceprocessing.Nature,410,890,Keenan,J.P.etal.(2001).Self-recognitionandtherighthemisphere.Nature,409,305,Keenan,J.P.,etal.(2000).Handresponsedifferencesinaself-faceidentificationtask.Neuropsychologia,38,10471053,例2：选择性注意（SelectiveAttention）,早期选择模型如过滤器理论（FilterTheory,Broadbent,1958）晚期选择模型（Late-SelectionModel,Deutsch(繁体字版)台湾:五南出版社MW艾森克,MT基恩著,高定国,肖晓云译.(2004).认知心理学.上海:华东师范大学出版社斯滕伯格著,杨炳钧等译.(2005).认知心理学.北京:中国轻工业出版社张亚旭,周晓林.(2001).认知心理学.长春:吉林教育出版社,Lamberts,K.,Forster,1979TheautonomyofthelexicalprocessorInteractivetheory（相互作用理论）Marslen-WilsonMcClelland&Elman,1986Theoutputofhighersubsystemscaninfluencecomputationoflowersubsystems,Fodor,J.A.(1983).Themodularityofmind:anessayonfacultypsychology.Cambridge,Mass.:MITPress,语言（Language）句子理解经典理论当前最新进展,Garden-PathSentences,Thedefendantexaminedbythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.Thedefendantthatwasexaminedbythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.Theevidenceexaminedbythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.Theevidencethatwasexaminedbythelawyerturnedouttobeunreliable.,MinimalAttachmentPrinciple最小附加原则,Thedefendantexamined.Syntax-firstmodelGarden-pathmodel,SSNPVPNPVPNPRR,S:sentenceNP:nounphraseVP:verbphraseRR:reducedrelative,MinimalAttachmentPrinciple最小附加原则,Theevidenceexamined.Syntax-firstmodelGarden-pathmodel,SSNPVPNPVPNPRR,S:sentenceNP:nounphraseVP:verbphraseRR:reducedrelative,PPAttachmentAmbiguity介词短语附加歧义,VPThemanpaintedthedoorswithnewbrushesbeforethefestival.NPThemanpaintedthedoorswithlargecracksbeforethefestival.,VPVPverbNPPPverbNPNPPP,Puttheappleonthetowelinthebox.,Tanenhaus,M.K.etal.(1995).Integrationofvisualandlinguisticinformationinspokenlanguagecomprehension.Science,268,1632-1634,ModularityofSyntacticProcessing,Serial,syntax-firstmodelsFrazierFriederici,2002Constraint-basedmodelsMacDonaldetal.,1994,PsychologicalReview,Three-PhaseNeurocognitiveModelAngelaD.Friederici,2002,Phase1TheinitialsyntacticstructureisbuiltonthebasisofthesyntacticcategoryinformationofawordPhase2Lexical-semanticandmorphosyntacticprocessesoccurwiththegoalofthematicroleassignment(题元角色指派)Phase3Thedifferenttypesofinformationareintegrated,Zhang,Y.,Yu,J.,&Boland,J.E.(2010).SemanticsdoesntneedaprocessinglicensefromsyntaxinreadingChinese.JournalofExperimentalPsychology:Learning,Memory,andCognition,36,765-781.,章节内容概述,问题解决（ProblemSolving）问题的特征和问题解决的步骤理解和表征问题问题解决的途径手段-目的分析（means-endsanalysis）类推（analogy）影响问题解决的因素,章节内容概述,推理（Reasoning）条件推理的性质与影响因素否定性信息所带来的困难抽象推理问题所带来的困难推理中的认知策略信仰偏向效应仅仅构建一个前提模型违法变换证实而不是证伪不能把知识迁移到新的任务中,难点、重点分析,知觉注意语言,认知心理学课程如何反映学科前沿动态,阅览学术期刊,心理学报心理科学进展,CognitionCognitivePsychologyTrendsinCognitiveSciencesPsychologicalReviewJournalofExperimentalPsychology:GeneralJournalofExperimentalPsychology:HumanPerceptionandPerformanceJournalofExperimentalPsychology:Learning,Memory,andCognition,Attention,Perception,&PsychophysicsJournalofMemoryandLanguageLanguageandCognitiveProcessesMemory&Cognition,JournalofNeuroscienceBrainJournalofCognitiveNeuroscienceNeuroimageHumanBrainMappingNeuropsychologiaPsychophysiologyBiologicalPsychologyBrainandLanguageBrainResearchNeuroreport,如何反映学科前沿动态？例1：“记忆”,SuppressingUnwantedMemoriesbyExecutiveControl,Anderson&Green,2001,Nature,410,366-369,Trainingphase40unrelatedwordpairsordeal-roachThink/no-thinkphaseThinkconditiontorecallandsaytheassociatedresponsewordNo-thinkconditionnottothinkabouttheresponseCuedrecallordeal-_insect-r_,Anderson&Green,2001,Nature,410,366-369,Anderson&Green,2001,Nature,410,366-369,insect-r_,Experiment1:Recallthestudiedwords,Anderson&Green,2001,Nature,410,366-369,Experiment2:Instructionandreward,Experiment3:Falsetheory,Anderson&Green,2001,Nature,410,366-369,Experiment4:Anepisodicgo/no-gotask,Anderson&Green,2001,Nature,410,366-369,ordeal-roach,MartinA.Conway,Nature,2001,410,319320,Andersonetal.s(2001)methodsofferawayofexploringtheunderlyinginhibitorymechanisms,andmayultimatelyshedlightonhowrepressioncomesout,如何反映学科前沿动态？例2：“表象”,Ganis,Thompson,&KosslynCognitiveBrainResearch,2004,20,226-241ImagerytaskFormingament